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PubMed2026

Cancer statistics for Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander people, 2026.

BACKGROUND: Cancer statistics for Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) people are usually aggregated, masking substantial variation within this heterogeneous population. Herein, the American Cancer Society reports cancer incidence and survival for 8 Asian American and 3 NHPI ethnic groups. METHODS: The authors used population-based cancer registry data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, for Asian American and NHPI ethnic groups from 2000 through 2022. RESULTS: During 2018-2022, overall cancer incidence ranged from 218.3 per 100,000 Kampuchean people to 474.5 per 100,000 Native Hawaiian people, which was 1.5 times higher than the rate for the aggregated Asian American and NHPI population (307.3 per 100,000). High incidence among Native Hawaiian people is largely driven by the highest rates of female breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers, whereas infection-related cancers were highest among Asian American ethnic groups. For example, liver and stomach cancer incidence is highest among Vietnamese (22.2 per 100,000) and Korean people (17.8 per 100,000), respectively, both of which were nearly twice that in Native Hawaiian people (12.9 and 9.6 per 100,000, respectively). Native Hawaiian and Samoan women are twice and 3 times as likely, respectively, to be diagnosed with uterine corpus cancer as aggregated Asian American and NHPI women or White women. Five-year relative survival ranges from 42% in Laotians to 74% in Asian Indians/Pakistanis, with largest differences for colorectal (43% in Laotians to 72% in Asian Indians/Pakistanis) and prostate (63% in Kampucheans to 97% in Japanese) cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Wide variation in cancer risk within the Asian American and NHPI population highlights the critical need for disaggregated data to effectively target cancer prevention and control interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Beyond risk factors: A capacity framework for cancer survivorship research.

Cancer survivorship research has identified numerous biological, behavioral, psychosocial, health care, and structural factors that influence recovery. However, these factors are typically studied as separate determinants rather than interacting influences. This commentary proposes available survivorship capacity as a unifying framework that explains how these diverse determinants collectively shape recovery and survivorship outcomes. Concepts from geroscience, health care delivery, rehabilitation, occupational therapy, and human factors science were synthesized to develop a conceptual framework of available survivorship capacity. The framework conceptualizes recovery as a function of the capacity remaining after competing health care and life demands draw upon survivors' finite physical, cognitive, emotional, social, financial, temporal, and health care resources. It generates testable propositions for measurement, intervention research, health care delivery, and implementation science while positioning available survivorship capacity as a common mechanism linking diverse determinants of recovery and identifying actionable targets for intervention. Available capacity offers a unifying conceptual framework for understanding heterogeneity in survivorship outcomes and intervention effectiveness while generating a research agenda for future survivorship science. Measuring and strengthening survivors' available capacity, while reducing unnecessary demands, may improve engagement in care, health behaviors, and long-term recovery.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Adjuvant CDK4/6 inhibitors in early-stage breast cancer: Clinical evidence and considerations for risk stratification and treatment selection.

Hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer is the most common biologic subtype and carries a persistent risk of recurrence, particularly in patients with high-risk, early-stage disease. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors, initially established as a standard component of first-line therapy in the metastatic setting based on improvements in progression-free and overall survival, have since been evaluated in the adjuvant setting. While adjuvant palbociclib did not improve invasive disease-free survival, the monarchE and NATALEE trials demonstrated that abemaciclib and ribociclib, respectively, reduce recurrence risk in patients with high-risk, early-stage disease, with emerging overall survival data further supporting their use. However, the absolute magnitude of benefit varies substantially with baseline risk, and treatment-related toxicity and adherence challenges must be considered, as approximately 20% to 25% of patients discontinue therapy before completion. The integration of these agents into clinical practice also intersects with ongoing efforts to deescalate axillary surgery, as treatment eligibility has been largely defined by anatomic staging, particularly nodal status. Available data suggest that the incremental impact of axillary surgery on identifying candidates for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibition is modest, especially among the favorable-risk populations now eligible for surgical deescalation. As the field evolves, advances in molecular risk stratification, genomic profiling, and dynamic biomarkers are poised to shift treatment selection from anatomic staging toward biologically driven approaches. Multidisciplinary decision-making that integrates tumor biology, anticipated absolute benefit, toxicity, patient preferences, and surgical considerations will be essential to ensure individualized care.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

The burden of male breast cancer (MBC) in the GBD Central, Eastern, and Western Europe Regions from 1990 to 2023: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.

