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PubMed2026

Induced degradation of Ufd1 reveals regulation of cohesin by the VCP/p97Ufd1-Npl4 complex.

The AAA ATPase VCP/p97 has emerged as a critical regulator of ubiquitin and chromatin-associated processes but progress in understanding has been hampered by the complexity of p97 functions and the various p97 cofactors involved. Here, we combined ubiquitin profiling with acutely induced degradation of the Ufd1 subunit of the p97 ubiquitin adapter, Ufd1-Npl4, in human cells. We identified a set of chromatin regulators, HUS1, XRCC1, MORF4L1, and the cohesin subunit RAD21 as targets of p97Ufd1-Npl4 We find that RAD21 is ubiquitylated and targeted by p97Ufd1-Npl4 specifically in S phase to remove a subpopulation of cohesin from chromatin. Acute degradation of Ufd1 in S phase, after replication licensing is completed, impedes replication and leads to replication-associated DNA damage. Our findings suggest that a fraction of cohesin rings need to be removed by p97Ufd1-Npl4 from DNA to allow unhindered replication and reveal a critical function of p97 that ensures genome stability.

Cell Cycle Proteins↗
PubMed2026

Activity shapes large herbivores' ecological influences.

The ecological effects of large herbivores are shaped by their spatial and temporal patterns of activity (i.e. where, when and how intensely they use specific locations). When large herbivores' ecological influences are perceived to be undesirable, the traditional approach has been to reduce their population size. This numbers-first logic assumes that ecological effects scale primarily with abundance. We argue that this framing provides an incomplete understanding of large herbivores' ecological impacts. Using African elephants (Loxodonta africana) as a well-documented case study, we show that ecological effects on plants, animals and ecosystem processes correlate more with spatio-temporal patterns of activity than with population size. In large, open systems characterized by strong gradients of water availability, forage quality, shade and risk, elephants concentrate into predictable hotspots while relaxing activity elsewhere, generating localized impacts and opportunities for recovery. By contrast, in small, fenced or fragmented landscapes, where movements are constrained, and gradients are weak, spatial self-regulation breaks down, producing homogenized use and widespread ecological effects. We contend that understanding where, when and under what constraints herbivores use space provides a more general and mechanistic basis for interpreting ecological influence than abundance alone, with implications that extend beyond elephants to large herbivores globally.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Molecular adaptation of caspase genes to salinity stress in the tropical sea cucumber Stichopus monotuberculatus: A comparative analysis across echinoderms.

Apoptosis is an essential physiological process that plays a critical role in development and tissue homeostasis. Caspases, as central regulators of apoptosis, are crucial in controlling inflammation and cell death. In this study, we investigated the caspase gene family in Stichopus monotuberculatus to explore their potential roles in salinity stress adaptation. Five caspase genes were identified from the genome of S. monotuberculatus, including Smcaspase3, Smcaspase6, Smcaspase8a, Smcaspase8b, and Smcaspase8c. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these Smcaspase genes clustered into distinct caspase subfamilies and showed high conservation with homologs from other echinoderms and representative vertebrates. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses showed relatively similar structural patterns within each clade, whereas divergence was observed among different subfamilies. Promoter analysis identified numerous cis-acting elements related to gene regulation, immune response, and growth and development. Expression profiling under salinity stress showed that Smcaspase8a was significantly upregulated, particularly under prolonged stress, whereas the other genes exhibited limited transcriptional responses. Our findings highlight caspase function in salinity stress and provide the foundation of molecular salinity adaptation mechanisms in S. monotuberculatus.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

A smartphone-integrated Pt@Cu-HCF nanozyme-based paper sensor for on-site determination of total antioxidant capacity in marine oils.

