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PubMed2026

Specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM)-enriched supplementation modulates inflammatory biomarkers in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: Blood plasma analysis from the GAUDI study.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of chronic pain and functional impairment, associated with persistent inflammation, potentially due to impaired resolution. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) regulate inflammation resolution and restore homeostasis. The GAUDI study previously demonstrated that SPM supplementation reduces pain and improves quality of life (QoL) in patients with knee OA. This analysis assesses the impact of SPM supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers (IB) and SPM levels and their relationship with clinical outcomes. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of the GAUDI trial, a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in Spain in adults with symptomatic knee OA who received daily supplementation with SPMs or placebo for 12 weeks. Endpoints included changes in plasma IB and SPM levels and their correlation with clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Changes in IL-1 (15.9 vs. -1.1 pg/ml, p-value: 0.051) and IL-18 (10.3 vs. -1.4 pg/ml, p-value: 0.29) showed a tendency toward reduction in the SPM group compared to the placebo group. Changes in IL-1 and IL-8 positively correlated (r = 0.707, p-value: 0.005 and r = 0.551, p-value: 0.04; respectively) with changes in WOMAC score and negatively correlated (r = -0.797, p-value <0.001 and r = -0.804, p-value <0.001; respectively) with changes in EuroQoL-5 VAS score. Changes in IL-1 (r = 0.554, p-value: 0.048) and IL-6 (r = 0.631, p-value: 0.014 and r = 0.572, p-value: 0.031) correlated with changes in OMERACT-OARSI pain score. No significant differences in IB levels were observed between groups during the intervention. Minor changes in SPM levels point to metabolic pathways at work with SPM supplementation. In patients with a BMI ≥25 kg/m², most IB tended to decrease following SPM consumption. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests a potential association between SPM supplementation, decreased inflammation, and improved pain and QoL in patients with knee OA. Subtle changes in blood plasma SPM levels were detected that indicate, through bioinformatics analysis, a pathway-specific metabolome activation induced by SPM supplementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05633849. Registered December 1st, 2022. Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT05633849.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Comparative analysis of gut microbiota in yaks under different feeding management strategies during cold seasons.

Yaks (Bos grunniens) are crucial for the livelihoods of pastoral communities in cold regions, where feed scarcity during the cold season poses challenges to their health and productivity, underscoring the necessity of understanding how dietary management influences the gut microbiota. In this study, 24 yak steers matched for body weight and health status were randomly allocated to four groups: natural grazing or indoor feeding with roughage-to-concentrate ratios of 50:50, 70:30, or 90:10. Fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing and subsequent functional prediction of the microbiota. The results showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla across all groups, and UCG-005 and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were the predominant genera. Concentrate supplementation during the cold season significantly enhanced microbial richness and diversity, with the 70:30 ratio exerting the most pronounced beneficial effects on microbiota structure and key taxa enrichment. These findings highlight the critical role of dietary management in shaping the yak gut microbiota during cold seasons and suggest that the 70:30 ratio optimally improves microbial community structure, thereby promoting yak health and productivity under harsh climatic conditions. Future research should explore the long-term implications of such dietary strategies.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

