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PubMed2026

A Meta-learning-driven strategy for adulteration detection in sweet potato starch and vermicelli using Raman spectroscopy.

To address the widespread adulteration of sweet potato starch and its vermicelli with cheaper starches and overcome conventional supervised learning's dependency on large labeled datasets, this study developed a few-shot discrimination method integrating Raman spectroscopy with meta-learning. We constructed a meta-learning framework using cassava- and wheat-adulterated sweet potato starch as the source domain for training, with potato-adulterated sweet potato starch and cassava-adulterated sweet potato vermicelli as two target domains for testing. Raman spectra showed high consistency between sweet potato vermicelli and its raw starch, laying the foundation for cross-domain detection. Testing yielded comprehensive classification accuracies of 95.33% and 98.00% for the two target domains, significantly outperforming SVM, RF, and CNN (max. 85.24%). This approach effectively identifies subtle starch variety differences in complex adulteration, providing novel food quality inspection solutions and verifying the feasibility of raw material-to-finished product cross-domain detection.

Ipomoea batatas↗

PubMed2026

Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of oral JMKX003002 in Chinese healthy participants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single- and multiple-ascending dose, and food-effect phase I clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharma-codynamics (PD) of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) inhibitor JMKX003002 in Chinese healthy participants. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study included a single-ascending dose (SAD) study with seven cohorts (1 mg [n = 4] and 5, 20, 50, 75, 100, or 125 mg [n = 8]), a food-effect (FE) study with six sequence groups (25 mg twice daily, n = 4), and a multiple-ascending dose (MAD) study with two cohorts (10 mg or 20 mg twice daily, n = 10). RESULTS: JMKX003002 was well-tolerated, with mostly mild treatment-related adverse events. One Grade 3 diarrhoea occurred in each of the 50 mg and 125 mg groups. No serious adverse events were reported, and no participants discontinued or withdrew due to treatment-emergent adverse events. Most plasma samples were below the limit of quantification (0.2 ng/mL), with only transient detection of low concentrations, indicating low systemic exposure. JMKX003002 was primarily excreted in stool (79.9% recovered) and was undetectable in urine. The PD results consistently showed decreased urinary sodium and phosphorus, along with increased stool sodium and phosphorus, compared to baseline across all three studies. One day after discontinuation, stool sodium and phosphorus remained elevated relative to baseline in the MAD study. Mixed-effects model analysis in the FE study demonstrated significant food effect on stool sodium and phosphorus excretion. CONCLUSION: JMKX003002 exhibited favorable safety and tolerability with minimal systemic exposure. It effectively increased sodium and phosphorus excretion in stool. These promising findings warrant further investigation of JMKX003002 to evaluate its clinical benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2300070473). Registered on April 13, 2023; prospectively registered.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Intestinal content accelerates muscle protein degradation in red shrimp (Solenocera crassicornis) during refrigeration: Insights from metagenomics and metabolomics.

This study systematically explored the effects of intestinal components on muscle quality deterioration and protein degradation of red shrimp during refrigerated storage. The results demonstrated that refrigeration induced continuous quality degradation and muscle protein breakdown in red shrimp, whereas eliminating intestinal tissues effectively retarded muscle spoilage and protein degradation, and optimized muscle texture. The intestinal microorganisms could secrete extracellular proteases to promote muscle protein degradation were primarily Vibrio, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Photobacterium, and Shewanella. These microorganisms promote protein degradation by secreting zinc proteases, serine proteases, and aspartyl proteases. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms of intestinal microbial metabolism influences the muscle protein degradation of red shrimp during refrigeration. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for precise regulation of intestinal-targeted microorganisms, thereby maintaining optimal quality of shrimps during refrigeration.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Interface-dependent V. parahaemolyticus biofilm under varying temperatures, media, and oxygen conditions: implications for seafood safety.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilms play a critical role in pathogen persistence in marine and seafood-processing environments, where oxygen availability, temperature, and surface interfaces vary widely. This study investigated biofilm development by three strains on partially submerged stainless-steel coupons under gas-liquid-wall (GLW) and fully submerged (SM) interfaces. Viable cell counts (log₁₀CFU/cm2) along with normalized protein concentration per viable cell (nProt) and normalized polysaccharide concentration per viable cell (nPol) were measured, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions across a temperature range of 15-30 °C, using tryptic soy broth with 3% NaCl (TSB) and seawater-based medium (SW). GLW biofilms consistently exhibited higher cell counts (6.4-7.3 log₁₀CFU/cm2) compared to SM biofilms (5.9-6.3 log₁₀CFU/cm2), suggesting that enhanced oxygen diffusion promotes bacterial proliferation. Conversely, SM biofilms exhibited significantly higher nProt and nPol levels (p < 0.001), indicating increased production of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix under low-oxygen, high-nutrient conditions. Microscopy and three-dimensional surface plot analyses revealed relatively uniform biofilm layers at the GLW interface, whereas SM biofilms formed heterogeneous, tower-like structures. EPS production was further influenced by medium composition, oxygen, and temperature. SM biofilms grown in SW exhibited significantly higher nProt and nPol than those in TSB under aerobic conditions (p < 0.001), indicating enhanced matrix stabilization. Under anaerobic conditions at 15 °C, nProt and nPol were higher, whereas under aerobic conditions, peak nProt and nPol occurred at elevated temperatures. These findings highlight a trade-off between bacterial growth and matrix production and provide insight into biofilm adaptation and persistence in seafood-processing environments. These insights may help develop improved biofilm control and seafood safety management.