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) serves as a key indicator for evaluating the nutritional quality of foods. In this study, we designed a platinum-embedded copper hexacyanoferrate (denoted as Pt@Cu-HCF) nanozyme that exhibits high oxidase-like activity, efficiently catalyzing the oxidation of chromogenic substrates to generate robust colorimetric signals. Antioxidants quench hydroxyl radicals (∙OH) produced during the catalytic process, leading to a concentration-dependent suppression of the color signal. Leveraging this mechanism, a smartphone-integrated, colorimetric paper sensor for on-site TAC quantification was developed, using vitamin E as the calibration standard. The sensor was applied to determine TAC in fish oil, algal oil, and krill oil, demonstrating a linear response range of 9.78-312.5 μM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.41 μM. Validation using real-world marine oil samples showed excellent agreement with a commercial assay kit, confirming the reliability and practical applicability of this portable sensor for TAC measurement in complex biological matrices.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2026

The hidden threat from food-derived carbon dots: Formation, biodistribution, and potential health risks.

Food-derived carbon dots (CDs) are a new class of carbon-based nanoparticles generated during the thermal processing of food matrices. These nanomaterials have been extensively studied for their unique fluorescence, good biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry in food detection, intelligent packaging, and biomedical applications. However, their nanoscale size and high surface activity have raised safety concerns regarding biological interactions, in vivo biodistribution, and potential long-term health hazards. Although CDs have traditionally been regarded as low-toxicity materials due to their favorable biocompatibility, the potential hidden risks of CDs have not received sufficient attention. CDs exhibit dose-dependent toxicity, not only accumulating in various tissues and organs but also potentially inducing oxidative stress and interfering with cellular metabolic functions. Therefore, this review summarizes the advances in sources, synthetic strategies, and core properties of CDs, with a special focus on in vivo biological interactions, fates, and potential safety challenges. In addition, it is proposed that the standardized detection and risk assessment system should be established to further explore the long-term health effects of CDs under real dietary exposure, thereby ensuring their safety and sustainable application.

Carbon Quantum Dots↗
PubMed2026

DNM1L depletion leads to accelerated heteroplasmy shifting of m.10191C allele through ATG7-dependent pathways.

Nucleotide composition bias in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) makes the heavy strand prone to form a DNA secondary structure called a guanine quadruplex (G4). This secondary structure has been shown to inhibit polymerase processivity in vitro. We previously identified pathogenic mtDNA variants that lead to increased G4-forming propensity, including a T to C mutation at m.10191 (m.10191 T > C) that causes Leigh syndrome. Cells treated with G4 binding agent (G4BA) berberine show a reduction in m.10191C pathogenic heteroplasmy levels. To help better understand the underlying mechanism behind berberine-induced heteroplasmy shift, we examined the relationship between mitochondrial fission and berberine-mediated shift. Here we show that knockdown of the fission factor DNM1L leads to an accelerated heteroplasmy shift towards the healthy mtDNA allele, lowering m.10191C by 10% in 3 weeks, compared to the 5 weeks required for berberine alone. The specific mechanism involves ATG7, as knockdown of ATG7 is able to partially delay this accelerated heteroplasmy shift. Taken together, we show that DNM1L knockdown is able to accelerate berberine-induced m.10191C heteroplasmy shifting through an autophagy-related mechanism.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Recovery of polysaccharides from marc and pomace through sequential extractions assisted by ultrasound, enzymes and acid maceration.

This study evaluated the pilot-scale recovery of polysaccharides from Vitis vinifera pomace/marc using sequential extraction strategies combining high-power ultrasound (UAE), enzymes (EAE), and acid maceration (AAE). Laboratory-scale trials identified optimal conditions for enzyme dosage and liquid/solid ratio (L/S). Pilot-scale trials demonstrated that the extraction sequence and the processing byproducts influenced extraction efficiency, total soluble polysaccharide in the extract (TSP), and polysaccharide composition. Post-maceration at pH 3.2, with/without the maximum enzyme dose after UAE in a L/S of 1.3/1, improved structural polysaccharide extraction from Viura pomace, while Tempranillo marc showed better recovery of pectic families and TSP with UAE + EAE. Separating grape pomace extract (UAE) from the post-maceration stage at pH 3.2 produced two extracts: E1, with higher yield (19.9%), enriched in structural polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, and E2, enriched in high and medium molecular weight pectic polysaccharides (58.03%), a low degree of esterification (17.1%) and more complex rhamnogalacturan structures.