An expanded breakfast buffet increases daily energy and protein intakes in hospitalised patients: A prospective crossover quality improvement study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Inadequate dietary intake remains common during hospitalisation. Ordinary hospital meals are central to nutritional intake, but their contribution depends on what is offered and what patients are able and willing to eat. We evaluated whether a preference-informed, limited expansion of the hospital breakfast buffet could increase total daily energy and protein intakes. METHODS: This prospectively structured, ward-based crossover quality-improvement study was conducted in seven inpatient wards at a tertiary university hospital. Each ward was observed for four consecutive days and randomly allocated to begin with standard or expanded breakfast, after which conditions alternated daily. The expanded buffet consisted of standard breakfast supplemented with familiar energy- and protein-rich foods selected from previous patient-choice data. Twenty-four-hour intake was registered using component-level weighed food records during the day and nursing registration overnight. Primary outcomes were total daily energy and protein intakes. Linear mixed-effects models adjusted for observation day and ward-level starting sequence and accounted for repeated patient observations and ward-level clustering. Analyses used data from patients who consumed breakfast and contributed analysable observations under both breakfast conditions. RESULTS: The primary crossover population included 71 patients contributing 188 analysable patient-days. Compared with standard breakfast, the expanded breakfast increased total daily energy intake by +198 kcal/day (95% CI 44 to 352) and protein intake by +6.8 g/day (95% CI 1.0 to 12.5), without a statistically significant increase in total food weight. Daily energy and protein adequacy increased by +8.7 and + 6.8 percentage points, respectively. The increase was driven mainly by breakfast intake, with no measurable reduction in non-breakfast intake. CONCLUSIONS: A limited expansion of the ordinary hospital breakfast buffet increased total daily energy and protein intakes in the primary crossover population of hospitalised adults who consumed breakfast. This increase occurred without a statistically significant increase in total food weight or a measurable reduction in non-breakfast intake. Small, preference-informed additions of familiar energy- and protein-rich foods at breakfast may improve daily intake by increasing the nutrient yield of foods patients are able or willing to eat.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Preoperative Carbohydrate Supplementation Reduces Thirst and Improves Patient Satisfaction Before Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Prolonged preoperative fasting is a major source of patient discomfort, particularly thirst, before elective cesarean delivery. This study aimed to evaluate whether preoperative carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation could alleviate these discomforts and improve patient satisfaction without compromising safety. METHODS: In this single-center randomized controlled trial, 262 women scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia were randomly allocated to either the CHO group (Group CHO, n = 131), which received 355 mL of an oral carbohydrate solution on the night before and the morning of surgery, or the control group (Group C, n = 131), which followed conventional fasting. The primary outcome was the thirst Numeric Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10) score measured immediately before surgery. Secondary outcomes included hunger NRS, satisfaction NRS, and maternal and neonatal safety parameters. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Despite a longer preoperative fasting duration in Group CHO (9.25 ± 1.05 vs. 8.74 ± 0.97 h, P < 0.001), this group exhibited significantly lower thirst NRS scores (1.69 ± 0.90 vs. 4.02 ± 0.99, P < 0.001) and hunger NRS scores (1.25 ± 0.94 vs. 2.09 ± 0.82, P < 0.001), as well as higher satisfaction NRS scores (7.70 ± 0.69 vs. 5.69 ± 1.17, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses confirmed consistent benefits of CHO supplementation across most patient characteristics. Further analyses suggested that the maximum effect on thirst reduction occurred at approximately 9.2 h of solid fasting; however, the interaction between fasting duration and treatment group was not statistically significant (P = 0.187). CONCLUSION: Preoperative carbohydrate supplementation effectively reduces thirst and hunger and improves patient satisfaction before elective cesarean delivery without increasing maternal or neonatal risk. The beneficial effects were consistent across varying fasting durations, with exploratory spline analyses suggested a potential peak effect around 9.2 h, though this was not statistically significant and should be interpreted cautiously. These findings support the incorporation of carbohydrate loading into enhanced recovery protocols. TRIAL REGISTRATION: China Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2500097956.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Comprehensive study on pesticide residues and mycotoxins in freeze-dried strawberries and raspberries.

Freeze-dried fruit has gained popularity because it preserves the flavour and nutritional value of fresh fruit while providing extended shelf life. Despite this, there are concerns regarding its chemical safety. This study evaluated 58 freeze-dried fruit products from the Czech retail market, focusing on potential contamination. Pesticide residues and mycotoxins were determined using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Overall, 111 pesticide residues (or their metabolites) and 3 mycotoxins were quantified. After applying processing factors, 12 pesticide residues exceeded EU maximum residue limits. Prohibited substances, including carbofuran, omethoate, and haloxyfop, were detected. Tenuazonic acid was found in 71% of samples, while alternariol and tentoxin were detected less frequently. More than half (54%) of strawberry samples contained 10 or more pesticide residues, indicating potential cumulative exposure concerns, particularly for children with lower body weight. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of freeze-dried fruits and further assessment of dietary exposure.