Biofilms↗

PubMed2026

A chromosomal gtrB homolog and dam differentially contribute to dry-heat and high hydrostatic pressure resistance in Salmonella enterica.

Salmonella enterica can persist in low-moisture foods and shows enhanced dry-heat resistance under low water activity, posing significant food safety challenges. However, the genetic basis of extreme dry-heat resistance and its relationship with other processing stresses remain unclear. In this study, twelve S. enterica strains were screened for dry-heat treatment at 60 °C and 80 °C, with S. Infantis CICC21649 identified as the most resistant strain. Comparative genomics and transcriptional analysis identified candidate genes related to envelope integrity and regulation, including gtrB and dam. Deletion of the chromosomal gtrB homolog reduced dry-heat resistance, producing an additional 0.91-log10 reduction relative to the parent strain at 80 °C. Deletion of dam caused broader stress sensitivity, reducing resistance to both dry heat and high hydrostatic pressure, with the stronger phenotype observed under high hydrostatic pressure. Proteomic analysis of the chromosomal gtrB homolog mutant revealed broad alterations in envelope-associated proteins, transport functions, oxidative stress pathways, and central metabolism under dry-heat stress. These findings indicate that the chromosomal gtrB homolog is an important contributor to extreme dry-heat resistance, whereas dam contributes to resistance against both dry-heat and high hydrostatic pressure, likely through a broader regulatory role in stress adaptation. These results reveal distinct structural and regulatory layers underlying stress adaptation in S. enterica and provide practical guidance for low-moisture food processing by highlighting the need to account for strain-dependent and stress-specific resistance during process validation.

Hydrostatic Pressure↗

PubMed2026

Dual signal-enhanced immunochromatographic test strip based on Au@PtNPs: From sensitive detection of thiamethoxam to multiplex pesticide screening in vegetables.

Immunochromatographic test strip (ICTS) is a rapid analytical technique widely used in environmental and food detection owing to its merits of simple operation and short analysis time. Herein, three-dimensional nanoflower-structured gold‑platinum nanoparticles (Au@PtNPs) were synthesized via a seed-growth method. Compared with conventional gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), Au@PtNPs exhibited stronger signal intensity, excellent catalytic performance, and efficient antibody binding efficiency. Colorimetric Au@PtNPs-ICTS and catalytic colorimetric Au@PtNPs-ICTS were developed for the sensitive detection of thiamethoxam (THI) in vegetables. The limits of detection (LODs) for colorimetric Au@PtNPs-ICTS and catalytic colorimetric Au@PtNPs-ICTS quantitative analysis were 0.18 ng/mL and 0.093 ng/mL, respectively, representing approximately 3-fold and 6-fold improvement compared to AuNPs-ICTS (0.56 ng/mL). Furthermore, highly sensitive detection of multiple pesticide residues (chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid, and imidacloprid) was achieved by replacing the corresponding target antigens and antibodies, which further verified the universality of this immunochromatographic strategy.

Thiamethoxam↗

PubMed2026

Concerns regarding the three-time-point sampling approach for diurnal transcriptome analysis in adipose tissue: evidence from fasting-independent time-of-day effects.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adipose tissue↗

PubMed2026

Regional genomic analysis of lineage distribution and transferable multidrug resistance among chicken-associated Salmonella Kentucky isolates in China.

Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky is an important multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogen in the poultry meat supply chain. Although recent broader genomic studies have elucidated the population structure and epidemiological significance of major lineages in China (e.g., ST198 and ST314), the regional dynamics within local poultry supply chains remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, 31 chicken meat-derived isolates from Shanghai and 39 publicly available genomes from China were analyzed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, conjugation experiments, and complete sequencing of representative plasmids. This enabled a systematic characterization of the molecular epidemiological features of the population and the mechanisms underlying resistance dissemination. Population genomic analysis revealed a lineage composition markedly different from the global epidemiological pattern: ST314 was the predominant sequence type among the Shanghai chicken-derived isolates (74.2%), whereas the internationally recognized high-risk clone ST198 accounted for only 25.8% of the local isolates. However, risk stratification analysis indicated that although ST198 was detected less frequently, it carried a significantly greater burden of acquired resistance genes and therefore represented a higher-risk resistant lineage. Functional and structural validation further elucidated the molecular basis of resistance dissemination within this high-risk lineage. Conjugation experiments confirmed the co-transfer of a multidrug resistance module carrying blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-267 to the recipient strain Escherichia coli J53. Complete plasmid analysis revealed that these two β-lactam resistance genes were co-localized on a 242-kb transferable plasmid flanked by Tn1331, Tn3, and multiple transposase-associated elements, thereby providing a structural basis for their horizontal transfer. This study provides important molecular epidemiological evidence for lineage-specific surveillance and risk-stratified control of resistant Salmonella in the poultry meat supply chain and further underscores the need for continuous monitoring of mobile genetic elements within a One Health framework.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Inhibitory mechanism of phloretin on the AgrA LytTR domain-agr operon complex formation and its application in beef.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) represents a major foodborne pathogen whose enterotoxin production poses significant challenges to food safety due to its high environmental resistance and limited efficacy of conventional sterilization. Since the expression of enterotoxins is predominantly governed by the agr quorum sensing system, targeting this regulatory pathway has become a strategic choice for virulence control. This study elucidated the mechanism by which phloretin, a potential quorum sensing inhibitor, interferes with the agr system to attenuate virulence. To achieve this, the recombinant AgrA LytTR domain was expressed and purified, and its interaction with phloretin was characterized using thermal shift assays (TSA), electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results showed that phloretin specifically binds to the AgrA LytTR domain, enhancing its thermal stability and disrupting AgrA LytTR-agr operon binding by reducing the free energy of interaction between them, without causing significant structural rearrangement. Mechanistic analysis indicated that phloretin sterically hinders key β-sheet turn residues (HIS169, ASN201, ARG233), thereby impairing DNA recognition, downregulating RNAIII transcription, and inhibiting agr signaling. In cooked beef, phloretin significantly inhibited the secretion of enterotoxins and α-hemolysin, while delaying lipid oxidation and protein degradation, and maintaining the meat texture. These findings suggested that phloretin is a multifunctional substance with anti-virulence, antioxidant, and preservative properties, demonstrating its potential as a natural food preservative.

Phloretin↗

PubMed2026

Morphology-engineered NiFe@C nanocages boosting electrochemical quantification of ractopamine in meat samples.

It is essential to acquire efficient electrocatalysts to develop ractopamine (RAC) electrochemical sensors. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of carbon coated NiFe alloy nanostructures (e.g., NiFe@C nanoparticles, nanocubes and nanocages) using NiFe Prussian blue analogue (PBA) as the precursor. The NiFe@C nanocages exhibited the best electrocatalytic performance for RAC sensing. This is attributed to the embedded NiFe alloy nanoparticles that provide abundant active sites, and the unique nanocage structure facilitates electron transfer pathways while offering a high specific surface area. The resulting sensor achieves a low detection limit (LOD) of 54 nM (S/N = 3) within a linear range of 0.2-12 μM. Moreover, the sensor demonstrates good reproducibility, stability, and excellent long-term stability. Practical applicability was confirmed in meat samples, yielding satisfactory recovery rates ranging from 98% to 108%. A feasible strategy was introduced herein for rational design of metal@carbon electrocatalysts.

Phenethylamines↗

PubMed2026

Non-destructive prediction of lead content in oilseed rape leaves by fluorescence hyperspectral technology based on neural network.

Based on fluorescence hyperspectral imaging (FHSI), this study targeted rapid, non-destructive quantification of lead (Pb) content in oilseed rape leaves treated with varying silicon (Si) concentrations, acquiring fluorescence spectra over the 484.43-1001.61 nm wavelength range. To optimize spectral data quality, preprocessing methods (Savitzky-Golay smoothing, first derivative, detrending) were comprehensively compared. Characteristic wavelengths were then selected via interval variable iterative shrinkage, which effectively compressed data dimensionality and reduced computational load. A hybrid SE-CL1DA model, fusing a 1D convolutional neural network, a long short-term memory network and SE attention mechanism was constructed, with Bayesian optimization tuning hyperparameters to boost stability. The BO-SE-CL1DA outperformed both traditional machine learning and insufficiently optimized deep learning model (Rp2=0.9609, RMSE = 0.0377 mg/kg, RPD = 5.1736), thus enabling accurate Pb estimation, supporting Si-regulated heavy metal stress management and facilitating agricultural contamination monitoring.

