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PubMed2026

Inherited Susceptibility to Urinary Tract Infections from Kidney Papilla to Bladder.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are traditionally viewed as environmentally driven, yet their inherited susceptibility remains largely unexplored. We conducted a cross-biobank genome-wide association study of recurrent UTIs in 1,860,836 individuals (213,869 cases and 1,646,967 controls). We identified 36 genetic susceptibility loci and performed tissue-based multi-omic mapping to prioritize candidate causal genes. UTI risk alleles preferentially modulated epithelial gene expression in kidney and bladder, converging on urinary epithelia structure and function. PSCA, encoding a secreted epithelial surface protein, emerged as the strongest candidate under genetic control; the gene product is constitutively secreted into the urine from kidney papilla and bladder epithelia, binds uropathogenic E. coli, and inhibits bacterial growth in vitro. Our findings define the polygenic architecture of UTIs and highlight the critical role of uroepithelial surface defenses, providing a new framework for host-directed, non-antibiotic interventions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

Multilevel genomic, transcriptomic, and epidemiologic evidence linking diabetic retinopathy to Alzheimer disease.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and Alzheimer disease (AD) share metabolic and vascular dysfunctions, but the extent to which they reflect overlapping genetic susceptibility and neurovascular-metabolic regulatory pathways remains unclear. We combined multi-omics analyses with population-based data to examine the genetic convergence, cellular pathways, and longitudinal association between DR and AD. METHODS: We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) to estimate the association between genetically predicted DR liability and AD risk. We used Bayesian colocalisation analysis to identify shared genomic loci, and summary-data-based MR (SMR) to detect expression-mediated genes jointly associated with DR and AD. We analysed single-cell RNA sequencing data to characterise shared cellular features and related biological pathways. We also conducted an MR-based mediation analysis to explore whether lipid-related, metabolic, or inflammatory traits mediated the observed DR-AD association, and a longitudinal analysis of the UK Biobank cohort to assess the association between DR and incident AD. RESULTS: With the MR analysis, we found that genetically predicted liability to DR was associated with a modest increase in AD risk. Colocalisation analysis supported a shared genetic signal. We identified three genes with shared expression-mediated associations across DR and AD through SMR. Functional enrichment analyses revealed partially overlapping neurovascular and metabolic pathways. Using MR-based mediation analysis, we found no significant intermediary traits linking DR and AD. Findings from the UK Biobank cohort were directionally consistent with the genetic analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic liability to DR is associated with an increased risk of AD and is accompanied by shared expression-mediated effects and convergent neurovascular-metabolic pathways. These findings support the possibility that DR may serve as a clinically accessible indicator of increased neurodegenerative vulnerability.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Tissue origins of the plasma proteomic response to glucose ingestion in humans.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Circulating proteins act as important hormonal signals of nutrient intake. We aimed to systematically characterise the time-resolved proteomic response to glucose ingestion in humans, and to assess its robustness following prolonged complete caloric restriction. METHODS: We conducted oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in 11 healthy volunteers before and after 7 days of complete caloric restriction and measured the response of >2900 targets through high-resolution plasma protein profiling. RESULTS: We identified a signature of 44 proteins that changed significantly following glucose ingestion, which was reproducible after 7 days without food, and was strongly (20-fold) enriched for 'stomach-specific' proteins. We report that annexin A10 (ANXA10) shows the most significant post-glucose change observed, similar to the trajectories of secreted hormones. We present observational human evidence from multiple sources suggesting that ANXA10 is secreted upon sensing an increase in gastric pH, with the stomach as the major contributing tissue. Despite a profound metabolic shift after 7 days of complete caloric restriction, characterised by delayed insulin secretion and postprandial hyperglycaemia, only four proteins showed robust evidence for a differential trajectory during both OGTTs. This included plasma levels of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (WARS), for which we found a genetic association with glucose homeostasis and coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our exploratory study identifies the proteomic response to glucose ingestion and demonstrates its reproducibility despite major shifts in glucose homeostasis. We characterise the gastrointestinal origin of these changes, and hypothesise a hitherto under-recognised role for sensing of changes in gastric pH on the plasma proteome.