Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “S-1”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

1,660 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Adjuvant oxaliplatin with S-1 (SOX) versus S-1 for stage II-III gastric cancer (CAPITAL): A randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy following D2 gastrectomy constitutes the standard-of-care for resectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) carcinoma. The CAPITAL trial is a multicenter, randomized, phase 3 study, aiming to assess the efficacy and safety of adjuvant oxaliplatin plus S-1 (SOX) versus S-1 alone. METHODS: Patients with histologically confirmed pathological stage II-III gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma after gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either the SOX regimen (n = 362) or the S-1 regimen (n = 362). The primary endpoint was overall survival. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01795027). FINDINGS: The median follow-up was 74.0 months (interquartile range [IQR], 35.5-89.3). The 5-year overall survival rates were 70.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 66.0-76.1) in the SOX group and 62.9% (95% CI, 57.8-68.5) in the S-1 group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.58-0.95; p = 0.018). The 3- and 5-year disease-free survival rates were 71.2% (95% CI, 66.5-76.3) and 66.2% (95% CI, 61.2-71.6) in the SOX group, as compared with 65.1% (95% CI, 60.2-70.5) and 55.6% (95% CI, 50.4-61.3) in the S-1 group (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96). Treatment-related adverse events of grade 3-4 occurred in 87 (25%) of 349 patients in the SOX group and 45 (13%) of 347 patients in the S-1 group. The most common grade 3-4 adverse event was neutropenia, occurring in 44 (13%) of 349 patients in the SOX group and 23 (7%) of 347 patients in the S-1 group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of adjuvant oxaliplatin to S-1 chemotherapy significantly improved overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with gastric cancer. FUNDING: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82573092 and 82573387).