Plant Leaves↗

PubMed2026

Machine learning-assisted Mn-N-C nanozyme colorimetric sensor array for trace-level detection of biogenic amines in meat.

Accurate detection of biogenic amines (BAs) in meat remains challenging due to their high structural similarity and co-occurrence. Herein, an Mn-N-C nanozyme was synthesized via a metal-organic framework confined pyrolysis strategy, possessing excellent oxidase (OXD)- and peroxidase (POD)-like activities. The dual enzyme-like activity showed Km values of 0.1584 mM (OXD) and 0.1498 mM (POD), respectively, in detection system. Leveraging these properties, a colorimetric sensor array was constructed, enabling the detection of four representative BAs within a concentration range of 2-10 ppm with 100% classification accuracy. In addition, a concentration independent recognition model based on an artificial neural network was developed to address signal nonlinearity interference in meat. The integrated system achieved accurate trace-level identification of BAs in perishable fish, pork, and chicken, demonstrating its applicability for early-stage BAs monitoring and quality deterioration warning during storage and transportation.

Biogenic Amines↗

PubMed2026

Complementary feeding patterns in preterm and term infants.

Complementary feeding is essential for infants' nutritional status and development, marking the transition to solid foods when breast milk or formula alone is insufficient. Despite its importance, clear recommendations on which foods to introduce when initiating complementary feeding in preterm infants are lacking. By using data from our previously published randomized controlled trial on the timing of complementary feeding in preterm infants, the current study explores the complementary feeding patterns of preterm infants and compares them with those of term-born infants, providing insights into parental decision-making and potential long-term health impacts. Complementary feeding practices differed significantly between preterm (n = 255) and term (n = 159) infants, with preterm infants more often receiving vegetables as their first solid food (85.4% versus 68.8%, difference 17.6% with 95% CI 12-35%). The group with early introduction of vegetables had a lower BMI-for-age z-scores (β -0.28 [95% CI -0.55 - 0.02]) and weight-for-height z-scores (β -0.27 [95% CI -0.53 to -0.01]) at two years of age. Additionally, preterm infants showed a greater variety in the numbers of different fruits and vegetables consumed by six months (corrected) age than term-born counterparts (8.29 (SD 3.65) versus 6.26 (SD 3.47), p < 0.001). These results indicate that complementary feeding patterns in preterm infants differ from term-born infants, with potential positive implications on growth. These data contribute to the development of accurate feeding protocols for preterm infants. Given that feeding practices are culturally influenced, further multinational research is essential to refine complementary feeding guidelines for preterm infants and support caregivers in informed decision-making.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Enhancement flavor quality in Zhao'an Baxian oolong tea through enhanced turning-over process.

A systematical investigation on the effects of turning-over intensity on the flavor formation of Zhao'an Baxian oolong tea (ZBT) was performed, through a comparative analysis of heavy turning-over (HT) and light turning-over (LT) treatments in this study. The tea samples were subjected to proteomic and metabolomic analyses, combined with quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and electronic sensory (E-tongue/E-nose) evaluation. The results demonstrate that HT significantly reduced the content of bitter and astringent compounds, such as catechins and flavonol glycosides, while promoting the accumulation of umami-related amino acids. Concurrently, HT enhanced the biosynthesis of key floral and fruity volatiles, such as β-ocimene, geraniol, benzaldehyde, jasmone by activating stress-responsive metabolic pathways. These coordinated biochemical changes, driven by enzyme-catalyzed reactions in response to prolonged mechanical wounding and environmental stress, collectively improved the overall sensory profile of ZBT. These findings provide a mechanistic foundation for improving ZBT production, with clear implications for quality control and flavor-oriented product development.

Tea↗

PubMed2026

A homogeneous immunoassay based on AlphaLICA technology for detecting florfenicol residues in animal-derived foods.