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Long non-coding RNAs link DNA methylation to immune regulatory networks in bovine subclinical mastitis.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators of inflammatory and immune signaling, yet their contribution to bovine subclinical mastitis remains poorly defined. Here, we characterized the lncRNA expression landscape associated with disease in milk somatic cells of healthy and subclinical mastitic Vrindavani cattle. We identified 11,403 high-confidence lncRNAs, of which 104 were differentially expressed in subclinical mastitis (adjusted P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05; |log2FC| &#x2265; 1), with the vast majority upregulated in mastitic samples. Predicted cis- and trans-associated target analyses identified 637 non-redundant genes, and KEGG analysis identified 8 significantly enriched cis-associated pathways and 152 significantly enriched trans-associated pathways (adjusted P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), predominantly enriched for immune and inflammation-related pathways. These findings prioritized a subset of mastitis-associated lncRNAs for subsequent methylation and interaction-network analyses. A subset of these lncRNAs further overlapped differentially methylated regions (DMRs), suggesting a potential association between lncRNA expression changes and DNA methylation alterations. Integration of lncRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA interactions identified lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks involving DMR-associated lncRNAs. Among the prioritized candidates, MSTRG.28878.1 showed overlap with a hypomethylated promoter-associated DMR, increased expression, and multiple connections within the predicted interaction network. Together, these findings identify candidate lncRNAs, methylation-associated loci, and predicted molecular interactions associated with bovine subclinical mastitis and provide a resource for future functional investigation of candidate non-coding RNA-associated mechanisms in disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses reveal malignant epithelial glycolytic heterogeneity and spatial niche remodeling during colorectal cancer progression.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) progression is shaped by metabolic reprogramming and complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment. However, the cellular heterogeneity, spatial organization, and clinical relevance of glycolytic activity in CRC remain incompletely understood. In this study, we integrated single-cell RNA sequencing, bulk transcriptomics, and spatial transcriptomics data to systematically characterize glycolytic heterogeneity in CRC. Glycolytic activity was quantified using five independent scoring methods, consistently showing that epithelial cells exhibited the highest glycolytic activity across the two single-cell cohorts. Stratification of CopyKAT-verified aneuploid malignant epithelial cells into high-glycolysis (HG) and low-glycolysis (LG) subgroups by glycolysis scores revealed that HG cells exhibited higher stemness scores and chromosomal copy number variations. Cell-cell communication analysis revealed that, compared with LG cells, HG cells exhibited increased interaction frequency and strength with immune and stromal populations, indicating enhanced malignant epithelial-microenvironment crosstalk. Spatial transcriptomics analyses further revealed that glycolytic activity varied across normal colorectal tissue, primary CRC, and colorectal liver metastases, accompanied by progressive remodeling of epithelial-associated spatial niches and MIF-mediated intercellular communication. Bulk transcriptomic analysis identified a glycolysis-related prognostic signature with robust predictive performance, which served as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in CRC cohorts. Collectively, these findings indicate that glycolytic heterogeneity is a key feature of CRC malignant epithelial cells and is closely associated with tumor progression, microenvironmental remodeling, and clinical outcomes.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Recent advancements in exosomal content analysis: the future of liquid biopsy.