Polysaccharides↗
PubMed2026

Beyond Glycaemia: Fear of Hypoglycaemia, Cognition and Functional Mobility After Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop Therapy in Older Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis of a Randomised, Single-Centre Study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on psychological, cognitive and functional outcomes of advanced diabetes technologies in older adults with long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains limited. We evaluated whether initiation of advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) therapy was associated with changes in fear of hypoglycaemia, diabetes distress, psychological well-being, cognition, frailty-related measures and mobility-related function in adults aged ≥ 65 years with T1D. METHODS: This prespecified, exploratory secondary analysis was conducted within a single-centre, open-label, randomised, controlled, parallel-group trial including adults aged ≥ 65 years with long-standing T1D. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to initiate AHCL therapy using the MiniMed 780G system or to continue standard diabetes treatment. The secondary outcomes included WHO-5, the 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS), Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II (HFS-II), Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Fried frailty phenotype and performance-based functional measures. No formal sample-size calculation was performed for these secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Thirty-one participants were randomised and 29 completed 12 months of follow-up and were included in the treatment-effect analyses. In the baseline-adjusted primary analysis, AHCL therapy was associated with a lower HFS-II score than standard treatment (adjusted mean difference -18.9; 95% CI: -32.4 to -5.4; nominal p = 0.008), although this finding did not remain statistically significant after Holm correction (adjusted p = 0.104) or in an exploratory model additionally adjusted for sex (difference -13.6; 95% CI: -32.2 to 5.0; p = 0.145). Diabetes distress, psychological well-being, global cognition and processing speed did not differ between groups. In sex-adjusted sensitivity analyses, the between-group differences remained statistically significant for 6-min walk distance (92.6 m; 95% CI: 36.8 to 148.3; p = 0.002) and Timed Up and Go performance (-2.27 s; 95% CI: -4.28 to -0.27; p = 0.028), but not for gait speed (0.27 m/s; 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.59; p = 0.099). At 12 months, 12 of 14 AHCL participants were robust and 2 were pre-frail; in the control group, 11 of 15 were robust and 4 were pre-frail. No participant was classified as frail at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this small, selected cohort, AHCL therapy was associated with a nominally lower fear-of-hypoglycaemia score and better performance on selected mobility-related tests over 12 months. The fear-of-hypoglycaemia finding did not remain statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons or additional adjustment for sex. Six-minute walk distance and Timed Up and Go remained statistically significant in the exploratory sex-adjusted sensitivity analyses, whereas the gait-speed difference did not. No measurable between-group deterioration in global cognition or processing speed was observed. These exploratory findings require confirmation in larger studies with balanced representation by sex and direct measurement of physical activity. These findings also support a person-centred clinical message: older age alone should not be regarded as a barrier to AHCL when treatment is introduced with individualised education and appropriate ongoing support.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Depth-dependent multi-kingdom microbial interactions and biogeochemical cycling genes in eutrophic shallow lake sediments.

Microorganisms are pivotal to lake ecosystem biogeochemical cycles, yet existing research often focuses on single microbial kingdoms or surface sediments, neglecting multi-kingdom interactions and depth-resolved dynamics. To address these gaps, we used metagenomic sequencing to characterize microbial communities and their functional associations across overlying water and 0-45 cm sediments in four shallow lakes of the middle Yangtze River basin, China. Despite increasing bacterial and fungal diversity with depth, the 0-9 cm surface sediments exhibited the strongest multi-kingdom network connectivity and the greatest microbial stability. Functional genes exhibited clear depth-dependent patterns: nitrogen cycling genes, including those involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, were most enriched in the upper 0-9 cm of sediment; methane cycling genes were positively correlated with depth; phosphorus cycling genes and some sulfur cycling genes, such as assimilatory sulphate reduction, declined with depth. Sediment microbial assembly was dominated by deterministic processes, in which the vertical distribution of functional genes was primarily dictated by heavy metals and conventional environmental indicators. These findings highlight depth-specific multi-kingdom microbial interactions and their associations with biogeochemical cycling, advancing lacustrine microbial ecology understanding and providing references for lake conservation under environmental change.

