Toxicological effects of propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate on gallstone pathogenesis: An integrated mendelian randomization, network toxicology, and experimental study.

Tianming Liu; Cong Yan; Renwei Qu; Xinru Huang; Xianzhi Meng

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2026.116337

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Toxicological effects of propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate on gallstone pathogenesis: An integrated mendelian randomization, network toxicology, and experimental study.

Tianming Liu·Cong Yan·Renwei Qu·Xinru Huang·Xianzhi Meng

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Gallstone disease is a prevalent digestive disorder with substantial global socioeconomic burden. Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (PP), a widely used paraben preservative, exhibits potential metabolic and hepatic toxicity, yet its role in gallstone pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the causal association between PP exposure and gallstone formation and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed using genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. Network toxicology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation were applied to screen for core targets. In vivo experiments, transcriptome sequencing, Western blot (WB), and ELISA were conducted for mechanistic validation. RESULTS: MR confirmed a causal link between circulating PP levels and an elevated risk of gallstones (P < 0.05), with AKT1 identified as the key target. In mice, PP aggravated gallstone formation by activating the AKT1-NF-κB-CXCL1 pathway, enhancing hepatic inflammation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation; these effects were reversed by AKT inhibition. CONCLUSION: PP promotes gallstone formation via the AKT1-NF-κB-CXCL1-NETs axis. Our findings highlight PP as an environmental risk factor for gallstones, providing novel insights into their prevention and targeted therapy.

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Animals Mice Gallstones Parabens Humans Mendelian Randomization Analysis Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt Genome-Wide Association Study Molecular Docking Simulation Male Mice, Inbred C57BL Gallstone Mendelian randomization analysis NETs Network toxicology Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Journal Article

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Tianming Liu, Cong Yan, Renwei Qu, Xinru Huang, Xianzhi Meng. 2026-08-11. Toxicological effects of propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate on gallstone pathogenesis: An integrated mendelian randomization, network toxicology, and experimental study.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2026.116337

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