Pesticide Residues↗

PubMed2026

Source- and Solubility-specific Choline, Gut Microbiota, and Dyslipidemia Risk: Trimethylamine N-oxide-associated and Non-trimethylamine N-oxide-Associated Patterns in a Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Dietary choline, a major precursor of the gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), is implicated in dyslipidemia risk; however, source- and form-specific associations and interactions with gut microbiota remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine longitudinal associations of source- and form-specific dietary choline with plasma TMAO and dyslipidemia and to identify gut microbiota interactions. METHODS: Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2018-2023), dietary intake was assessed via 3 consecutive 24-h recalls in this prospective cohort study. Two-level generalized linear mixed-effects models were applied in 4828 adults (mean age: 55.9 ± 12.6 y, 56.6% females) to assess choline-dyslipidemia associations. Choline-TMAO and TMAO-dyslipidemia analyses were conducted in 1091 participants free of dyslipidemia at baseline. Among 7169 adults with gut microbiome data, Least Absolute Selection and Shrinkage Operator and logistic regression identified lipid-associated gut genera; TMAO relationships were examined in a subset of 693 participants. RESULTS: Higher intakes of total [Q4 compared with Q1: odds ratio (OR) = 1.261; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.007, 1.580], red meat-derived (OR: 1.753; 95% CI: 1.196, 2.568), and lipid-soluble choline (OR: 1.304; 95% CI: 1.047, 1.624) were associated with higher risk of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), whereas vegetable-derived choline was inversely associated. Egg-derived and lipid-soluble choline were positively associated with plasma TMAO, which was prospectively associated with 5-y incident dyslipidemia (Q4 compared with Q1-OR: 1.620; 95% CI: 1.047, 2.509), elevated LDL cholesterol (Q3 compared with Q1-OR: 2.478; 95% CI: 1.187, 5.174), and hypertriglyceridemia (Q4 compared with Q1-OR: 1.829; 95% CI: 1.028, 3.225). Three TMAO-associated genera were identified: Lachnospiraceae and Phascolarctobacterium as pro-risk taxa and Turicibacter as protective. The adverse LDLcholesterol association of egg-derived choline was observed exclusively in Phascolarctobacterium-enriched individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary choline source and solubility differentially associated with dyslipidemia risk through TMAO-associated and non-TMAO-associated patterns, with gut microbiota as key modulators.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Blood Metabolomic Signatures of 1-Hour Glucose Predict Cardiometabolic Risk.

BACKGROUND: Elevated 1-hour glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test strongly predict type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether the fasting blood metabolome predicting 1-hour glucose could be a target for improving β-cell function, long-term glycemic trajectories, and reducing the risks of T2D and coronary heart disease. We also investigated whether plasma microRNAs derived from key metabolic organs regulate changes in a metabolomic risk score (MRS) for predicting 1-hour glucose. METHODS: Untargeted blood metabolomics and a frequently sampled 75-g oral glucose tolerance test were performed in participants from the OmniCarb trial (n=162). In an independent weight-loss dietary intervention trial (POUNDS Lost [Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies]), temporal changes in MRS and plasma microRNAs measured by genome-wide sequencing were analyzed. In addition, associations of MRS at baseline and its 10-year changes with long-term risk of incident T2D and coronary heart disease were prospectively investigated in the NHS (Nurses' Health Study). RESULTS: We created a fasting blood MRS for predicting 1-hour glucose (Pearson r=0.8) and found significant associations with half-day (diurnal) postprandial glucose excursions and insulin secretion after 5-week controlled feeding interventions varying in carbohydrate amount and glycemic index. In the POUNDS Lost trial, diet-induced changes in MRSs were related to 2-year trajectories of glucose metabolism; circulating microRNAs regulating cardiometabolic abnormalities were pivotal factors influencing these changes. In the NHS, women in the top 20% of MRS had a multivariate-adjusted relative risk of 3.80 (95% CI, 2.22-6.51) for T2D and 1.48 (95% CI, 1.04-2.12) for coronary heart disease compared with those in the lowest 20%. In addition, 10-year increases in plasma metabolites related to 1-hour glucose were linearly associated with a higher risk of T2D. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that fasting blood metabolomic signatures predicting elevated 1-hour glucose reflect disease pathophysiology and could be targets for preventing T2D and coronary heart disease.

blood glucose↗

PubMed2026

Discovery and characterization of multifunctional bioactive peptides from Alaska Pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) milt: hybrid in silico, in vitro, and proteomic approaches.