PURPOSE: Male breast cancer (MBC) is underrepresented in cancer statistics: this study aimed to assess the burden of MBC in Central, Eastern, and Western Europe from 1990 to 2023, using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2023. METHODS: Estimates from GBD 2023 were analyzed to determine the MBC incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years, their all-ages and age-standardized rates, and the 1990 through 2023 annual percent change. These estimates were compared to those for the GBD Super Regions and the Socio-Demographic Index quintile countries. RESULTS: In Central Europe, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) increased from 0.54 (0.40-0.76) to 1.05 (0.70-1.52), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) from 0.29 (0.25-0.34) to 0.40 (0.36-0.45), and age-standardized disability life-year rates (ASDR) from 7.19 (6.15-8.41) to 9.63 (8.52-11.07). In Eastern Europe, ASIR remained relatively stable, changing from 0.81 (0.56-1.19) to 0.60 (0.38-0.92), whereas ASMR decreased from 0.40 (0.33-0.49) to 0.21 (0.16-0.25) and ASDR from 10.54 (8.69-12.89) to 5.55 (4.52-6.85). In Western Europe, ASIR increased from 0.47 (0.33-0.67) to 0.88 (0.59-1.24), whereas ASMR (0.22 [0.19-0.25] vs. 0.24 [0.21-0.27]) and ASDR (5.20 [4.49-5.97] vs. 5.75 [4.96-6.66]) remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of MBC is increasing across Europe, particularly in the Central region, with huge regional differences. Population growth and variations over time impacted on the metrics. Even with a composite European scenario, the mortality-to-incidence ratio markedly declined in the three areas.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Effect of demographic characteristics on the outcome of prostate cancer salvage radiotherapy: Analysis from a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the impact of advanced molecular imaging, race, socioeconomic status, and metabolic dysregulation on the outcome of salvage radiotherapy (sRT) for prostate cancer recurrence in a clinical trial setting. METHODS: The authors randomized post-prostatectomy men with detectable prostate-specific antigen to sRT guided by conventional imaging (arm A) or 18F-fluciclovine-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (arm B) and followed them up for up to 48 months to determine failure-free survival (FFS). The authors computed socioeconomic status (SES) and allostatic load (AL) scores to quantify socioeconomic status and level of metabolic dysregulation. They stratified patients by race as African American men (AAM) versus men of other races (MOR) and compared FFS between them using the z-test. RESULTS: Eighty-one (AAM = 29, MOR = 52) and 76 (AAM = 26, MOR = 50) men completed per-protocol sRT in arms A and B, respectively. Across study arms, AAM showed a higher FFS rate than MOR (72.8% [95% CI, 53.8%-85.0%] vs. 58.7% [95% CI, 46.6%-68.9%]; p = .002). In arm A, FFS rate was better for AAM than MOR, (64.0% [95% CI, 34.4%-82.9%] vs. 45.3% [95% CI, 28.8%-60.4%]; p = .008). In arm B, FFS improved for both groups but less so for AAM, (81.5% [95% CI, 57.2%-92.7%] vs. 73.0% [95% CI, 56.3%-84.1%]; p = .131). The authors found lower SES scores and higher AL scores for AAM in both study arms than MOR. CONCLUSION: Despite lower socioeconomic status and higher burden of metabolic dysregulation, in a clinical trial setting that controls for disparities in health care access, AAM have a more favorable sRT outcome than MOR.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

A systematic review of international/national guidelines for the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Convergence and divergence of recommendations.

