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PubMed2026

Proteomic characterization of the acquired enamel pellicle under acidic challenges at early and mature formation stages.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) proteomic changes after exposure to citric acid (CA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) under different pellicle formation times (3 and 120 min) in the same volunteers. DESIGN: Nine healthy volunteers participated in this randomized crossover in vivo study. The AEP was allowed to form for 3 or 120 min and subsequently exposed for 10 s to deionized water (control), 1% CA (pH 2.5), or 0.01 M HCl (pH 2.0). Pellicle samples were collected, followed by protein extraction, tryptic digestion, and analysis by nanoliquid chromatography (nanoLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) with MSE (data-independent acquisition; nanoLC-MSᴱ). Label-free quantitative proteomics were performed for relative quantification using t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: At 120 min, CA exposure markedly reduced several typical AEP proteins, especially acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs). Conversely, basic PRPs were upregulated, suggesting acid-resistance protein signature. At 3 min, basal-layer proteins (PRPs, cystatins, histatins and mucins) were more abundant. Hemoglobins increased 6-8-fold (up to 150-fold in 3 min control), suggesting association with early pellicle formation and an acid-resistant protein signature. CA exposures for 120 min also upregulated typical AEP proteins (PRPs, mucins, cystatins, immunoglobulins), while HCl exposure depleted albumins and lactotransferrin. CONCLUSION: Intrinsic and extrinsic acids induce distinct proteomic signatures in the AEP. Hemoglobin and PRPs appear consistently enriched in the early pellicle layer, reflecting an initial acid-resistant protein signature. These findings provide new insights into the molecular remodeling of the AEP following intrinsic and extrinsic acid exposure, highlighting proteins potentially involved in early-stage pellicle formation.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

BIOCARD framework: integrating fecal bile acids, lipids, and metabolites to assess response to a cardiovascular health intervention.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in under-resourced populations. Although nutritional interventions are important for CVD prevention, their outcomes are commonly evaluated using conventional clinical and behavioral indicators, which may not fully capture early molecular responses. In this study, we developed the BIOCARD framework, an exploratory fecal multi-omics platform integrating bile acids, lipids, and metabolites to evaluate intervention outcomes related to cardiovascular health. Fecal samples were collected from caregiver-child participants enrolled in a 10-week randomized controlled trial comparing a multicomponent garden-based intervention (SHA) with an education-only control group (MSP). Fecal polar metabolites, lipids, and bile acids were analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS-based approaches and integrated with conventional health indicators. Traditional clinical indicators in the present study showed limited sensitivity for detecting intervention-related differences. In contrast, fecal multi-omics analyzes revealed intervention-associated differences in metabolites, lipids, and bile acids, with children showing more apparent molecular variation than parents. Network analysis further revealed associations between selected molecular features and cardiovascular-related indicators, including blood pressure, body fat, skin carotenoids, and Healthy Eating Index scores. Together, these findings suggest that the BIOCARD framework may serve as an exploratory molecular approach to complement traditional outcome measures and improve the evaluation of nutritional interventions for cardiovascular health.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Evolutionary characterization and expression profiling of ACC and FASN genes in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) are rate-limiting enzymes in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, yet their evolutionary relationships, sequence features, and expression profiles remain poorly understood in crustaceans, particularly in the economically important Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Here, we identified and systematically analyzed ACC and FASN genes in E. sinensis using comparative genomic analyses across 43 species. ACC was highly conserved as a single-copy gene in invertebrates, in contrast to the multiple paralogs observed in vertebrates. Similarly, FASN was generally maintained as a single-copy gene across most taxa but exhibited lineage-specific expansion in certain insect groups. Phylogenetic and structural analysis revealed strong conservation of both genes within crustaceans, supported by multiple conserved motifs and canonical functional domains. Expression profiling showed predominant expression in the hepatopancreas and midgut, suggesting their potential involvement in crustacean lipid metabolism. During the molting cycle, ACC and FASN exhibited higher expression levels during stages C and D, suggesting an increased capacity for fatty acid biosynthesis before molting. In addition, dietary lipid levels experiment revealed that ACC and FASN expression responded dynamically to dietary lipid availability, with increased expression at moderate lipid levels but reduced expression under excessive lipid supplementation, indicating a possible adaptive transcriptional response to lipid status. Collectively, this study provides insights into the evolutionary conservation and expression dynamics of ACC and FASN and improves our understanding of lipid metabolic adaptation in crustaceans.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Bempedoic Acid and First and Recurrent Limb Outcomes in Statin-Intolerant Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From the CLEAR Outcomes Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) are at high risk of major adverse limb events (MALE) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Recently, bempedoic acid was shown to reduce MACE in primary and secondary prevention patients. Whether bempedoic acid reduces the risk of MALE in patients with PAD is unknown. METHODS: CLEAR Outcomes (Cholesterol Lowering via Bempedoic Acid [ETC1002], an ACL-Inhibiting Regimen) randomized 13 970 patients to bempedoic acid 180 mg or placebo from December 22, 2016, to August 14, 2019. The trial primary end point was MACE-4, defined as death resulting from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or coronary revascularization. A clinical history of PAD was reported by investigators at baseline. Two blinded vascular medicine specialists independently adjudicated MALE, including adverse events indicating worsening PAD symptoms leading to revascularization, chronic limb-threatening ischemia, and acute limb ischemia. Outcomes were assessed as time to first event and total (including recurrent) events with a negative binomial approach. RESULTS: A total of 1624 of the enrolled patients (mean±SD age, 63.9±9.9 years; 915 [56.3%] female) had PAD at baseline. In patients with PAD in the placebo group, 69 (8.3%) had MALE over a median of 40.6 months, with rate of recurrent events of 4.0%/y. Bempedoic acid reduced the risk of MALE by 36% (hazard ratio, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.44-0.93]; P=0.018). Bempedoic acid reduced total MALE by 45% (relative risk, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.35-0.85]; P=0.007). First MACE-4 or MALE was reduced overall by 13% (hazard ratio, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.80-0.95]) with consistent effects with PAD (hazard ratio, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.64-1.04]) and without PAD (hazard ratio, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.79-0.86]; Pinteraction=NS) but not statistically significant within the PAD subgroup alone. Total MACE-4 or MALE was reduced (relative risk, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.73-0.90]) overall with consistent effects in PAD (relative risk, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.54-0.95]) and without PAD (relative risk, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.73-0.92]; Pinteraction=NS). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PAD are at high risk of MALE and MACE. Bempedoic acid reduces both MACE and MALE in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease, with notable absolute benefits in patients with PAD. These findings support (1) the importance of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with PAD to reduce overall vascular risk and (2) the benefits of bempedoic acid in this population.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Prophylactic folinic acid prevents pemetrexed myelosuppression: A randomized trial toward safer treatment with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer.

