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PubMed2026

Whole-Genome Deep Learning Predicts Chemotherapy Response in Colorectal Cancer.

Chemotherapy response in colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibits significant heterogeneity, with current clinical predictors failing to capture complex genomic determinants of resistance. We developed a hybrid deep learning framework integrating convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks to analyze whole-genome somatic mutations, evolutionary conservation, chromatin accessibility, and 3D genome architecture in 2,546 TCGA patients. An attention mechanism identified predictive genomic regions. The model achieved an AUC of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89-0.94) in cross-validation and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85-0.91) in independent validation, outperforming clinical models (ΔAUC = +0.18, p < 0.001). Key predictors included non-coding variants in TP53, KRAS, and PIK3CA regulatory regions. Triple-positive patients (mutations in all 3 regions) had significantly worse progression-free survival (HR = 4.7, p < 0.001). Our framework enables accurate chemotherapy response prediction and reveals novel non-coding resistance mechanisms, advancing precision oncology in CRC.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Understanding FDA's reasons for nonapproval: A systematic review of complete response letters in cell and gene therapy.

BACKGROUND AIMS: Cell and gene therapy products face unique regulatory challenges due to their biological complexity and the stringent expectations for manufacturing control, analytical testing, and clinical assessment. As the pipeline grows, understanding the drivers of FDA non‑approval is increasingly important for improving first‑cycle success and reducing development delays. In this study, we aimed to characterize the frequency and impact of refuse‑to‑file actions, major amendments, and complete response letters issued for biologics licensing applications; and to identify recurring patterns of deficiencies contributing to delayed approval. METHODS: Publicly available documents were extracted from the FDA website. Data from each approved cell and gene therapy product's regulatory history-including complete responses, major amendments, inspection timing, and cited deficiencies-were compiled and categorized across clinical, quality, and labeling domains. RESULTS: Analysis showed that informational deficiencies were common across modalities. Major amendments occurred in roughly half of applications, and complete responses had the most significant impact. Quality deficiencies appeared in all complete responses and were the predominant barrier, while clinical and labeling issues were less frequent but meaningful when present. CONCLUSION: Overall, these findings highlight the need for proactive FDA engagement, comprehensive readiness, and early inspection preparation to reduce regulatory risk and improve first cycle approval outcomes.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Social Responsiveness as a Mediator in Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Autistic Youth with Maladaptive and Interfering Anxiety.

Numerous adaptations to interventions have been included in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for autistic youth. This study examines the degree to which CBT adapted to the social needs of autistic youth confers significant benefit by promoting social responsiveness. A secondary analysis was conducted on a multisite randomized clinical trial (Wood et al. in JAMA Psychiatry 77:474-483, 2020) comparing adapted CBT with standard-of-practice CBT and treatment-as-usual (TA). Autistic youth (N = 167; aged 7-13) with maladaptive and interfering anxiety participated. The adapted CBT (BIACA) uses a modular format, with an emphasis on supplementing common CBT practice elements (reframing and graded exposure) with social skill supports. The primary outcome measure was the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale. Social responsiveness was assessed with the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition. Participants' general mental health was assessed as a secondary outcome using the Brief Problem Checklist. Mediation was tested using the SPSS PROCESS macro. Analyses suggested that the effect of adapted CBT on anxiety was mediated by its effects on social responsiveness, with a statistically significant indirect effect. Youth randomly assigned to adapted CBT exhibited better overall mental health at posttreatment compared to those randomized to the other conditions, and this effect was also mediated by improved social responsiveness. CBT adapted to address some of the social needs of autistic youth may enhance mental health outcomes by supporting social responsiveness, perhaps increasing the ease and effectiveness with which some youth can navigate potentially stressful situations such as entering and participating in group activities.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Pre-transport dietary chitosan improves the physiological robustness of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) by modulating antioxidant and inflammatory responses.