Increasing numbers of clinical practice guidelines have been published by international/national groups for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), providing valuable references for clinicians in making evidence-based decisions on treatment. However, there are substantial discrepancies in various recommendations, leading to uncertainties in choosing the optimal strategies. The authors systematically searched databases and organizational websites for NPC guidelines published between January 2000 and November 2025. All identified guidelines underwent quality appraisal; in total, 26 clinical practice guidelines rated recommended for use were included. The recommendations covering all management aspects (diagnosis, staging, radiotherapy, systemic therapy, follow-up surveillance, biomarkers, and salvage of recurrent/metastatic diseases) were summarized and comparatively analyzed for consistency and disparities. Strong consensus exists for diagnostic workup, staging systems, and induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced disease, whereas marked disparities exist on radiotherapy details, particularly target volume delineation, elective coverage extent, and dose specifications. Although systemic therapy strategies for different stage groups were mostly consistent, substantial disparities exist in alternative options and treatment details. This first comprehensive systematic synthesis of international NPC guidelines provides a practical reference for clinicians to understand all recommendations and select optimal options based on local resources and expertise while identifying current controversies that demand future research for further standardization and harmonization.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Association of cancer antigen 15-3 with distant recurrence in immunohistochemically defined breast cancer subtypes in Canadian Cancer Trials Group MA.32.

BACKGROUND: Circulating levels of cancer antigen (CA) 15-3 have been associated with distant breast cancer recurrence; data on breast cancer subtypes are sparse. We examined associations of CA 15-3 with outcomes across immunohistochemically defined breast cancer subtypes in MA.32. METHODS: A total of 3649 participants with T1-3, N0-1, M0 breast cancer were randomly assigned; 2740 (75.1%) provided blood at entry (mean = 278&#x2009;days postdiagnosis) and 6&#x2009;months later. Prognostic associations of baseline and 6-month change in CA 15-3 with distant recurrence-free survival (RFS) were examined in luminal (estrogen receptor-positive and/or progesterone receptor-positive, HER2-negative), triple-negative (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2 negative) and HER2-positive (any estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor) breast cancer using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Mean age was 52&#x2009;years. Breast cancer was luminal in 1589 (58.7%), triple negative in 655 (24.2%), and HER2 positive in 464 (17.1%) participants. Median follow-up was 96&#x2009;months. CA 15-3 at study entry was not associated with outcome in any subtype. Rising CA 15-3 at 6&#x2009;months was associated with poor distant RFS in luminal and triple-negative breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR] per 25% increase&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.41, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.0001, and HR = 1.35, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.0001, respectively). New elevations in CA 15-3 at 6&#x2009;months were adversely associated with distant RFS in those with luminal or triple-negative breast cancer (HR = 4.14, 95% CI = 2.69 to 6.38; P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001; and HR = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.59 to 7.99; P&#x2009;=&#x2009;.002, respectively). In HER2-positive breast cancer, CA15-3 was not associated with distant RFS. CONCLUSION: Rising CA 15-3 was associated with reduced distant RFS in luminal and triple-negative breast cancer but not in HER2-positive breast cancer. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01101438.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Precision Oncology in Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Surgery.

Advances in technology have allowed for the characterization of tumors at the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels. There are well-established targets for biliary tract cancers, with exciting new targets emerging in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and potential targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. Taken together, these data suggest an important role for molecular profiling for personalizing cancer therapy in advanced disease and need for design of novel neoadjuvant studies to leverage these novel therapeutics perioperatively in the surgical patient.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

A qualitative study of cancer survivors' exercise behaviour 4 months after a telerehabilitation program.

PURPOSE: Although telerehabilitation can improve access to exercise programs for cancer survivors, it is not known if these programs lead to ongoing change in exercise habits. This study explored participant experiences of exercise 4 months after finishing specialized cancer exercise-based telerehabilitation. METHOD: A qualitative study embedded in a randomized controlled trial evaluated exercise-based cancer telerehabilitation delivered in groups. Data were collected via semistructured interviews that were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Seventeen adult cancer survivors (age 21 to 80) were purposively sampled 4 months after completing exercise-based cancer telerehabilitation. Data were coded independently by two researchers and analyzed inductively within an interpretive description framework. RESULTS: The overarching theme was telerehabilitation was perceived to facilitate positive exercise intentions. Participants said they were empowered to exercise through knowledge, opportunity, and connection gained through telerehabilitation. They described acting on their positive intentions to exercise to varying degrees following telerehabilitation, depending on their context. A subtheme was that exercise was challenging in their new reality created by cancer. Comorbidities, ongoing side effects, previous exercise experience, and personal factors were considered by some to influence their ability to exercise. CONCLUSION: Telerehabilitation may facilitate positive intent to maintain exercise. Cancer survivors may need ongoing support after telerehabilitation to act on positive exercise intentions due to health-related difficulties. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Participation in telerehabilitation may be a positive first step to initiate exercise, but ongoing support to maintain positive behavior changes is likely to be needed for people without previous exercise experience.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