Lakes↗
PubMed2026

Electroencephalographic evidence of cortical network disruption preceding overt cardioinhibition during tilt-induced reflex syncope.

OBJECTIVE: Reflex syncope is a common cause of transient loss of consciousness. However, the early cerebral mechanisms underlying cardiovascular changes remain poorly understood. Our objective was to investigate early cerebral changes by quantitatively analyzing EEG activity preceding overt cardioinhibition during tilt-induced reflex syncope. METHODS: EEG recordings from patients undergoing tilt testing were retrospectively analyzed. Patients who experienced reflex syncope were compared to those who did not. Spectral and functional connectivity analyses were performed across baseline, pre-cardioinhibition, and syncopal phases. RESULTS: Prior to the onset of cardioinhibitory pathological reflex, a significant increase in theta-band spectral power was observed in the right temporal region, accompanied by a widespread increase in functional connectivity within the same frequency band. These findings suggest the involvement of brain networks before cardioinhibition. CONCLUSIONS: EEG changes in the theta band (power and functional connectivity) were observed before overt cardioinhibition during tilt-induced reflex syncope. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings support the hypothesis of cortical processing preceding cardioinhibition in reflex syncope. EEG may represent a valuable complementary tool for improving the understanding and diagnosis of these events.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Genomic history of the Caucasus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of ancient DNA studies.

The Caucasus region represents a unique natural laboratory for paleogenetic research due to its complex topography, long-standing role as a migratory corridor and glacial refugium, and exceptional preservation conditions for ancient DNA. This review synthesizes recent genome-wide studies to reconstruct the demographic history shaping the distinctive genetic landscape of modern Caucasus populations. The analysis reveals a deep pattern of continuity, isolation, and periodic admixture. Early genetic differentiation emerged in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic, forming distinct steppe and mountain population clusters. The Bronze Age was a pivotal period marked by large-scale gene flow from the Eurasian Steppe, particularly linked to the Yamnaya expansion, and interactions with Iranian and Anatolian-related groups. Despite these influences, many populations demonstrate remarkable genetic continuity from the Bronze Age to the present day. Significant knowledge gaps persist, particularly for the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic of the North Caucasus, as well as for the Late Medieval and Early Modern periods across the entire region. Addressing these gaps through targeted archaeogenomic studies is crucial for understanding the fine-scale processes that formed the hierarchical structure and high linguistic diversity of Caucasus populations, offering a powerful model for studying human adaptation, interaction, and language-genetics dynamics in a mountainous environment.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Ensemble DNA methylation clock demonstrates Immune-metabolic aging signatures associated with mortality.

Aging is a multifactorial process that is best described in terms of the progressive acquisition of multiple layers of phenotypic changes, such as epigenetic modifications, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation. DNA methylation clocks have been extensively used to construct epigenetic clocks based on the DNAm profiles that can be used to estimate biological age and predict age-associated outcomes. Nevertheless, the vast majority of clocks constructed so far have been based on linear models, which are unlikely to fully account for the heterogeneity and non-linearity of survival-related DNAm signatures. In this work, we constructed a heterogeneous stacked ensemble survival model based on DNAm data obtained from the Framingham Heart Study. We first identified 190 CpG loci using elastic net Cox regression and subsequently constructed a survival prediction model based on the fusion of five complementary survival models by means of a neural network meta-learner. The prediction power of the survival model was evaluated in an external validation cohort, where we observed strong performance for predicting all-cause mortality that significantly exceeded PhenoAge and was statistically comparable to GrimAge. These performance estimates were derived in cohorts of European ancestry and externally validated in postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years, and should therefore be interpreted as applicable only to demographically similar populations.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

How to assess different types of abstract concepts in brain disorders: A systematic review.