Exosomes are widely acknowledged as an essential agent that carries biomarkers for specific diseases, representing the molecular status of their parent cells and providing extremely useful diagnostic insights. They can be isolated from different body fluids and contain a range of cargo molecules, including proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids. Recent advancements in technology have greatly accelerated exosome research. Proteomics provides protein signatures linked to many pathological conditions, enabling quick and clinically scalable diagnostic tools, whereas high-throughput RNA-sequencing can be used to perform detailed transcriptome profiling. Exosomal biomarkers are showing promising clinical results in early detection of neurological diseases, infectious and cardiovascular disorders, oncology, and other medical conditions, hence accelerating therapeutic monitoring. Despite these advances, several challenges continue to hinder clinical translation including the lack of standardized isolation protocol, variability in exosome yield and purity, biological heterogeneity, and limited large-scale clinical validation. Addressing these limitations will be critical for the successful integration of exosome-based liquid biopsy into routine clinical practice. Overall, exosomes having significant potential as diagnostic tool, represent a transformative horizon in biomedical liquid biopsy research to redefine the landscape of less-invasive diagnostics and tailored clinical applications.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Glycerophospholipid remodeling under osmotic stress in grass carp gills.

Salinity fluctuations represent a pervasive environmental challenge for freshwater fishes, yet the cellular and metabolic programs governing early osmoregulatory responses remain understudied. Here, we investigated the time-dependent gill responses of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) subjected to an acute, sublethal salinity increase 9 parts per thousand (ppt). Histological and biochemical analyses revealed progressive gill lesions accompanied by elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and lipid peroxidation, indicating rapid tissue injury under osmotic stress. Integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling uncovered pronounced temporal reprogramming, consistently highlighting glycerophospholipid metabolism as a central axis of response. In particular, phosphatidylcholine (PC) species exhibited dynamic remodeling, coupled with transcriptional enrichment of lipid turnover, membrane transport, and innate immune pathways. Network-based integration identified a PC-centered remodeling module characterized by accelerated PC headgroup turnover, disruption of the PLA2-LPCAT2 lyso-PC reacylation cycle, and enhanced ABC transporter-associated lipid and sterol export, reflected by cholesteryl sulfate accumulation and a shifted n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived oxylipin signature. Functional assays further demonstrated that PC and linoleic acid (LA) supplementation improved cell viability and alleviated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signaling in grass carp cells under salinity challenge. Collectively, these findings reveal phospholipid-centered membrane remodeling as an early, integrative mechanism linking osmotic stress to gill injury and immune activation in freshwater fish, providing insights into potential strategies of environmental stress adaptation.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Potential biomarkers for human Ascending aortic aneurysm identified through metagenomic and metabolomic analyses: A case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: Ascending aortic aneurysm (AsAA) is a high-risk cardiovascular condition; recent research indicates a possible association between gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and the pathogenesis of AsAA. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the compositional and metabolic alterations in the gut microbiota of AsAA patients to identify potential biomarkers for AsAA. METHODS: This study enlisted 72 participants, comprising 44 individuals with AsAA and 28 healthy controls. All participants underwent examination for clinical features, and fecal and plasma samples were obtained for metagenomic and metabolomic studies. RESULTS: Metagenomic analysis revealed a significant reduction of 23 bacterial species in AsAA patients, including Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus thermophilus, while 52 bacterial species, such as Prevotella copri, Phascolarctobacterium faecium, and Eubacterium ventriosum, were found to be enriched. Furthermore, we identified seven microbial co-abundance groups (CAGs), of which three (predominantly comprising Roseburia, Agathobacter, and Prevotella) were significantly elevated in AsAA patients, whereas one (predominantly comprising Escherichia) was substantially diminished. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids pathway displayed the most pronounced differences between groups. Metabolomics data revealed that 22 metabolites, including ceramides, were significantly elevated, while 8 metabolites, such as threonine, were notably downregulated. Moreover, clinical indicators like C-reactive protein (CRP) and complement components C3 and C4 have shown strong correlations with specific gut microbiota (Streptococcus, Prevotella) and plasma metabolites (threonine, ceramides). These findings indicate that inflammatory responses, metabolic dysregulation, and gut microbiota imbalance are pivotal in the etiology of AsAA. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates substantial alterations in gut microbiota composition and plasma metabolites in patients with AsAA. Prevotella and ceramides exhibit potential as biomarkers for AsAA diagnosis. Furthermore, a synergy of Prevotella and ceramides may function as a potent disease prediction classifier, offering novel perspectives on the early diagnosis and targeted treatment of AsAA.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Distinct cell morphotypes of Aureobasidium melanogenum ZN exhibit differential functional profiles in promoting maize growth.