From human papillomavirus (HPV) infection to HPV-associated cancers in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The current cervix-focused screening paradigm in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may underestimate extra-cervical anogenital cancer risk. This meta-analysis aimed to quantify the risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV-associated cancers in SLE patients. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed (2010), Embase (2010), and Cochrane Library (2010) to August 8, 2025. Odds Ratios (ORs) and Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIRs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were calculated. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251122192). RESULTS: SLE was associated with significantly increased odds of HPV infection (OR&#xa0;=&#xa0;4.12, 95% CI 2.03, 8.32). We further assessed the risk of HPV-associated malignancies in SLE patients. SLE patients exhibited substantially elevated risks across multiple HPV-associated cancers (SIR&#xa0;=&#xa0;1.90, 95% CI 1.51, 2.38). The risk of cervical cancer was more than doubled (SIR&#xa0;=&#xa0;2.25, 95% CI 1.75, 2.89). Notably, even higher risks were observed for extra-cervical anogenital cancers, namely vulvar/vaginal cancers (SIR&#xa0;=&#xa0;5.60, 95% CI 3.71, 8.43). CONCLUSIONS: SLE is associated with elevated risks of HPV infection and a broad spectrum of HPV-associated cancers. Subgroup analyses suggested that cyclophosphamide use, multiple sexual partners, and Asian populations may constitute higher-risk subgroups. These findings highlight the need for additional prospective evidence to better characterize HPV-associated cancer risks in SLE patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Liver Cancer Risk and Incidence Attributable to Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Meta-Analysis and Population-Attributable Modeling Study of Over 1.2 Million Individuals.

HIV-induced immune suppression and chronic inflammation elevate the risk of cancer progression. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between January 1, 1984 and October 13, 2023 to assess the association between HIV infection and liver cancer. People living with HIV (PLHIV) had a higher risk (pooled relative risk&#x2009;=&#x2009;3.36, 95% CI: 2.72-4.15). The global PAF for HIV-attributed liver cancer was 1.43% in 2019, with a three-fold increase over the past 30&#x2009;years. The Asia-Pacific region recorded the second highest new cases of HIV-attributed liver cancer in 2019, and the highest age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) in Eastern and Southern Africa. Particularly, the ASIR of HIV-attributed liver cancer increased rapidly in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, with the highest estimated annual percentage change reaching 22.98%. PLHIV have an increased risk and incidence of liver cancer. In regions with high burden of HIV-attributed liver cancer, it is essential to integrate prevention and effective treatment for HIV, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and liver cancer.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Mining Stored-Specimen Studies for Information about Cancer Natural History.

The advent of new multicancer early detection tests and publication of early diagnostic results have generated expectations of clinical benefit from multicancer screening. The clinical benefit of a cancer screening test depends critically on disease natural history, which is typically learned from prospective screening studies. Retrospective studies of stored blood specimens are important in learning about a test's preclinical diagnostic performance but have rarely been used to infer natural history. The extent to which these studies might be harnessed to also learn natural history is discussed in the context of an article in this issue that infers the combined natural history of a range of cancers targeted by a multicancer early detection test using a case-control subsample of specimens from a large cohort study. The critical question concerns the identifiability of key transition rates in multistate models of natural history alongside state-specific sensitivities. The article suggests that these parameters are estimable within a Bayesian framework that leverages prior information about test sensitivity from diagnostic studies. We offer a heuristic discussion of identifiability in this setting and encourage formal study to determine the extent to which models with varying degrees of complexity may be learned from stored-specimen studies. See related article by Dai et al., p. 1535.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

A Qualitative Analysis of Cancer Survivors' Experience in a Time-Restricted Eating vs Control Clinical Trial to Address Cancer-Related Fatigue.