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Comparative evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers F2-isoprostanes and 8-OHdG in Parkinson's disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is central to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the utility of biomarkers for lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) and DNA damage (8-OHdG) in the comorbidity of PD and T2DM remains unclear. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 54 unique studies of human subjects aged &#x2265; 50&#x2009;years (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;7,521: 3,522 with T2DM, 722 with PD, and 3,277 controls), measuring biomarkers in serum, plasma, or leukocytes. Mixed-effects models quantified standardized differences (Hedges' g) across subgroups. RESULTS: In T2DM, F2-isoprostanes (g&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.60, 95% CI: 0.95-2.25) and 8-OHdG (g&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.64, 95% CI: 2.13-3.14) were markedly elevated (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Stronger effects were observed in younger cohorts and serum/plasma samples, with complications like nephropathy exhibiting extreme oxidative stress (g&#x2009;=&#x2009;5.24). In PD, 8-OHdG was moderately elevated (g&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.78, 95% CI: 0.18-1.39; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.011), particularly in randomized controlled trials and plasma samples, whereas F2-isoprostanes were not significantly elevated (g&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.47, 95% CI: -0.43-1.38). High heterogeneity in T2DM (I2 > 90%) reflected methodological variability. CONCLUSION: Distinct profiles - both markers elevated in T2DM but only 8-OHdG in PD - underscore 8-OHdG's potential in PD-T2DM comorbidity. Future research should focus on standardized assays, multi-compartmental or multi-modal sampling, and longitudinal studies to clarify mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Second Primary Malignancies in Patients With B-Cell Lymphomas Treated With Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the overall second primary malignancy (SPM) burden in patients with B-cell lymphomas treated with Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and compare SPM risk versus non-BTK inhibitor or placebo controls. METHODS: We searched major databases from inception to September 30, 2025. The primary outcome was SPM incidence. Consistent treatment backgrounds were defined as comparable baseline clinical and treatment characteristics, with BTK inhibitor exposure as the main between-arm difference. RESULTS: Fifty-two studies involving 9337 patients were included, mainly CLL/SLL; MCL was the largest non-CLL/SLL subtype. Pooled SPM incidence was 8% (95% CI: 6%-11%) with a median follow-up of 31.5&#x2009;months. Multivariable meta-regression identified follow-up duration as the only independent predictor, whereas disease subtype, inhibitor generation, prior therapy lines, study design, and age were not significant. Furthermore, SPM patterns were comparable between CLL/SLL and non-CLL/SLL cohorts. Compared with controls, BTK inhibitors did not significantly increase SPM risk (RR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.30, 95% CI: 0.95-1.78), a finding confirmed in analyses with consistent treatment backgrounds (RR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.03, 95% CI: 0.85-1.25). CONCLUSIONS: SPMs occur across disease backgrounds and are mainly influenced by follow-up duration. Current evidence does not establish a direct carcinogenic effect of BTK inhibitors.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Psychological distress and incident cardiovascular disease independent of life's essential 8: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Although psychological stress has emerged as an important determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, it remains excluded from the recently updated cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics, known as Life's Essential 8 (LE8). This study aimed to examine the association between psychological distress and the incidence of CVD, independent of Life's Essential 8 metrics, in a large Korean adult population. METHODS: This study included 6,410 participants from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Ansan-Ansung cohort, who had no history of CVD and had complete baseline data on psychological distress and Life's Essential 8 cardiovascular health (LE8 CVH) metrics. Psychological distress was assessed using the Psychosocial Wellbeing Index Short Form (PWI-SF). CVD events were identified based on participants' self-reports of physician-diagnosed conditions: myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between PWI-SF scores and incident CVD, adjusting for age, sex, residential area, educational attainment, household income, and LE8 CVH metrics. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 13.8&#x2009;years, 500 new cases of CVD were identified. Higher PWI-SF scores were independently associated with an increased risk of CVD after adjusting for LE8 CVH metrics and other potential confounders (hazard ratio: 1.321; 95% confidence interval: 1.067-1.636; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.011). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that higher levels of psychological distress are independently associated with an increased risk of CVD, even after accounting for established LE8 CVH metrics. Incorporating psychological distress into future CVH assessments may enhance risk stratification and prevention strategies.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Meta-analysis and pharmacoeconomic study of rasagiline versus selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: Given the persistent absence of direct head-to-head trials, this study aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of rasagiline versus selegiline as early-stage monotherapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), informing clinical selection and healthcare policies in China. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to April 2026. Focusing on short-term outcomes (10-16&#x2009;weeks), an adjusted indirect treatment comparison (ITC) using placebo as a common anchor evaluated symptom improvement (UPDRS total scores) and adverse event (AE) incidence. For economic evaluation, a 2-year Markov model was constructed from a Chinese healthcare-system perspective. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated alongside robust sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: Ten RCTs (rasagiline: 6; selegiline: 4) were included. The ITC revealed no statistically significant differences between rasagiline and selegiline in short-term symptomatic relief (Mean Difference&#x2009;=&#x2009;-0.82, 95% CI [-2.08, 0.44], p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.203) or AE risk (Odds Ratio = 0.83, 95% CI [0.50, 1.38], p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.475). The overall evidence certainty was rated as moderate. Economically, the base-case simulation indicated rasagiline yielded a marginal benefit of 0.0088 QALYs over selegiline but incurred an additional 17,111.10 Yuan. This resulted in an ICER of 1,951,505.55 Yuan/QALY, substantially exceeding the conventional willingness-to-pay threshold. CONCLUSION: Supported by moderate-certainty evidence, rasagiline and selegiline provide comparable short-term efficacy and safety for early-stage PD monotherapy. However, at its current pricing, rasagiline is not cost-effective. Significant price reductions or definitive proof of long-term superiority are required to justify its economic value.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Effectiveness of a Web-Based Educational eHealth Platform on Women's Health Literacy About Phthalate Exposure: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Phthalates are environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals widely used in plastics, cosmetics, food packaging, and personal care products. Women may experience frequent exposure through everyday consumer and household products. Improving phthalate-related health literacy may support informed exposure-reduction decisions; however, conventional health education provides limited opportunities for repeated, interactive, and individually tailored learning. OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of an eHealth educational intervention (Phthalates Free) in improving women's overall and domain-specific phthalate-related health literacy and examined the association between platform engagement and health literacy outcomes. METHODS: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in the outpatient department of a regional teaching hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. A total of 114 women were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=58) receiving a 6-month eHealth platform-based education program and a control group (n=56) receiving conventional paper-based education. Assessments were conducted at baseline (T0), 3 months (T1), and 6 months (T2). The Phthalate Health Literacy Scale (10 items; &#x3b1;=.90, content validity index=0.93) measured overall and domain-specific literacy (health care, disease prevention, and health promotion). Longitudinal outcomes were analyzed using generalized estimating equations based on all available observations according to participants' original randomized assignments, with adjustment for waist circumference and pregnancy history. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare 6-month outcomes after adjustment for baseline scores. Platform engagement and perceived usability were assessed using back-end analytics and the System Usability Scale (SUS). RESULTS: At 6 months, the intervention group showed a significantly greater increase in total health literacy than the control group (+9.93 points, Wald &#x3c7;&#xb2;1=17.74; P<.001). Domain analyses revealed significant improvements in health care (+1.52; P=.001), disease prevention (+1.32; P=.001), and health promotion (+1.12; P=.001) domains. ANCOVA confirmed the between-group difference at T2 after adjusting for baseline scores (F1,109=11.43; P=.001; adjusted mean difference=7.15, 95% CI 2.96-11.34). Engagement analysis showed that high-engagement users (n=10) scored significantly higher in overall health literacy (t55=-3.00; P=.004) and all domains than general users. The SUS results (mean 84.7, SD 5.2; n=46, 79.3%) indicated high perceived usability. CONCLUSIONS: The Phthalates Free eHealth educational intervention significantly improved women's overall and domain-specific health literacy over 6 months. Higher platform engagement was associated with better health literacy outcomes. The intervention may serve as a practical adjunct to nurse-led education in outpatient and community settings by providing accessible, continuous, and evidence-based guidance on reducing phthalate exposure.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Investigating telomere length and hTERT-MNS16A VNTR polymorphism in Bipolar disorder: Insights into clinical features.