Black yeast-like fungi of the genus Aureobasidium exhibit morphological plasticity, but whether distinct cellular states within the same genetic background are associated with different plant growth-promoting functions remains unclear. Here, yeast-like cells (YL), swollen cells (SC), and chlamydospores (CH) of Aureobasidium melanogenum ZN were characterized. YL was associated mainly with siderophore production and laccase activity, SC with extracellular polysaccharide accumulation, and CH with phosphate mobilization and higher ammonia and IAA production. Whole-genome and comparative genomic analyses revealed a shared repertoire related to nutrient acquisition, auxin-associated metabolism, extracellular oxidation, and carbohydrate remodeling, with expansions in nutrient- and cell-surface-related gene families. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed distinct deployment of these capacities, with CH exhibiting broad reprogramming of tryptophan-associated, nitrogen, phosphate, central-carbon, and amino-acid metabolism. In maize, CH at the optimal inoculation concentration of 105 CFU&#xb7;mL-1 produced the strongest growth promotion, increasing plant height, dry biomass, root length, root surface area, and root volume by 58.6%, 365.1%, 191.0%, 194.3%, and 222.4%, respectively. Consistent with this pronounced growth phenotype, maize root transcriptomics showed coordinated CH-induced responses involving root development, nutrient transport, redox regulation, and root-interface remodeling. Root-zone tracking showed greater short-term stability and persistence of CH. These findings identify cellular state as an important functional dimension of Aureobasidium-plant interactions and provide a basis for developing fungal inoculants with defined beneficial cellular states.

Zea mays↗
PubMed2026

The domestication-associated WHP10 tandem cluster of amino acid transporter genes enhances whole-plant protein accumulation in maize.

Improving protein accumulation in maize is essential for sustainable agriculture, yet the regulatory mechanisms governing the intermediate "flow" of organic nitrogen remain elusive. Here, we show that the maize stem acts as a regulatory node for nitrogen allocation. By integrating spatial transcriptomics and metabolomics with quantitative genetics, we demonstrate that a transport-oriented stem program orchestrates the high-protein phenotype of the wild maize accession Ames21814. We identified a major locus, Whole-plant High Protein 10 (WHP10), that encodes a tandemly duplicated cluster of amino acid transporter genes. WHP10 exhibits strong vascular-biased expression, driven by promoter divergence that enhances the wild allele's activity. Functional assays and genetic validation support a model in which the WHP10 cluster facilitates the transport of multiple nitrogen-rich amino acids, thereby contributing to vascular-associated amino acid transport and post-uptake organic-nitrogen partitioning. Our findings establish stem flow as a regulatory layer for protein accumulation and identify WHP10 as a high-value target for precision breeding to enhance whole-plant protein accumulation without compromising grain yield.

Zea mays↗
PubMed2026

A CqbZIP55-CqPIF3 regulatory module associated with light-responsive flavonoid biosynthesis during quinoa seedling de-etiolation.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is an emerging leafy vegetable and microgreen crop rich in health-promoting flavonoids, yet the regulatory mechanisms linking light perception to early metabolic adaptation remain unclear. Here, we integrated phenotypic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and molecular analyses to investigate early de-etiolation responses in quinoa seedlings. Short-term light exposure rapidly promoted seedling establishment and induced transcriptional programs associated with photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, hormone signaling, and flavonoid biosynthetic gene expression, whereas metabolite changes were more limited, indicating temporal uncoupling between transcriptional activation and metabolic accumulation. Genome-wide bZIP analysis identified CqbZIP55 as a light-responsive regulator that directly binds and activates the CqCHS promoter. CqPIF3 also bound the CqCHS promoter and showed stronger transactivation activity than CqbZIP55 in transient reporter assays. Protein interaction and dual-luciferase assays showed that CqbZIP55 physically interacts with CqPIF3 and modulates CqPIF3-associated promoter activity. Exogenous quercetin upregulated CqbZIP55 and prolonged CqCHS expression, suggesting a candidate metabolite-associated reinforcement mechanism. Together, these findings support functional interplay between CqbZIP55 and CqPIF3 in light-responsive regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic gene expression in quinoa seedlings, while further quinoa-based perturbation and in vivo promoter-occupancy assays are required to establish their physiological role in planta. This study provides a framework for further investigation of photoprotective metabolic regulation in quinoa.

Chenopodium quinoa↗
PubMed2026

A stem-like chromatin program in small-cell lung cancer is associated with poor outcomes after chemoimmunotherapy.