The clinical evaluation of semantic knowledge has predominantly relied on tools targeting concrete concepts, whereas abstract knowledge has historically received limited attention despite its importance in everyday communication. Only a few instruments have explored the internal subdivision of abstract knowledge, likely due to the intrinsic difficulty of defining specific types of concepts or dimensions, resulting in a fragmented and heterogeneous neuropsychological assessment framework that limits our understanding of this domain. This systematic review examined the tools used to assess various types of abstract concepts in clinical populations. A literature search has been performed on the electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar (last update: October 2025). A total of 17 tests is reviewed, differing in the test characteristics, i.e. ranging from automatic to controlled processes and varying in ecological validity, the type of stimuli employed, and the abstract dimensions explored. Most studies have focused on neurodegenerative patients, while comparatively few have examined other clinical conditions. The risk of bias of the reviewed studies was assessed using an ad hoc developed instrument. This review highlights the need for future research to extend investigations to additional abstract domains and clinical populations, while also identifying key challenges related to stimulus selection and the determination of the most appropriate assessment framework.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Beyond species trees: pervasive gene flow limits phylogenomic resolution in the diversification of Juniperus from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Understanding how lineages diversify despite persistent ancestral polymorphism and recurrent gene flow remains a central challenge in evolutionary biology. Juniperus distributed across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau provide an ideal system for addressing this question because repeated geological uplift and climatic oscillations have likely promoted cycles of lineage divergence, range shifts, and secondary contact. Here, we combined approximately 1.08 million genome-wide SNPs from 164 individuals representing thirteen Juniperus lineages with phylogenomic datasets comprising 3,381 nuclear single-copy genes and nearly complete plastomes. We detected extensive phylogenomic discordance and cytonuclear incongruence across genomic datasets. Topology weighting, coalescent simulations, quartet-based tests, and analyses of gene flow and reticulation collectively support the interpretation that these patterns were shaped by the combined effects of prolonged incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow during lineage diversification. Ecological niche analyses further provide a spatial and climatic context in which environmentally similar lineages may have had greater opportunities for secondary contact during historical range shifts. Collectively, our results reveal that the evolutionary history of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Juniperus is characterized by reticulate diversification rather than strictly bifurcating evolution, and demonstrate how genome-wide discordance can provide biological insights into the evolutionary processes underlying lineage diversification.

Gene Flow↗
PubMed2026

Longitudinal Neurocognitive Changes for Patients With Hematologic Malignancies Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review With Structured Narrative Synthesis.

OBJECTIVES: Neurocognitive changes in hematological malignancies (HM) and as a sequela of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remain under-recognized. These changes may substantially affect patients' quality of life. Therefore, this review systematically evaluated longitudinal neurocognitive changes in patients with HM undergoing HSCT. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL were searched on October 30, 2025. Longitudinal studies assessing neurocognitive changes in patients with HM undergoing HSCT, with or without healthy controls, were included. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for before-after studies. Effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to quantify changes in neurocognitive performance. RESULTS: Nine of 2012 studies met the inclusion criteria, with overall moderate study quality. Improvements may occur post-HSCT; however, allogeneic HSCT and myeloablative conditioning were main risk factors identified for persistent cognitive decline. In line with white matter damage, executive function and attention/processing speed impairments likely represent core deficits, which may affect other cognitive impairments. Post-HSCT changes depend on task characteristics, cognitive load, and conditioning intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should emphasize regular neurocognitive assessment to guide cognitive rehabilitation, implement pre-transplant cognitive rehabilitation strategies to mitigate post-HSCT cognitive decline, and enhance treatment outcomes.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Molecular Determinants and Therapeutic Targeting of Stop Codon Readthrough in Eukaryotic Translation.