The acute stress caused by long-distance transport can lead to oxidative damage, immune dysfunction, and health deterioration in fish. This study evaluated dietary chitosan as a pre-transport nutritional strategy for juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Five experimental diets contained chitosan at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 g/kg, designated as p0, p25, p50, p75, and p100, respectively, for 56 d. The effects of dietary chitosan were evaluated using growth performance, feed utilization, digestive function, antioxidant capacity, nonspecific immunity, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Then, fish from the p0 and p50 groups underwent a 12-h transport stress test, with samples collected before, during, and 7 d after transport. Dietary chitosan improved most of these parameters. Among the treatment groups, p50 and p75 showed the best overall performance. The dose-response analysis further indicated that the appropriate dietary inclusion range was 5.0-7.5 g/kg. Under transport stress, fish in the p50 group exhibited more stable antioxidant enzyme responses and lower lipid peroxidation, as indicated by reduced MDA levels. Consistent with these enzyme responses, antioxidant-related genes remained relatively stable. At the same time, expression patterns related to the Nrf2-Keap1 and NF-κB signaling pathways suggested that 5.0 g/kg chitosan alleviated transport-induced oxidative damage and inflammation. Dietary chitosan also attenuated pro-inflammatory gene induction and altered the temporal expression patterns of anti-inflammatory genes. Overall, 5.0-7.5 g/kg dietary chitosan is suitable for juvenile largemouth bass, and 5.0 g/kg may serve as an effective pre-transport dietary inclusion level.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Response-adapted surgical de-escalation following neoadjuvant immunotherapy in resectable mucosal HNSCC A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Recent encouraging outcomes with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in mucosal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have generated interest in surgical de-escalation. However, the oncologic safety of response-adapted surgery (RAS) and its ability to achieve survival outcomes comparable to baseline-planned surgery (BPS) remain uncertain. METHODS: A systematic search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and the Clinical Trials Registry for studies of neoadjuvant ICIs, with or without chemotherapy, in resectable mucosal HNSCC, that explicitly report surgical extent, between 2020-2025 was performed. Two independent reviewers extracted data following PRISMA guidelines. Main outcomes included major pathologic response (MPR), pathologic complete response (pCR), event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS). Study-level proportions were pooled by random effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 statistic. RESULTS: The comparative analysis consisted of 4 RAS studies (involving 202 patients) and 11 BPS studies (403 patients). The pooled overall EFS was 83.3% (76.9-88.2) for the former and 82% (75.2-87.2) for the latter (P=.751), and the respective pooled OS was 92.3% (87.5-95.3) and 91.4% (80.3-96.5) (P=.839). The pooled pCR rate was 41.7% (95% CI 5.4-48.4; I2=.0) for RAS and 19.8% (95%CI 13.3-29.6; I2=.62) for BPS (P=.001), while the MPR was not significantly different (59.6%, versus 48.5%, P=.245). RAS was associated with greater organ preservation and reduced need for mandibulectomy and free-flap reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: RAS following neoadjuvant ICIs in mucosal HNSCC may enable surgical de-escalation with preserved oncologic outcomes and improved function in selected patients. Larger prospective studies are warranted.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Divergent evolutionary strategies in spider venoms: A comparative proteomic profiling of four sympatric species from Yunnan.

Spider venoms comprise complex cocktails of bioactive molecules evolved for predation and defense, representing a valuable resource for biological research and pharmaceutical discovery. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of venom gland extracts from four common spider species indigenous to Yunnan, China: Agelena limbata, Hippasa lycosina, Lycosa grahami, and Sinopoda pengi. Using an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic targeted profiling approach, we successfully annotated 141 distinct toxins. Comparative analysis revealed significant interspecific heterogeneity, suggesting distinct evolutionary trajectories and "weapon system economics." Both A. limbata and L. grahami exhibited a "peptide-dominant" profile anchored by neurotoxic peptides and isomerases, optimized for rapid chemical paralysis. In contrast, S. pengi displayed a distinct "protein-dominant" signature enriched with high-molecular-weight enzymes and CAP superfamily proteins, likely functioning to facilitate tissue degradation and toxin diffusion. Occupying an intermediate position, H. lycosina demonstrated a hybrid composition. These findings suggest that although these species share the same geographical range, their venom systems have undergone divergent evolutionary adaptations driven by specific ecological niches and hunting strategies. This study represents the first systematic proteomic characterization of these venom components, providing a valuable reservoir of molecular candidates while highlighting the bioinformatic nuances of analyzing whole-gland homogenates.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Responsiveness of muscle mass gain to different load intensities of resistance training in older women: A randomized crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with progressive declines in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and substantial interindividual variability in adaptations to resistance training (RT). However, whether training load intensity influences hypertrophic responsiveness in older adults remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of two commonly prescribed RT loading schemes (15RM and 10RM) on estimated SMM adaptations and responsiveness in older women. METHODS: Twenty-seven older women (67.7 ± 4.9 years; 65.7 ± 10.6 kg; 154.5 ± 5.8 cm) completed two 8-week RT interventions performed at 15RM and 10RM in a randomized crossover design, separated by a 12-week detraining period. Estimated SMM was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Responsiveness was operationally defined using the standard error of measurement, and participants were classified as responders (RP) or non-responders (N-RP) according to changes in estimated SMM. RESULTS: Both loading schemes promoted significant and comparable increases in estimated SMM (15RM: +0.62 ± 0.4 kg vs. 10RM: +0.43 ± 0.3 kg). Overall, 61.1% of participants were classified as responders in at least one condition, whereas 38.9% were classified as non-responders. Responsiveness status was consistent across conditions for most participants, with 48.1% classified as responders under both loading schemes and 25.9% as non-responders under both conditions. Only seven participants (25.9%) changed responsiveness status between interventions. No clear pattern indicated a greater likelihood of responsiveness with either loading scheme. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that both the 10RM and 15RM RT protocols significantly increase estimated SMM in older women, with no significant differences between training conditions. Although substantial interindividual variability in adaptive responses exists, training load intensity does not appear to meaningfully influence responsiveness status in most individuals. These findings suggest that both loading schemes can be effectively prescribed to promote SMM gains in older women.