The growing demand for multifunctional bioactive peptides has sparked interest in underutilized marine by-products as sustainable bioresources. This study explored Alaska Pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) milt protein as a novel source of peptides with anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic effects. Protein composition was analyzed via LC-MS, followed by in silico digestion and bioactivity prediction. Molecular docking identified peptides targeting DPP-IV, α-glucosidase, ACE, GLP-1 receptor, COX-2, MuRF1, and the 20S proteasome. Among the candidates, a promising peptide (CLPPH) was synthesized and validated in vitro, demonstrating inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production, DPP-IV, ACE, and α-glucosidase. These results highlight CLPPH's potential as a multifunctional bioactive peptide and support the valorization of Alaska Pollock milt as a sustainable source for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Long-Term Weight Trajectories in Infants Receiving Prolonged Breastfeeding: Impact of Formula Supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared weight trajectories in infants breastfed for at least 1 year, with or without formula supplementation. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort of 252 infants followed in well-baby clinics. All infants were breastfed ≥12 months and received complementary foods at 4-6 months. Of these, 174 received no formula, and 78 received daily formula supplementation. Anthropometric data were collected from birth to 5 years of age. RESULTS: Among males, those breastfed without formula had significantly lower body weight between 13 and 18 months compared with those receiving formula (10.20 kg vs. 10.97 kg, p < 0.001). From 19 months onward, no significant weight differences were observed and trajectories converged through 5 years. CONCLUSION: Prolonged breastfeeding in male infants is associated with lower weight in early toddlerhood; however, differences resolve by age two. These findings suggest early variations may represent physiological patterns. Further controlled studies are needed.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effects of Family-Based Intervention for Childhood Obesity on Parental and Offspring Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity is a global public health issue with strong familial and intergenerational transmission. However, existing syntheses often overlook the active role of parents and fail to assess outcomes beyond the child. This systematic review and meta-analysis specifically investigate the effects of family-based interventions, which position parents as active co-agents of change, on health outcomes for both children with obesity and their parents. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Six databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) targeting children with obesity and at least one family member. Primary outcomes were children's BMI z-score and parental BMI; secondary outcomes included other adiposity measures and dietary behaviors. Outcomes for both children and parents were synthesized. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on intervention characteristics. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, and evidence certainty was evaluated using GRADE. RESULTS: Twenty RCTs with 1740 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The interventions demonstrated a significant reduction in children's BMI z-score. Additional benefits were observed for long-term BMI z-score and percentage of total body fat. The most effective interventions commonly integrate health education, behavioral strategies, and motivational support. Subgroup analyses indicated that interventions positioning parents as active co-participants, rather than mere supporters, yielded larger effects. However, no significant effects were found on parental BMI. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that family-based interventions can confer significant benefits for children with obesity. Their success hinges on strategically framing parents as active co-agents and integrating motivational strategies.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effects of six weeks of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate on cognitive function and markers of health in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation has been reported to increase brain creatine content more effectively than creatine monohydrate (CrM). However, the effects on cognitive function are unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this proof-of-concept exploratory clinical trial was to determine whether GAA supplementation with and without CrM affects cognitive function and/or markers of health. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced manner, 58 healthy and active adults (33 females, 35.5 ± 14 years, 76.2 ± 14 kg) ingested a PLA (PLA, 2 × 6 g/d maltodextrin), GAA (2 × 1 g/d) + PLA (2 × 5 g/d), or GAA (2 × 1 g/d) + CrM (2 × 5 g/d) for six weeks. The participants donated fasting blood samples and completed a battery of tests and questionnaires assessing various aspects of function, mood, stress, sleep quality, and markers of health at baseline and after six weeks of supplementation. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) multivariate and univariate with repeated measures, and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals, and Chi-squared analysis, and considered significant when the probability of error was 0.05 or less, and approaching significance (p > 0.05-p < 0.10). RESULTS: GAA supplementation tended to improve overall reaction time (-241.8 ms [-533, 50], p = 0.10) while significant interaction effects were observed in overall reaction time (p = 0.031-330 ms [-629, -31]) and YES reaction time (-290 ms [-484, -96], p = 0.004) while recalled correct reaction time (-178 ms [-374, 21], p = 0.078) and recalled correct YES (7.4 % [-1, 15.8], p = 0.084) approached significance compared to PLA. Limited to no effects were observed on the Delayed Picture Recognition Task Test, Digit Vigilance Task Test, Corsi Block Task Test, or Stroop Color-Word Task Test. The amount of time engaged in moderate physical activity was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the GAA group compared to PLA. Participants in the GAA group reported a lower frequency of controlling irritations (p = 0.036), and feeling like difficulties are mounting (p = 0.053) on the Perceived Stress Scale. Some positive and potentially undesirable effects were observed in sleep quality assessments. The quality of life assessment revealed that participants in the GAA group reported less frequent feelings of being worn out (p = 0.068) and that their health was excellent (p = 0.092) while those in the GAA + CrM group reported more frequent limitations when bending, kneeling, or stooping (p = 0.053), more often feeling full of life (p = 0.081), and less frequency in feeling downhearted and depressed (p = 0.066). No clinically meaningful changes were observed in blood markers or self-reported side effects among the groups. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation with GAA (2 g/d) and the combination of CrM (10 g/d + GAA 2 g/d) for six weeks improved delayed verbal episodic recognition memory and retrieval speed and some measures of perceived stress, sleep quality, and quality of life. However, most cognitive tests were not affected, particularly when comparing the GAA to the PLA group; there were some inconsistencies in the findings, and several differences only approached significance. Additional research is needed before conclusions can be drawn. Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN68542582.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Gastrointestinal digestion governs insect protein hydrolysis and predicted bioactive peptide release: Species-dependent implications for functional food applications.