Accurate translation termination is essential for proteome integrity and in eukaryotes is primarily governed by the release factors eRF1 and eRF3, which ensure precise recognition of stop codons and efficient release of nascent polypeptides. However, proteome integrity is challenged by mutations that generate premature termination codons (PTCs), leading to truncated, nonfunctional proteins and degradation of the aberrant transcript via nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Collectively, these events account for ∼1800 human genetic diseases. Translational readthrough, the process by which near-cognate tRNAs decode stop codons and allow ribosomes to continue elongation beyond the stop codon, represents a possibility to suppress PTCs and restore full-length protein synthesis. Initially discovered in viruses as a mechanism to expand coding capacity, readthrough is now recognized as a regulated feature of eukaryotic gene expression influenced by both cis-acting sequence elements and trans-acting factors. Recent evidence highlights the remarkable context dependence of readthrough, revealing variation across transcripts, tissues, and developmental stages. In this review, we examine the molecular determinants that define stop codon recognition and readthrough efficiency, with particular emphasis on nucleotide context. We further discuss the mechanisms and binding sites of small molecules that promote PTC readthrough, and summarize the clinical development landscape of readthrough-inducing compounds for the treatment of diseases caused by nonsense mutations.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Viral community in Aspergillus spp. isolated from commercially available fermented dried bonito.

Katsuobushi is a traditional processed seafood product used in Japanese-style cooking, and when it is produced through fermentation by fungi, it is called karebushi. The fungi involved in katsuobushi fermentation are collectively referred to as katsuobushi molds. We previously discovered seven novel viruses from katsuobushi molds and determined their genome sequences. However, our previous explorations used only nine fungal strains available from culture collections, leaving the diversity of viruses infecting fungi involved in katsuobushi fermentation unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to isolate fungi from commercially available karebushi and clarify the prevalence of viruses in the isolates. Karebushi produced by three manufacturers was obtained, and 30 fungal strains (including Aspergillus spp.) were isolated from each. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) fractions were prepared from the mycelia of the isolated strains. Electrophoresis suggested that a relatively high proportion of the isolates harbored dsRNA elements consistent with RNA virus infection (30-70% per manufacturer; 59% overall). Furthermore, dsRNA sequencing identified four novel viruses in isolates of Aspergillus chevalieri and Aspergillus montevidensis: a beny-like virus, a gammapartitivirus, a narnavirus, and a victorivirus, in addition to two previously reported viruses. Notably, this represents the first report of a beny-like virus in Aspergillus spp. This study provides insights into the diversity of viruses infecting fungi involved in katsuobushi fermentation.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2026

Comparative genomics and full-length transcriptome profiling of wing morphs in Tetrix grossus (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae).

Wing polymorphism represents a paradigmatic dispersal-reproduction trade-off, yet its molecular basis remains uncharacterised in the phylogenetically distant pygmy grasshoppers (Tetrigidae). Here we integrate comparative genomics across ten orthopteran species with full-length transcriptomics of long-winged (FL) and short-winged (FS) Tetrix grossus. OrthoFinder recovered 118 orthogroups specific to T. grossus. Against a backdrop of pronounced gene-family contraction (36 expansions versus 222 contractions; net -186, mirrored at the ancestral Tetrix node, +37/-140), we identified an ancestral, Tetrix-specific expansion of hormone-regulation (12 genes; fold enrichment 7.93) and lipid/carbohydrate-metabolic families organised into syntenic clusters, alongside 513 positively selected genes enriched for integrin-mediated cell adhesion (6 genes), a process relevant to epithelial and appendage morphogenesis. Full-length transcriptomics of one long-winged (FL) and one short-winged (FS) adult female detected 7530 (FL) and 7515 (FS) expressed genes, with 794 FL- and 776 FS-restricted transcriptome-derived SNP-associated genes. The FL morph was enriched for an EGFR/Ras-Rho developmental-patterning axis and neuromuscular flight genes, whereas the FS morph was enriched for insulin/peptide-hormone response and growth-regulatory loci. Overall, we present genomic resources and testable hypotheses concerning the evolution and regulation of wing morphs in Tetrigidae rather than a validated genetic architecture of wing-morph determination.

Animals↗