PURPOSE: To describe cancer survivors' lived experiences in a clinical trial that tested an individualized nutrition counseling with or without time-restricted eating to address cancer-related fatigue. METHODS: The Fatigue REDuction After cancer study was a two-arm, randomized controlled trial. Participants were adult cancer survivors who were 2 months to 2 years post-treatment. All participants received individualized nutrition counseling; those in the time-restricted eating group self-selected a consistent 10-hour eating window for 12 weeks. After the study, semi-structured exit interviews were conducted to gauge participants' experiences in the trial. Interviews were transcribed and two independent coders thematically analyzed the interviews using inductive and deductive coding. NVivo software was used for data organization and analysis. RESULTS: Participants (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;24; TRE&#x202f;=&#x202f;11; Control&#x202f;=&#x202f;13) were 55 &#xb1; 13 years old, 75% were female, and they had a variety of cancer types. The majority of participants found that being in the study helped them to set and achieve lifestyle goals and would therefore recommend the study to others. Participants in the time-restricted eating group noted that time-restricted eating helped them set a better routine, providing a positive sense of control. However, some noted difficulty switching to a 14-hour fasting schedule, as it can interfere with their regular routine or employment schedules. Many participants noted they were happy that cancer-related fatigue was gaining more attention, hoping to find solutions for persistent cancer-related fatigue. CONCLUSION: The majority of participants found the study useful and, regardless of their group assignment or the intervention's impact on their fatigue, found the study helped them to gain better control of their dietary habits.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Outcomes at rapid diagnostic centres and the association between non-specific symptoms and cancer: A systematic review and meta-analyses of up to 21,392 patients.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality and poses a significant public health challenge. Several non-specific symptoms (NSSs) often indicate non-serious disease but can also accompany malignancy even in the absence of organ-specific signs. Therefore, the aim of the study was to comprehensively delineate the association between the most common NSSs (weight loss, fatigue, pain and nausea/appetite loss) and cancer or non-cancer diagnoses. METHODS: Database searches of PubMed and Embase were conducted applying search criteria to identify studies that investigated common NSSs in cancer patients diagnosed through rapid diagnostic centres (RDCs). The quality of the included studies was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). For each symptom, pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals were derived using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies were considered to be of high methodological quality. The most frequent disease locations for cancer entities included hematologic, lung and lower gastrointestinal. Together with miscellaneous, rheumatic, and musculoskeletal conditions, these were the most common for non-cancer diagnoses. Nausea/appetite loss showed a statistically significant association with cancer (RR=1.20, 95%-CI 1.07-1.35). Pain showed a non-significant association (RR=1.07, 95%-CI 0.75-1.53) with substantial between-study heterogeneity, and weight loss showed a non-significant inverse trend (RR=0.92, 95%-CI 0.84-1.02). Fatigue showed no association with cancer (RR=1.00, 95%-CI 0.85-1.18). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: NSSs may be valuable for cancer risk assessment, but the associations remain modest. The complexity of patients' clinical presentations suggests that additional factors likely influence the cancer risk. Future research should examine symptom combinations and, where data allow, perform subgroup analyses.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

The Effect of Pain Catastrophizing on Acupuncture Treatment for Chronic Pain in Cancer Survivors.

CONTEXT: Pain catastrophizing (PC) predicts worse pain outcomes in cancer survivors. However, little is known whether PC influences pain outcomes of nonpharmacological treatments such as acupuncture. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the impact of PC on acupuncture efficacy for chronic pain in cancer survivors. METHODS: This secondary analysis of PEACE trial used two-sample t-test and Pearson's chi-squared test to analyze the pain outcomes of cancer survivors who received electroacupuncture (EA) or battlefield acupuncture (BFA). PC was measured using Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) was used to measure pain severity and interference at the primary endpoint (week 12). RESULTS: Among 266 participants, 41 (15.41%) had a high baseline PC. Among those receiving EA, high PC patients had greater reductions in pain severity (-3.9 vs. -2.1, P = 0.006) and pain interference (-3.8 vs. -2.6, P = 0.04) than low PC. PC was not associated with pain outcomes in BFA group (P > 0.05 for both severity and interference). Among patients with high PC, a greater proportion were responders in the EA group than those in BFA group (83.3% vs. 43.5%, P = 0.009). Among low PC patients, there was no significant difference in the proportion of responders between the EA and BFA groups (66.1% vs. 64.5%, P = 0.8). CONCLUSION: We found that cancer survivors with high baseline PC had greater pain reductions with EA than BFA and compared to low PC patients. These findings suggest that EA may serve as a targeted treatment option for vulnerable patients with high PC and further support precision pain management.

Humans↗