Florfenicol (FF), a broad-spectrum amide antibiotic widely used in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture, poses potential threats to food safety and public health due to its residual accumulation. In this study, a novel homogeneous immunoassay based on Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay (AlphaLICA) technology was developed for the first time for rapid screening of FF residues in milk and egg matrices. By covalently immobilizing the FF-BSA conjugate and goat anti-mouse IgG onto luminescent and photosensitive microspheres, respectively, the method achieved wash-free, homogeneous quantitative detection through a competitive immunoreaction. Under optimized conditions, the assay exhibited a linear range of 0.2-16.2 ng mL-1, with a limit of detection of 9.7 pg mL-1 and a limit of quantification of 183 pg mL-1. The intra- and inter-batch coefficients of variation ranged from 3.08% to 5.70% and 2.44% to 7.09%, respectively. Spike recovery rates in milk and egg matrices ranged from 93.18% to 107.17% (RSD ≤ 5.57%). Cross-reactivity with 11 other common antibiotics, including chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol, was below 0.1%, demonstrating excellent specificity. Comparative analysis with a commercial ELISA kit showed high consistency (r2 = 0.9332, p < 0.001). With high sensitivity, strong specificity, simple operation, and a detection time of only 10 min, this method provides a reliable technical platform for high-throughput, rapid monitoring of FF residues in milk and egg matrices.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

A point-of-use SERS assay for rapid detecting difenoconazole and flusilazole residues in fruit juices using Au/COF substrate.

We developed a ready-to-use surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor for rapid, pretreatment-free detection of difenoconazole (DIF) and flusilazole (FLU) in peach and lychee juices. The substrate combines Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) with covalent organic frameworks (COF) and is implemented on a portable 25-well plate, enabling in situ testing. Juices can be directly applied to the SERS-active Au/COF composite, allowing simultaneous adsorption and signal generation. The correlation between SERS intensity and logarithmic concentration yielded R-values between 0.925 and 0.986, meeting the monitoring needs of non-laboratory scenarios. The entire workflow completes within 12 min, offering a faster alternative to conventional methods while maintaining high sensitivity and reproducibility. Detection limits reach 0.96-1.22 ppb for DIF and FLU, both of which are below the regulatory maximum residue limits. Distinct SERS fingerprints enable reliable discrimination of mixed residues across juice matrices, supporting rapid on-site monitoring and cost-effective pesticide surveillance.

Triazoles↗

PubMed2026

Peptide molecular lock-engineered nanobodies enable an oriented dual-modal immunoassay for reliable detection of Cronobacter sakazakii.

Conventional nanobody ELISAs for trace Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula suffer from random orientation and low signal output. We developed an oriented dual-modal immunoassay that combines site-specific biotinylation via a C-terminal AviTag and a peptide molecular lock, enabling controlled surface orientation while preserving nanobody structural integrity. This strategy was further integrated with phage-displayed nanobodies for multivalent amplification and both fluorescent and colorimetric readouts. The assay exhibited a broad linear range of 103-106 CFU/mL, with limits of detection (LODs) of 6.70 × 102 CFU/mL for fluorescence and 1.55 × 103 CFU/mL for colorimetry, showing improved sensitivity compared with the conventional passive adsorption-based Nb-ELISA evaluated in this study. XGBoost-based multimodal fusion improved quantitative accuracy, and SHAP analysis elucidated modality contributions. In spiked powdered infant formula samples, recoveries ranged from 92.1% to 118% with coefficients of variation below 5.98%, confirming acceptable matrix tolerance and analytical reliability.

Cronobacter sakazakii↗

PubMed2026

Determinants of Meal Satisfaction and Their Association With Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review.

Meal satisfaction is considered a multidimensional concept that includes sensory enjoyment, cognitive, emotional, and physiological components and relates to contentment with the meal experience as a whole. However, its relevance to eating behavior and body weight remains unclear, especially in children. The present review investigated the potential relationship between meal satisfaction-related constructs and childhood obesity, and whether this relation is shaped by individual factors and the external environment. Seventeen eligible studies from 350 records published between 2008 and 2024 were included. No study directly assessed meal satisfaction; instead, proxy measures were used. Food enjoyment emerged as the proxy most consistently associated with BMI, often clustering with higher food responsiveness, lower satiety responsiveness, and emotional overeating. Parental feeding practices, especially pressure to eat, significantly contributed to variation in children's eating behavior and were associated with lower food enjoyment. Overall, meal satisfaction could be a key aspect to consider in childhood obesity prevention programs. However, to date, the available evidence is heterogeneous and predominantly observational. Future longitudinal and intervention studies are needed, alongside child-appropriate instruments to objectively quantify food satisfaction in children. Research that helps understand the role of contextual eating factors on children's meal satisfaction and eating behavior is also warranted.

Humans↗