OBJECTIVE: To compare leukocyte telomere length (LTL; T/S ratio) and hTERT-MNS16A VNTR polymorphism between patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls, and to examine their associations with clinical features in BD. METHODS: A total of 179 participants (100 BD patients, 79 healthy controls) were enrolled. Relative LTL was assessed by qPCR-based T/S ratio; hTERT-MNS16A VNTR genotyping by PCR and gel electrophoresis. Clinical variables including episode frequency, illness duration, age at onset, symptom severity scales, first episode polarity, and family history of mood disorder were evaluated. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between BD patients and healthy controls in T/S ratio or hTERT-MNS16A VNTR genotype distributions (all p > 0.05). Within the BD group, S allele carriers (L/S or S/S) had significantly more depressive episodes than L/L homozygotes (1.45 &#xb1; 2.58 vs. 0.61 &#xb1; 1.52; p = .040). Significant inverse correlations were identified between T/S ratio and depressive episode count (&#x3c1; = -0.220, p = .028) and total mood episodes (&#x3c1; = -0.207, p = .039). Multivariable negative binomial regression revealed four independent predictors of depressive episode frequency: lower T/S ratio (p = 0.005), S allele carriage (L/S or S/S genotypes) (p = 0.001), first depressive episode polarity (p < 0.001), and family history of mood disorder (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: Although LTL and hTERT-MNS16A VNTR genotype did not differ between BD patients and healthy controls, shorter telomere length and S allele carriage were independently associated with higher depressive episode frequency within the BD group, implicating telomere biology and hTERT genetic variation in the biological substrate of depressive illness burden.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

S-layer-phage interaction in Clostridioides difficile.

Successful infection by a bacteriophage requires the injection of the phage genome into the cytoplasm of the host bacterium. To achieve this, an infecting phage must traverse the layers of the host cell envelope, including the membrane(s) and the cell wall. This process is further complicated in bacterial species that produce a proteinaceous S-layer on the outermost surface of the cell. Surprisingly little is known about the mechanistic basis of these early stages in the phage lifecycle, and even less is known about infection of S-layer producing bacteria. Recent advances in structural biology, particularly in cryoEM, have dramatically improved our understanding of the structures of both bacterial S-layers and phage virions separately, but we still lack a molecular view combining both phage and S-layer in the process of infection. Here, we review our current understanding of phage-S-layer interactions, using the human pathogen Clostridioides difficile as an example host.

Clostridioides difficile↗
PubMed2026

Hormonal contraceptives and women's sleep health: A systematic review.

Sex hormones and hormonal contraceptives influence the regulation of sleep-wake behavior. However, there are very few large-scale studies to date that have comprehensively evaluated how hormonal contraceptives influence women's sleep health. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the existing research on hormonal contraceptive use and sleep in women ages 18-50. The systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement checklist. Nineteen studies were included in this review. Data were extracted and evaluated for risk of bias and heterogeneity. The included studies demonstrated high heterogeneity in terms of objective and/or subjective sleep-related measures and non-sleep primary study outcomes and demonstrated significant risks of bias, underscoring the need for methodological consistency in assessing women's sleep health. Several clinical considerations may be gleaned from this existing research in terms of the behavioral assessment and treatment of sleep difficulties in women using hormonal contraceptives. Additional investigation is needed to identify standardized research and clinical methodology guidelines for assessing and treating women's sleep health.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Deciphering S-nitrosylation-regulated metabolic networks in postmortem beef based on label-free modificomics: Identification of ferroptosis as a novel quality-related pathway.