Aged↗

PubMed2026

Genome-wide characterization of heat shock protein genes reveals thermal stress-responsive candidates in Litopenaeus vannamei.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are conserved molecular chaperones involved in protein folding, refolding, aggregation prevention, and degradation of damaged proteins. However, the genomic organization and thermal responsiveness of HSP genes in the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the HSP gene family and examined its phylogenetic relationships, structural features, duplication patterns, sequence variation, interaction networks, and transcriptional responses to acute heat stress. A total of 34 HSP genes were identified and classified into the HSP90, HSP70, HSP40/DNAJ, HSP60, and small HSP families. Phylogenetic, motif, gene structure, synteny, and subcellular localization analyses revealed evolutionary conservation and structural diversification among family members. Three duplicated gene pairs were identified, comprising two segmental duplications and one tandem duplication. All pairs exhibited Ka/Ks ratios below 1, consistent with purifying selection of varying strength. Sequence analysis identified 295 nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 12 were consistently predicted to be deleterious by multiple algorithms. Protein-protein interaction analysis indicated enrichment of protein-folding and cellular stress-response functions. RT-qPCR analysis showed significant induction of HSPA4, HSP90AA1, TRAP1, BiP, and DNAJA1 after 6, 12, and 24 h of exposure to 34 °C, whereas DNAJC3 was significantly induced only at 12 h. All six genes reached their highest transcript abundance at 12 h. These findings may provide a genomic framework for HSP genes in L. vannamei and identify candidate genes and variants associated with thermal stress responses.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Optimal dose and exercise modality to improve HbA1c in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses.

We aimed to compare exercise modalities and evaluate dose-response relationships with glycemic control including continuous aerobic exercise (CAE), resistance training (RT), combined exercise (CE), mind-body exercise (MBE), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Three databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions in older adults with T2DM reporting glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Pairwise, Bayesian network, and dose-response meta-analyses were conducted. Compared with control, HIIT demonstrated the largest estimated reduction (MD = -0.95%; 95% CrI -1.45, -0.49), followed by CE (MD = -0.59%; 95% CrI -0.93, -0.25), CAE (MD = -0.46%; 95% CrI -0.69, -0.24), MBE (MD = -0.42%; 95% CrI -0.76, -0.10), and RT (MD = -0.29%; 95% CrI -0.51, -0.08). Dose-response network meta-analyses suggested a non-linear association between overall exercise dose and HbA1c reduction, with maximal estimated benefits at approximately 704 METs-min/week with the 95% CrI excluding zero between 241 and 920 METs-min/week. HIIT demonstrated the steepest estimated dose-response relationship, but with wider credible intervals. Other exercise modalities showed more gradual dose-response patterns across their estimated effective ranges. Our findings suggest that exercise prescription for older adults with T2DM should be individualized according to exercise modality, dose, and health status.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Symptoms and treatment response to florensocatib and inhaled tobramycin in bronchiectasis: Post hoc analysis of two randomized trials.