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with substantial tumor heterogeneity and limited clinically actionable biomarkers beyond established features such as liver metastases. We profile tumor-intrinsic chromatin accessibility in a patient-derived xenograft biobank and identify three recurrent chromatin programs: neuroendocrine, marked by ASCL1/NEUROD1 activity; immunogenic, marked by IRF-associated activity; and stem-like, marked by TEAD/OCT activity. These programs are reproduced at the cohort level across bulk and single-cell transcriptomic datasets comprising more than 800 tumors, including 300 extensive-stage samples. In patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy, the stem-like program is associated with inferior survival, including a median overall survival of 7.41 months versus 15.9 and 12.6 months for immunogenic and neuroendocrine groups, respectively. This association remains significant after adjustment for liver metastases, brain metastases, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase. These findings support a high-risk stem-like SCLC chromatin program for prospective biomarker refinement and therapeutic investigation.

ATAC-seq↗
PubMed2026

Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal key regulators associated with lipid metabolic differences between subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues in sheep.

The location of fat deposition has a significant impact on meat quality and body health, and different adipose tissues exhibit significant differences in lipid metabolism and immune regulation. This study aimed to systematically compare the phenotypic characteristics, transcriptome, and metabolome of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and two types of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in sheep, in order to reveal the metabolic differences between SAT and VAT and their potential regulatory mechanisms. The results showed that compared with VAT, SAT had stronger triglyceride deposition ability and obvious cellular hypertrophy. Through integrative analysis, 15 key lipid metabolism genes and 12 differential metabolites were identified. Among them, ACACA, FASN, ELOVL6, SCD, as well as metabolites palmitic acid and glycerol-3-phosphate, may play a central role in SAT lipid synthesis and storage; whereas IGFBP2, ADRB3, LTA4H, and metabolites arachidonic acid and leukotriene B4 may be involved in the lipolysis regulation and inflammatory response of VAT. These findings may provide deeper insights into the regulatory mechanisms of fat deposition in sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Mechanistic analysis of rice caryopsis morphogenesis regulated by exogenous hormones and related precursor substances under blue light conditions.

Rice caryopsis morphogenesis is regulated by light signals and hormonal networks. However, the mechanism by which exogenous hormones and related precursor substances modulate rice caryopsis morphogenesis under blue light remains elusive. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory effects of exogenous phytohormones and related precursor substances on caryopsis development at 10&#xa0;days after pollination (10 DAP) in the japonica rice cultivar 'Chujing 27' under blue light conditions. Results showed that tryptamine treatment increased caryopsis cell volume, thereby significantly driving caryopsis expansion; meanwhile, it markedly enhanced the activities of TDC and TAA, the key rate-limiting enzymes mediating the conversion of tryptophan to auxin, leading to a significant elevation in endogenous auxin content (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). In comparison, exogenous auxin treatment significantly boosted carbohydrate accumulation and the activities of associated metabolic enzymes (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that tryptamine treatment led to significant enrichment of the starch and sucrose metabolic pathway, and drove the coordinated enhancement of carbon metabolic flux and auxin biosynthesis by upregulating key auxin biosynthetic genes (e.g., TAA1) and repressing auxin oxidative degradation. Genes Os04g0531100, Os03g0266100 and Os11g0221200 identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) may serve as important candidate targets regulating rice caryopsis morphology and physiological traits under blue light conditions. This study first uncovers the critical function of the "tryptamine-auxin axis" in regulating rice caryopsis development under blue light, laying a theoretical foundation for regulating caryopsis morphogenesis via exogenous hormones and their precursors.

Oryza↗
PubMed2026

Convergent methodologies in prosthetic joint infection research: integrating transdisciplinary approaches to understand and prevent biofilm-driven failure of orthopaedic prostheses.

Prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) remain among the most devastating complications of arthroplasty, imposing substantial clinical, economic and patient burdens. Although culture-based diagnostics underpin current clinical practice, PJIs are biofilm-driven infections shaped by taxonomic diversity, spatial organization, host responses and surface interactions, meaning conventional approaches provide only a partial and often decontextualized view of the infection process. We examine how convergent methodologies can transform PJI research by integrating approaches that have traditionally been studied in isolation, including sequencing, transcriptomics, metabolomics, advanced imaging and culture-based characterization. We discuss how whole-genome sequencing, shotgun metagenomics, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches resolve pathogen identity, functional activity and adaptive persistence and how cross-scale imaging and spatial biology techniques reveal where microbes colonize, interact and survive across implant surfaces. We highlight emerging opportunities to unify these datasets into coherent frameworks that capture both the molecular and physical dimensions of PJIs. Integrating these complementary approaches will enable a multi-layered understanding of PJIs that link composition, function and spatial organization. Ultimately, this provides a foundation for predictive diagnostics, precision antimicrobial strategies and improved implant design and supports a shift towards more effective, mechanism-informed management of implant-associated infection.