This study elucidated the molecular mechanisms of S-nitrosylation on postmortem beef metabolism and quality based on the label-free modificomics. Varying degrees of S-nitrosylation were exogenously induced in beef semimembranosus (SM) muscle. Results indicated that a high S-nitrosylation level significantly increased beef pH and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) while reducing centrifugal loss (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). A total of 828&#xa0;S-nitrosylated proteins and 1458 modification sites were identified, of which 114 sites on 81 proteins (DSNPs) exhibited differential modification abundance, representing an increase of 125% compared with previous proteomics studies. DSNPs were mainly involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, calcium signaling, cell structure, and ferroptosis. Notably, this study provides the first evidence in postmortem muscle that S-nitrosylation regulates key ferroptosis-related proteins, including ACSL, CP, and TF, offering new insights into the link between S-nitrosylation and the ferroptosis pathway in meat. Correlation analysis demonstrated that TF was significantly negatively correlated with pH and WBSF, but positively correlated with centrifugal loss (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). Collectively, protein S-nitrosylation critically modulates postmortem beef quality through the coordinated regulation of multiple metabolic processes. More importantly, the identification of ferroptosis as a S-nitrosylation-sensitive pathway provides a new perspective for regulating meat quality through protein post-translational modifications.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Prioritizing Parkinson's disease risk-associated mitochondrial candidate genes via multi-omics integrative analysis.

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the genetically regulated mitochondrial genes associated with PD risk remain incompletely defined. METHODS: We conducted a summary-data-based genetic epidemiology study integrating summary-based Mendelian randomization (SMR), Heterogeneity in dependent instruments (HEIDI) filtering, and Bayesian colocalization to prioritize mitochondrial-related molecular features associated with PD risk. Mitochondrial-related genes were defined using MitoCarta3.0. Genetically predicted gene expression and plasma protein abundance were evaluated using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data from eQTLGen and GTEx v8, and protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) data was assessed using International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC) as the discovery genome-wide association study (GWAS) and FinnGen as the replication dataset. Prespecified QTL analyses were interpreted using FDR correction, HEIDI filtering, and colocalization support. DNA methylation QTL analysis, mitochondrial phenotype MR, and single-nucleus RNA-seq analysis were performed as complementary analyses. RESULTS: In the primary eQTL analysis, higher genetically predicted TTC19 expression was associated with lower PD risk (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.74-0.87, PPH4&#x202f;= 0.80), whereas higher MALSU1 expression was associated with increased PD risk (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.59-3.06, PPH4&#x202f;= 0.96). Both associations survived FDR correction, passed HEIDI filtering, and showed colocalization support. GTEx whole-blood data supported the direction of the TTC19 association. No mitochondrial protein reached significance after FDR correction and colocalization filtering in the primary pQTL analysis. Complementary methylation analysis highlighted cg06270993 as an exploratory regulatory signal for MALSU1. CONCLUSIONS: This MR-colocalization study prioritizes TTC19 and MALSU1 as genetically supported mitochondrial-related candidate genes associated with PD risk. Further validation is required to define their functional roles in PD pathogenesis.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Azacitidine-Venetoclax or Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Induction chemotherapy has long been a key component of curative therapy for fit patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), despite its frequently severe side effects and substantial health care utilization. For patients who are ineligible for induction chemotherapy, hypomethylating therapy plus venetoclax is the standard treatment owing to its efficacy and side-effect profile. METHODS: In this multicenter, phase 2 trial, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, previously untreated adults with AML who were eligible for induction chemotherapy to receive either azacitidine plus venetoclax or induction chemotherapy. Patients with core binding factor fusions, mutations in the gene encoding FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), or mutations in the gene encoding nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1; unless the patient was &#x2265;60 years of age) were excluded. The primary end point was event-free survival. RESULTS: A total of 172 patients underwent randomization, with 86 patients assigned to each group. The median age of the patients was 64 years. A total of 72% of the patients had adverse-risk disease according to the European LeukemiaNet 2022 classification. At a median follow-up of 21.9 months, the median event-free survival was 14.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.4 to 24.4) in the azacitidine-venetoclax group, as compared with 6.2 months (95% CI, 4.1 to 10.1) in the induction chemotherapy group, corresponding to a hazard ratio for event or death of 0.57 (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.84; P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002 by the stratified log-rank test). Infection of grade 3 or higher occurred in 28% of the patients (95% CI, 19 to 39) receiving azacitidine-venetoclax and in 41% of those (95% CI, 30 to 52) receiving induction chemotherapy; hemorrhage of grade 3 or higher occurred in 2% (95% CI, 0.3 to 8) and 12% (95% CI, 6 to 20), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 2, randomized trial, azacitidine-venetoclax therapy led to significantly longer event-free survival than induction chemotherapy among induction-eligible patients with AML. (Funded by AbbVie and others; PARADIGM ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04801797.).