Inhaled antibiotics and DPP-1 inhibitors improve clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis, but whether baseline symptom burden predicts differential treatment responses remains unclear. In this post hoc analysis of two multicenter randomized trials (SAVE-BE, n = 224; TORNASOL, n = 357), we evaluate the association between baseline Quality of Life-Bronchiectasis Respiratory Symptom Scale (QoL-B-RSS) and treatment effects of florensocatib and inhaled tobramycin. In SAVE-BE, florensocatib reduces exacerbation rates versus placebo (relative risk [RR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.67; p < 0.0001), with RRs of 0.53 and 0.40 observed in patients with high and low symptom burdens, respectively, but no significant symptomatic improvement. In TORNASOL, tobramycin produces clinically meaningful QoL-B-RSS improvements (exceeding the 8-point cutoff in high-symptom patients) and ameliorates bronchitic symptoms, with greater benefits in those with higher baseline symptom burden. These hypothesis-generating findings suggest that baseline symptom burden may identify differential responses to anti-inflammatory versus anti-infective therapies in bronchiectasis and support its potential as a simple, practical stratification tool to guide personalized treatment.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Protein persulfidation emerges as a conserved component of the redox response to DNA damage.

Genotoxic stress is frequently accompanied by alterations in cellular redox homeostasis; however, the mechanisms linking redox regulation to the DNA damage response (DDR) remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the early redox response to DNA damage induced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, focusing on cysteine oxidative post-translational modifications (PTM). We show that activation of the DNA damage response is accompanied by rapid redox changes that occur in the absence of a generalized oxidative stress response. MMS exposure promotes selective remodeling of cysteine oxidative modifications, characterized by decreased free thiols, robust induction of protein persulfidation, and comparatively modest changes in sulfenylation. These alterations are accompanied by increased intracellular hydrogen sulfide levels, supporting the involvement of reactive sulfur species in the cellular response to DNA damage. Proteome-wide analyses revealed that cysteine oxidative modifications preferentially target proteins involved in central metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and genome maintenance. Consistent with these observations, MMS-induced genotoxic stress promotes metabolic adaptation characterized by increased mitochondrial respiration, elevated ATP production, and mitochondrial morphological remodeling, linking bioenergetic adaptation to redox regulation. Importantly, perturbation of intracellular redox balance using N-acetylcysteine compromises survival under DNA-damaging conditions, supporting a functional role for redox signaling during the DDR. Finally, MMS treatment also induces protein persulfidation in mammalian cells. Moreover, exposure to etoposide, a mechanistically distinct genotoxic agent that induces DNA double-strand breaks through topoisomerase II inhibition, showed a similar trend, suggesting that protein persulfidation may not be restricted to alkylation-induced DNA damage. Together our findings identify protein persulfidation as a prominent component of the redox response to DNA damage and provide new insight into the functional interplay between mitochondrial metabolism, cysteine-based redox regulation, and genome maintenance.

Oxidation-Reduction↗

PubMed2026

Acute Haemodynamic and Perceptual Responses to Graded Intradialytic Exercise in Patients on Maintenance Haemodialysis: A Randomised Crossover Trial.

