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Complementary feeding patterns in preterm and term infants.

Karin M Vissers·Edith J M Feskens·Johannes B van Goudoever·Arieke J Janse
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Abstract

Complementary feeding is essential for infants' nutritional status and development, marking the transition to solid foods when breast milk or formula alone is insufficient. Despite its importance, clear recommendations on which foods to introduce when initiating complementary feeding in preterm infants are lacking. By using data from our previously published randomized controlled trial on the timing of complementary feeding in preterm infants, the current study explores the complementary feeding patterns of preterm infants and compares them with those of term-born infants, providing insights into parental decision-making and potential long-term health impacts. Complementary feeding practices differed significantly between preterm (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;255) and term (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;159) infants, with preterm infants more often receiving vegetables as their first solid food (85.4% versus 68.8%, difference 17.6% with 95% CI 12-35%). The group with early introduction of vegetables had a lower BMI-for-age z-scores (&#x3b2; -0.28 [95% CI -0.55 - 0.02]) and weight-for-height z-scores (&#x3b2; -0.27 [95% CI -0.53 to -0.01]) at two years of age. Additionally, preterm infants showed a greater variety in the numbers of different fruits and vegetables consumed by six months (corrected) age than term-born counterparts (8.29 (SD 3.65) versus 6.26 (SD 3.47), p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001). These results indicate that complementary feeding patterns in preterm infants differ from term-born infants, with potential positive implications on growth. These data contribute to the development of accurate feeding protocols for preterm infants. Given that feeding practices are culturally influenced, further multinational research is essential to refine complementary feeding guidelines for preterm infants and support caregivers in informed decision-making.

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HumansInfant Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaInfant, PrematureFemaleInfantMaleInfant, NewbornVegetablesFeeding BehaviorBody Mass IndexFruitChild, PreschoolDietBMIBMI z-scoreFood diariesObesityOverweightSSBSolid foodSugar sweetened beveragesJournal ArticleRandomized Controlled Trial

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Karin M Vissers, Edith J M Feskens, Johannes B van Goudoever, Arieke J Janse. 2026-07-23. Complementary feeding patterns in preterm and term infants.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2026.108727

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Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial resourceBMI subjectBMI z-score subjectBody Mass Index subjectChild, Preschool subjectDiet subjectFeeding Behavior subjectFemale subjectFood diaries subjectFruit subjectHumans subjectInfant subjectInfant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena subjectInfant, Newborn subjectInfant, Premature subjectJournal Article subject

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