Adult↗
PubMed2026

From prediction to mechanism: Explainable AI uncovers plasma and CSF proteomic signatures of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics can distinguish AD from cognitively normal controls, but the generalizability of machine learning performance and the recurrence of biological signals across datasets require cautious interpretation. We developed an explainable artificial intelligence framework spanning two fluids and four ADNI proteomic datasets, covering 2082 modality specific samples, all analysed internally within ADNI. Phase 1 analysed plasma using a 119 analyte NULISA and targeted UPENN panel (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;727; 216&#xa0;CE, 511 controls). Phase 2 extended the analysis to CSF using SOMAscan7k, TMT-MS and targeted SET2, with Elecsys A&#x3b2;42, A&#x3b2;40, total tau and p-tau181 as anchor biomarkers. Only SOMAscan was subject-independent relative to Phase 1 plasma; TMT-MS and SET2 overlapped with Phase 1 for 96.0% and 97.7% of subjects and therefore are not independent replication cohorts. Under subject-level splits with fold internal preprocessing, we compared Elastic Net, Explainable Boosting Machines and gradient boosted trees with SHAP-based explanations. Among the candidate pipelines, we selected the pipeline with the highest held-out test ROC AUC for each platform; the selected values were 0.927 in plasma and 0.954-0.973 across the three CSF datasets. Because the same held out test performance was used for pipeline selection and headline reporting, these are optimistically selected single-holdout estimates, not unbiased estimates of generalizable or clinical performance. Explanations identified five recurring biological axes within ADNI: cholinergic (ACHE), tau/14-3-3 (YWHAG, YWHAZ, YWHAB, YWHAE), neuro-axonal (NEFL, NEFH), microglial/complement (CHIT1, SMOC1, CHI3L1, C7, CFH) and synaptic (NPTXR, NPTX2, DLG4, SYT5, VSNL1, ELAVL2). CSF analyses showed synaptic vesicle-cycle enrichment (q&#xa0;=&#xa0;2&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10-6), and CSF YWHAG correlated strongly with total tau (&#x3c1;&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.87). Cross-fluid directional concordance was modest overall (54-57%) but increased to 73-80% among mapped analyte/protein rows reaching q&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05 in CSF. These findings provide hypothesis-generating, internally supported evidence within ADNI. Independent external cohorts with locked pipelines are required to evaluate generalizable performance and biological reproducibility; the overlapping TMT-MS and SET2 analyses should not be interpreted as independent replication.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2026

External load metrics and monitoring in women's football match play: A systematic review.

This systematic review aimed to identify the most commonly used variables for monitoring external load during elite women's football matches and to compare reporting practices internationally and in Brazil. Searches were conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, and SciELO using the PICOS framework between February and March 2026, resulting in the inclusion of 35 studies. The main outcomes analysed were total distance covered (TD), distance covered across speed zones (HSR, VHSR, sprint), number of accelerations and decelerations, and maximum speed. TD and distance covered across speed zones were the most frequently reported indicators (94.3%), followed by HSR (82.8%) and sprint distance (68.5%). Considerable variability was observed in the classification of speed zones and thresholds used to define accelerations and decelerations, limiting comparisons between studies. External load values varied according to playing position and competition level, with international matches generally imposing greater demands than national competitions. Brazilian research remains limited and demonstrates notable methodological variability. This review proposes standardised speed and acceleration/deceleration thresholds based on the most recurrent ranges reported in the literature, supporting improved consistency in monitoring practices across elite women's football contexts.

Humans↗