BACKGROUND: Acute responses to graded intradialytic exercise in people receiving haemodialysis remain incompletely characterised. OBJECTIVES: To examine acute haemodynamic and perceptual responses to graded intradialytic resistance exercise compared with a non-exercise control condition. DESIGN: Randomised crossover trial. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight clinically stable adults receiving maintenance haemodialysis. MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed seated control and graded lower-limb resistance exercise targeting Borg category-ratio 10 ratings of 3, 5 and 7. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, rating of perceived exertion and acute fatigue were measured before, immediately after and 30 min after each condition. RESULTS: Responses increased progressively with perceived intensity. Compared with control, higher perceived intensity increased systolic blood pressure by 14.9 mmHg (95% confidence interval = 12.7-17.0), diastolic blood pressure by 8.4 mmHg (6.8-10.0), mean arterial pressure by 10.6 mmHg (9.2-12.0) and heart rate by 15.5 beats per minute (12.9-18.1). Rating of perceived exertion increased by 6.7 points (95% confidence interval = 6.3-7.1). Mean peripheral oxygen saturation remained between 95.1% and 97.5%, with no value below 90%. Recorded symptoms occurred in 13 out of 48 higher perceived-intensity sessions; no serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Graded, rating-guided intradialytic resistance exercise produced clear acute dose-response haemodynamic and perceptual changes. These findings support supervised individualisation of acute exercise dose but do not establish long-term safety or superiority of higher perceived-intensity training. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry: PACTR202606476360900.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Toxicological effects of propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate on gallstone pathogenesis: An integrated mendelian randomization, network toxicology, and experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Gallstone disease is a prevalent digestive disorder with substantial global socioeconomic burden. Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (PP), a widely used paraben preservative, exhibits potential metabolic and hepatic toxicity, yet its role in gallstone pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the causal association between PP exposure and gallstone formation and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed using genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. Network toxicology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation were applied to screen for core targets. In vivo experiments, transcriptome sequencing, Western blot (WB), and ELISA were conducted for mechanistic validation. RESULTS: MR confirmed a causal link between circulating PP levels and an elevated risk of gallstones (P < 0.05), with AKT1 identified as the key target. In mice, PP aggravated gallstone formation by activating the AKT1-NF-κB-CXCL1 pathway, enhancing hepatic inflammation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation; these effects were reversed by AKT inhibition. CONCLUSION: PP promotes gallstone formation via the AKT1-NF-κB-CXCL1-NETs axis. Our findings highlight PP as an environmental risk factor for gallstones, providing novel insights into their prevention and targeted therapy.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Novel environmental contaminant 6PPD-quinone promotes malignant phenotypes in colorectal cancer cells and identifies candidate response-associated genes.

6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ), an oxidative transformation product of the widely used tire antioxidant 6PPD, is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant with bioaccumulation potential and widespread human exposure. Recent epidemiological evidence indicates a positive association between urinary 6PPDQ levels and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk; however, its biological effects on CRC-related phenotypes and associated molecular responses remain unclear. We integrated bioinformatics analysis, prognostic modeling, molecular docking and dynamics simulations, and in vitro experiments to investigate cellular and molecular responses to 6PPDQ in CRC models. Predicted 6PPDQ targets were intersected with CRC prognosis-related genes from The Cancer Genome Atlas, followed by functional enrichment and LASSO regression to construct a prognostic risk model, with 1-, 3-, and 5-year AUC values of 0.727, 0.754, and 0.778, respectively. Molecular docking and 100-ns molecular dynamics simulations suggested interactions between 6PPDQ and candidate proteins, including CPT2, SHC2, SRMS, and STK35. Functional assays showed that 6PPDQ exposure altered proliferation, wound-closure capacity, and invasion in Caco-2 and HCT116 cells across the nanomolar concentration range, with non-monotonic and cell-line-dependent responses. In contrast, NCM460 cells showed no increase in EdU incorporation at 10 or 100 nM, whereas reduced proliferation at higher concentrations was accompanied by increased LDH release. 6PPDQ also altered the expression of several prognosis-associated candidate genes. These findings identify cellular phenotypes and candidate molecular responses associated with 6PPDQ exposure under the tested in vitro conditions, but do not establish their causal roles or in vivo relevance. Further mechanistic and in vivo studies are required.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Systematic identification pepper CaE2F transcription factor reveals the role of CaDPb in drought stress response.

The EARLY 2 FACTOR (E2F) transcription factor (TF) family plays a pivotal role in regulating plant development and adaptations to environmental stresses. However, the physiological function of E2Fs in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) are not well elucidated. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive genome-wide annotation of the E2F family within the Zunla-1 pepper genome and further explore the biological roles of CaDPb in response to drought stress. Through systematic bioinformatics analysis, we identify a total of nine CaE2F genes within the Zunla-1 genome, categorizing them into three distinct subgroups. Additionally, we discover multiple cis-regulatory elements in the CaE2F promoter regions associated with responses to plant hormones and drought stress. Public RNA-seq datasets reveal distinct expression profiles of CaE2F genes across various pepper tissues and their responses to environmental stimuli and plant hormones. Subsequently, the CaDPb gene is further functionally verified in drought response. Our findings indicate that TRV2:CaDPb silenced pepper plants are more sensitivity to drought. Furthermore, we show that CaDPb participates in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the expression of drought-responsive genes, and the modulation of stomatal aperture. Taken together, our findings provide a comprehensive characterization of E2F genes in pepper and offer insights into the biological function of CaDPb in pepper drought stress response.

Capsicum↗

PubMed2026

Unconfined compressive strength prediction for the ordinary Portland cement-steel slag-silica fume ternary system based on response surface methodology.