Background Pemetrexed is a cornerstone in advanced non-small cell lung cancer treatment. Although generally well tolerated, severe myelosuppression occurs in 26% of patients. Preventing chemotherapy-associated toxicity has become increasingly important with the introduction of osimertinib combined with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy. Due to substantial toxicity, this regimen is often not administered to frail patients. Folinic acid prophylaxis can mitigate pemetrexed-induced toxicity, however its preventive use has not been routinely studied. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of folinic acid prophylaxis to reduce myelosuppression. Methods Fifty patients treated with pemetrexed were randomized (1:1) to receive pemetrexed with or without oral folinic acid prophylaxis on days 2-4 after each chemotherapy cycle. The primary endpoint was absolute neutrophil count (ANC) after the first chemotherapy cycle. Secondary endpoints included ANC after the second cycle, grade neutropenia, treatment efficacy, renal function and incidence of dose modifications. Results Twenty-four patients received folinic acid and twenty-six served as controls. Higher ANC were observed in the folinic acid group after the first cycle (median 3.79; IQR 2.22-4.93 vs. 1.85; IQR 1.43-3.78; p.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Efficacy and safety of split-dose ultra-low-volume polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid versus sodium picosulfate with magnesium citrate for bowel preparation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Colonoscopy remains the gold standard for early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer, with adequate bowel cleansing being pivotal for its success. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of split-dose ultra-low-volume polyethylene glycol (PEG) with ascorbic acid (Asc) versus sodium picosulfate magnesium citrate for bowel preparation. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive literature search across Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to July 2025. Data analysis was conducted using R version 4.2.2 (31 October 2022) and RStudio version 2022.07.2 (2009-2022, RStudio, Inc.) Our literature search yielded six eligible studies involving 3285 patients. Our findings indicate no significant differences in overall and right-sided colon adequate cleansing rates between the two regimens: risk ratio: 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99-1.12, P  = 0.1082; and risk ratio: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.99-1.08, P  = 0.1755, respectively. However, PEG + Asc demonstrated a significantly lower rate of vomiting compared to sodium picosulfate magnesium citrate (risk ratio: 2.58, 95% CI: 0.94-2.78, P  = 0.0008), suggesting better tolerability. Other secondary outcomes, including nausea, abdominal pain, and overall Boston Bowel Preparation Scale scores, did not show significant differences. The quality of the evidence varied across the outcomes. Our results support the comparable efficacy of both bowel preparation agents while highlighting PEG + Asc's potential advantages in tolerability. Our findings suggest that the choice between these two preparations can be tailored to the specific patient, considering their preferences or previous experiences, although some caution is advised in interpreting these findings.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Vegan multinutrient supplementation significantly increases Omega-3 index and 25-OH-vitamin D status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy young vegans.