Prosthesis-Related Infections↗
PubMed2026

Longitudinal development of infant oral ecosystem: salivary metabolomic, bacteriome, and virome dynamics in early infancy.

This prospective cohort study investigated the longitudinal development of the salivary bacteriome, virome, and metabolome during early infancy. We assessed the associations between oral bacteria, viruses, and metabolites from 10 mother-infant dyads, with oral samples collected at 1 and 2 years of age. Forty saliva and plaque samples underwent untargeted metabolomic analysis, and infant saliva samples underwent metagenomic sequencing. Maternal salivary and plaque metabolomic profiles remained largely stable, whereas infant profiles were clearly separated from maternal profiles and changed with age. Notably, infant dental plaque metabolism underwent more substantial changes from year 1 to year 2 than saliva, with age-dependent metabolite shifts mainly involving energy, amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid metabolic pathways. Our findings also revealed significant developmental shifts in salivary bacteriome, virome, and functional pathway profiles during early childhood. The most abundant oral bacteria in early life, comprising over 75% of total abundance, included Veillonella, Streptococcus, Rothia, Prevotella, Neisseria, and Actinomyces species. While human viruses like Roseolovirus were detected, bacteriophages constituted the majority of the virome. Comparing infants at year 1 and year 2, we identified differentially abundant bacteria, viruses, metabolic functional pathways, and specific metabolites. We observed associations between bacteria and viruses, noting that these cross-kingdom relationships attenuated as infants grew. The study results underscore the complex and dynamic development of the oral microbiome, virome, and metabolome during early childhood.IMPORTANCEThe human oral cavity undergoes substantial microbial and metabolic development during early childhood, yet the temporal changes in the infant oral ecosystem remain incompletely understood. In this study, we longitudinally profiled the salivary metabolome, bacteriome, and virome of infants at 1 and 2 years of age. We demonstrated that the infant oral metabolome undergoes substantial developmental shifts, particularly in pathways related to energy, amino acid, and lipid metabolism; whereas maternal metabolic profiles remained stable over the same period. Furthermore, our results revealed the dynamic assembly of infant salivary virome and bacteriome and their associations with the functional pathways and metabolites. These findings provide new insights into the complex and dynamic development of the oral microbiome, virome, and metabolome in early infancy.

bacteriome↗
PubMed2026

Multimodal artificial intelligence and machine learning in oncology: from data integration to precision cancer care.

Cancer remains a major global health burden, with approximately 20 million new cases and 9.7 million cancer-related deaths reported globally in 2022. While advances in radiological imaging, molecular profiling, and clinical data have enhanced the interpretation of disease progression, the availability of multiple such modalities still does not meet the needs of a large patient population. This narrative review focuses on the role of multimodal artificial intelligence and machine learning in bridging the gap in interpreting heterogeneous modalities to improve risk prediction, prognostic assessment, and treatment decision-making in precision oncology. Multimodal frameworks such as Pathomic Fusion illustrate how complementary histopathological and genomic information can be integrated for cancer diagnosis and prognostic modeling. Multimodal models have demonstrated potential in virtual biopsy, cancer screening, prognostic prediction, radiotherapy planning, intraoperative guidance, and clinical-trial design using digital twins and synthetic control arms. The major limitations of incorporating multimodal artificial intelligence and machine learning in oncology include data heterogeneity, demographic or institutional biases, and reproducibility challenges that hinder translation. Accordingly, appropriate data-governance strategies, fairness audits, and privacy-preserving approaches such as federated learning should be considered where appropriate. Future progress will depend on the development of standardized benchmarking datasets, robust external validation, seamless integration with electronic health records and picture archiving and communication systems, and the implementation of explainable, secure, and clinically validated multimodal artificial intelligence frameworks that support precision oncology in routine clinical practice.

deep learning↗