This study investigates the digestion of insect proteins and the release of predicted bioactive peptides during human gastrointestinal digestion. Using the Infogest in vitro model, mealworm, cricket, and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) proteins were digested and analyzed through discovery proteomics and bioinformatics to identify predicted bioactive peptides. Sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectra (SWATH-MS) quantified insect proteins including predicted bioactive peptide precursor proteins, the precursors of predicted bioactive peptides. Results indicated that gastrointestinal digestion strongly influences peptide release, with the gastric phase exhibiting a richer predicted bioactive peptide profile than the small intestinal phase. Many predicted bioactive peptides were rapidly hydrolysed under small intestine conditions, which may lead to reduced stability or diminished activity in vivo, potentially explaining why certain peptides show strong bioactivity in vitro but limited effects in vivo. Additionally, predicted bioactive peptide release varied by insect species, influenced by genetic factors and peptide abundance. These findings highlight the importance of species selection and consideration of proteolytic digestion patterns in optimizing insect-derived bioactive peptides for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Inulin, Containing Frutco-Oligosaccharides, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale Scores in College Students.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) inulin on anxiety symptoms in college students. Forty million adults in the United States suffer from anxiety. Previous studies have viewed gut microbiota and its potential link to anxiety in both humans and mice. However, no previous studies focused on the effect of FOS inulin on college students. Fourteen subjects received 4.9 g per day of FOS inulin as the treatment (TX) or no supplement as the control (CON) for 28 days. Both the TX and CON groups were given the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7) on days 1 and 28. Both groups were also given a 3-day food log at the beginning of the experiment and otherwise maintained their regular diet. Results showed a statistically significant decrease in median GAD-7 scores in both groups (P = .017, r = .637 and P = .042, r = .587 for the TX and CON groups, respectively). However, when comparing the GAD-7 scores between groups, no statistically significant results were found. FOS inulin supplementation did not alleviate anxiety symptoms in college students participating in this study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

The relationship between food intake and outdoor temperature in a longitudinal study: a public health perspective in the context of global warming.