This research was undertaken to address environmental concerns associated with industrial solid waste and to reduce cement consumption in geotechnical engineering. It specifically investigates the feasibility of using steel slag (SS) and silica fume (SF) as partial substitutes for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in soil stabilization. The effects of SS, SF, OPC, and initial moisture content on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of stabilized soil were investigated through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). The results show that SS and SF can synergistically enhance the strength of stabilized soil, although their interaction effect was not statistically significant within the investigated ranges. Compared with soil stabilized solely with OPC, the addition of 18 % SS and 10 % SF reduced OPC consumption by 3 % without compromising strength. Microstructural and compositional analyses further revealed that SS mainly supplied calcium- and silica-bearing components, while SF provided highly reactive silica and micro-filling effects, jointly promoting hydration reactions and improving the compactness of the stabilized soil matrix. As a result, more hydration products were formed in the OPC/SS/SF-stabilized soil than in the OPC-stabilized soil, which contributed to pore filling and strength enhancement. This study provides useful guidance for the sustainable utilization of industrial solid waste and the low-carbon development of soil stabilization materials.

Construction Materials↗

PubMed2026

Maize ZmMYB59 inhibits post-germinative shoot and root elongation through ZmGA2ox3/10-mediated gibberellin catabolism.

Gibberellin (GA) promotes seed germination, but sustained or excessive GA signaling after germination can lead to aberrant root and shoot elongation. How GA homeostasis is transcriptionally restrained during post-germinative seedling development remains unclear. Using overexpression and gene-edited maize materials, we demonstrate that ZmMYB59 inhibits root and shoot elongation during post-germinative growth. Integrated RNA-Seq and CUT&Tag analyses identified the GA catabolism genes ZmGA2ox3 and ZmGA2ox10 as candidate direct targets of ZmMYB59. Hormone profiling analysis showed elevated bioactive GA1 and GA4 levels in the scutellum and aleurone layer cells of zmmyb59 mutants. Dual-luciferase assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and ChIP-qPCR further confirmed that ZmMYB59 directly binds AC8 cis-elements in the ZmGA2ox3/10 promoters and activates their transcription. The zmga2ox3/10 double mutant, but neither single mutant, exhibited enhanced root and shoot elongation, accompanied by GA4 accumulation. This phenotype was suppressed by exogenous application of the GA biosynthesis inhibitor uniconazole. Transcriptomic and biochemical analyses further revealed enhanced starch degradation, reduced starch content, and increased soluble sugar accumulation in the double mutant. Taken together, these findings reveal that the ZmMYB59-ZmGA2ox3/10 module restrains GA accumulation and starch mobilization after germination, thereby coordinating reserve utilization with post-germinative root and shoot growth in maize.

Gibberellins↗

PubMed2026

Contrasting redox-related physiological responses associated with HaGATA23 and HaGATA36 during Orobanche cumana parasitism in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).

Helianthus annuus is an economically important Asteraceae species used for seed oil production and ornamental purposes, but its production is seriously affected by the root-parasitic plant Orobanche cumana. GATA transcription factors are zinc-finger DNA-binding regulators involved in plant development and stress adaptation. However, the molecular characteristics of GATA transcription factors in Helianthus annuus and their contribution to Helianthus annuus -Orobanche cumana interaction remain poorly understood. Here, 36 HaGATA members were retrieved from the Helianthus annuus genome and classified into four phylogenetic clades. Chromosomal placement, collinearity, gene structure, motif composition, and promoter elements varied among the 36 HaGATA members, indicating evolutionary conservation coupled with functional diversification. Expression analysis and RT-qPCR analyses revealed differential expression patterns among HaGATA genes under O. cumana stress, with HaGATA23 markedly downregulated and HaGATA36 strongly upregulated. Overexpression of HaGATA23 was associated with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and unfavorable changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, whereas its silencing showed the opposite physiological tendency. In contrast, overexpression of HaGATA36 reduced malondialdehyde accumulation, increased peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, while its silencing showed the reverse tendency. These results indicate that HaGATA23 and HaGATA36 are candidate genes associated with contrasting redox-related physiological responses during O. cumana stress. This work provides evidence that GATA transcription factors are associated with redox-related physiological responses in sunflower under O. cumana treatment and identifies HaGATA23 and HaGATA36 as functionally divergent candidate genes for further validation.

Helianthus↗