BACKGROUND: Climate change affects human health and nutrition. Rising temperatures may significantly impact diets, but research on their influence on dietary habits in large populations remains limited. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the link between outdoor temperature and energy-adjusted food consumption across profiles in a longitudinal study. METHODS: This study included 100,851 participants from the NutriNet-Santé study (2009-2023) with 1,716,046 24-h dietary records linked to daily maximum outdoor temperature at the residence, from the nearest Météo-France station. Associations were analyzed using linear mixed models with interactions tested for sex and 6 socioeconomic profiles (employees, privileged, intermediate, young, disadvantaged, and retirees) derived from clustering. RESULTS: Across all subgroups, higher outdoor temperature was associated with higher consumption of fruits, vegetables, processed meats, sweet products, water, alcoholic beverages, and sugar-sweetened beverages, whereas consumption of red meat, pulses, and dairy products decreased. From 25°C to 35°C, the increase in alcohol consumption with temperature was more pronounced in males {150 g/d [95% confidence interval (CI): 147 g/d, 153 g/d] to 166 g/d [95% CI: 162 g/d, 171 g/d], +11%} than in females [101 g/d (95% CI: 98 g/d, 103 g/d) to 107 g/d (95% CI: 104 g/d, 109 g/d), +6%]. Across socioeconomic profiles, changes shared similar directions, but some trends were more marked, notably for alcoholic beverages among employees (95% CI: 114 g/d, 130 g/d; +14%) and sugar-sweetened beverages in young (95% CI: 56 g/d, 72 g/d; +29%). Consumption of fruits increased more modestly in the young (95% CI: 227 g/d, 248 g/d; +9%) than in employees (95% CI: 194 g/d, 227 g/d; +17%). These changes, although variable in magnitude, were not accompanied by substantial modifications in energy intake or overall diet quality scores. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of targeted prevention messages when temperatures exceed 25°C, especially concerning alcoholic and sugar-sweetened beverages, and offer insight into potential long-term food consumption patterns (beyond seasonal changes) in the context of global warming.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Metabolomic and structural signatures of pigmented and non-pigmented Himalayan rice landraces.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the anti-oxidant properties, starch composition, pasting behavior, structural properties, textural properties and non-targeted metabolomic profiles of pigmented and non-pigmented rice landraces as potential next-generation functional food ingredients. RESULTS: Pigmented rice demonstrated 1.34 times more anti-oxidant activity as compared to non-pigmented rice. Pigmented landraces showcased superior nutritional and functional attributes, including higher total dietary fiber and starch content. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed distinct molecular signatures with enhanced peak transmittance, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated greater crystallinity ranging from 36-44.3% in pigmented rice compared with 30-40% in non-pigmented rice, suggesting improved digestibility and processing versatility. Pigmented rice recorded less amylose content hence tended to possess increased adhesiveness values whereas non-pigmented rice revealed greater amylose content hence was coupled with greater hardness values. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images revealed that pigmented rice had densely packed and polygonal starch granules whereas non-pigmented rice had loosely packed starch granules with intergranular voids. Untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling identified 84 metabolites, including unique compounds such as 3,3-dimethylbutanol and ethanoic acid, along with shared metabolites such as sucrose and linoleic acid, highlighting notable biochemical diversity. Multivariate statistical analyses using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway mapping further differentiated the metabolomic landscapes, with variable importance in the projection (VIP) scores identifying key bioactive contributors. CONCLUSION: Pigmented rice landraces exhibited significant functional and nutritional advantages, making them promising candidates for functional food development and nutritional improvement programs. These findings support their potential role in advancing sustainable and health-oriented food systems. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Oryza↗

PubMed2026

Risk factors for loss of skeletal muscle mass in patients with chronic kidney disease on a low-protein diet.

OBJECTIVES: A low-protein diet (LPD) is recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to prevent a further decline in renal function. However, its impact on muscle mass in these patients remains unclear. This study investigated the risk factors for loss of muscle mass in patients with CKD on an LPD. METHODS: Eighty-four patients with predialysis CKD (59 men, mean age 61.9 ± 11.5 y) who participated in a multicenter randomized controlled trial initiated in 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. We collected data on baseline blood and urine tests, body composition, and dietary records at the start and end of the observation period. We evaluated muscle mass using the skeletal muscle index (SMI) and analyzed risk factors for a decrease in SMI during the 24-wk observation period, using logistic regression analysis. Variables with an association (P < 0.1) in univariate analysis, as well as age, sex, use of low-protein rice, and changes in protein intake, were subjected to multivariate analysis. RESULTS: SMI decreased in 50 patients (59.5%) during the observation period. Multivariate analysis identified significant associations of the SMI with serum albumin at baseline (odds ratio 0.11, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.52, P = 0.004) and changes in energy intake while on the LPD (odds ratio 3.39, 95% confidence interval 1.00-11.43, P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for reduced SMI in patients with CKD on an LPD were malnutrition when initiating the LPD and reduced energy intake during its implementation. Clinicians should optimize nutritional status before initiation of an LPD and ensure adequate energy intake throughout treatment.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of olive leaf or olive pomace supplementation on cardiometabolic and anthropometric health markers.

AIMS: Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) are major contributors to global morbidity and mortality, and dietary bioactives such as polyphenols may modulate key risk factors. Olive by-products, particularly olive leaves (OL) and olive pomace (OP), are rich in phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiometabolic effects demonstrated across in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: This GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis included 30 randomized controlled trials (n = 1726) evaluating OL or OP supplementation on 21 standardized biomarkers, encompassing inflammatory markers, lipid profile, glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, anthropometric measures, and blood pressure. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models, with effect sizes calculated as mean differences (or standardized mean differences for oxLDL). Between-study heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics, and sensitivity and subgroup analyses explored potential sources of variability. Publication bias was evaluated using Begg's test and funnel plots where appropriate. OL supplementation significantly improved lipid parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, ApoB, oxLDL) and increased ApoA1, while reducing TNF-α, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body weight, and BMI. No significant effects were observed on glycemic markers. OP supplementation showed no consistent cardiometabolic benefits and was associated with an increase in IL-8. Certainty of evidence ranged from very low to high, with several outcomes downgraded due to imprecision, heterogeneity, or limited study numbers. CONCLUSION: These findings support the targeted use of OL as an adjunctive strategy for cardiometabolic risk management. Evidence for OP supplementation remains limited, underscoring the need for well-powered, high-quality RCTs to clarify its clinical effects.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Proteomic insights into hepatic responses to high soybean meal inclusion with citric acid supplementation in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) juveniles.

This study evaluated the growth performance and hepatic proteomic responses of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) juveniles fed diets containing 30% or 40% soybean meal (SBM), with or without 3% citric acid supplementation, and compared with a fishmeal (FM) control diet over a 10-week feeding trial. Fish fed 30% SBM (LSBM) showed a final body weight comparable to the FM group, whereas fish fed 40% SBM (HSBM) recorded significantly reduced growth and net protein utilization (NPU) (p < 0.05). Supplementation of citric acid in the 40% SBM diet (HSBM + CA) significantly improved NPU and partially restored growth relative to HSBM. LC-MS/MS based quantitative proteomics identified 1544 hepatic proteins and showed clear dietary segregation. Differentially expressed proteins were predominantly associated with reduced abundance of proteins involved in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and the tricarboxylic cycle across all SBM diets, suggesting a shift in oxidative metabolic capacity. In contrast, LSBM induced upregulation of spliceosome-associated proteins and RNA processing components, suggesting adaptive post-transcriptional regulation under moderate SBM inclusion. In contrast, HSBM exhibited greater reduction in metabolic protein abundance without comparable upregulation of adaptive regulatory components, coinciding with reduced nutrient retention. Protein-protein interaction analysis further confirms the correlation between the regulation of spliceosomal clusters and mitochondrial lipid-catabolic modules. Citric acid supplementation did not markedly reverse hepatic metabolic protein changes but improved protein retention. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD081994. These findings suggest a tolerance limit between 30% and 40% SBM inclusion, with 30% inducing adaptive hepatic proteomic responses compatible with maintained growth performance.

Animals↗