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 72 healthy vegan adults (aged 19-57 years) received a multinutrient supplement consisting of a vitamin and mineral supplement (providing 26 µg vitamin D) and an omega-3 supplement administered in either a single dose (EPA 98.7 mg, DHA 171.0 mg, additional vitamin D 36 µg, vitamin E 3.7 mg) or a double dose (EPA 197.4 mg, DHA 342.0 mg, additional vitamin D 72 µg, vitamin E 7.4 mg) or placebo capsules for 4 months. Nutrient biomarkers were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention after 4 months. An analysis of covariance was employed to test for between-group differences (p < 0.05) and adjusted for multiple testing using the Bonferroni-Holm method. Compared to the control group, which showed on average a significant decline in both the omega-3-index and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, participants in both intervention groups demonstrated significant increase in these parameters (p < 0.001). Although the double dose group exhibited numerically greater increases in omega-3 index and vitamin D compared to the simple dose group, the differences between these dosing regimens were not statistically significant. As expected, vitamin E levels remained unchanged, reflecting its inclusion solely for antioxidative protection in the omega-3 supplement rather than as a critical nutrient in vegan diets. In conclusion, supplementation significantly improved omega-3 and vitamin D status in healthy vegans, with no significant benefit from doubling the dose. Although clinical endpoints were not evaluated, improved nutrient status may have potential implications for health. The study has been registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00028151).

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Proteomic insights into hepatic responses to high soybean meal inclusion with citric acid supplementation in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) juveniles.

This study evaluated the growth performance and hepatic proteomic responses of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) juveniles fed diets containing 30% or 40% soybean meal (SBM), with or without 3% citric acid supplementation, and compared with a fishmeal (FM) control diet over a 10-week feeding trial. Fish fed 30% SBM (LSBM) showed a final body weight comparable to the FM group, whereas fish fed 40% SBM (HSBM) recorded significantly reduced growth and net protein utilization (NPU) (p < 0.05). Supplementation of citric acid in the 40% SBM diet (HSBM + CA) significantly improved NPU and partially restored growth relative to HSBM. LC-MS/MS based quantitative proteomics identified 1544 hepatic proteins and showed clear dietary segregation. Differentially expressed proteins were predominantly associated with reduced abundance of proteins involved in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and the tricarboxylic cycle across all SBM diets, suggesting a shift in oxidative metabolic capacity. In contrast, LSBM induced upregulation of spliceosome-associated proteins and RNA processing components, suggesting adaptive post-transcriptional regulation under moderate SBM inclusion. In contrast, HSBM exhibited greater reduction in metabolic protein abundance without comparable upregulation of adaptive regulatory components, coinciding with reduced nutrient retention. Protein-protein interaction analysis further confirms the correlation between the regulation of spliceosomal clusters and mitochondrial lipid-catabolic modules. Citric acid supplementation did not markedly reverse hepatic metabolic protein changes but improved protein retention. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD081994. These findings suggest a tolerance limit between 30% and 40% SBM inclusion, with 30% inducing adaptive hepatic proteomic responses compatible with maintained growth performance.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Comprehensive identification of carboxylic acids by using bromine isotope-based chemical isotope labelling and structure-guided molecular network.

Carboxylic acids (CAs) are important contributors to the flavor quality of sauce-flavor Chinese Baijiu, yet their comprehensive analysis remains challenging due to poor ionization efficiency, weak chromatographic retention, and limited annotation capability. Herein, we developed a workflow for the high-coverage discovery and annotation of CAs in Baijiu by coupling chemical isotope labeling-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with a structure-guided molecular network strategy (SGMNS). A bromine-containing derivatization reagent, 1-(3-aminopropyl)-3-bromoquinolin-1-ium bromide (APBQ), was designed and synthesized to exploit the natural isotope distribution of bromine and characteristic MS/MS fragmentation behavior. Following APBQ derivatization, the target CAs showed superior chromatographic retention and favorable analytical performance. Based on isotopic peak pairing in MS1 and diagnostic fragment validation in MS2, 372 potential CA derivatives were discovered from pooled Baijiu samples and 355 of them were validated by diagnostic fragments in MS2 spectra. To address the scarcity of derivatized spectral libraries, SGMNS was employed for annotation using a background network constructed from APBQ-labeled candidates derived from the Expanded Chinese Baijiu Compound Database. The developed method was further applied to profile Baijiu samples, revealing pronounced differences in CA composition across the seven fermentation rounds. Notably, rounds 3 to 5 exhibited the largest numbers of differential CAs. This study provided an effective analytical strategy for large-scale CA profiling, offering new insight into the chemical basis of flavor formation during multi-round fermentation of sauce-flavor Baijiu.

Isotope Labeling↗

PubMed2026

Improved comprehensive profiling of fecal bile acids through chemical derivatization combined with HPLC-MS/MS analysis.

Bile acids (BAs) facilitate the digestion and absorption of fats and influence lipid and glucose homeostasis, making them potential therapeutic targets for obesity and related metabolic disorders. The liver and intestinal microbiota modify BAs structurally, generating diverse chemical forms and isomers. Comprehensive profiling of the BA pool is critical for understanding their key biological functions and as a therapeutic approach for related diseases. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) is usually chosen as the preferred method for BA detection due to the complex chemical structures, the wide range of actual concentrations and the complexity of fecal sample matrices. However, free BAs are difficult to ionize, resulting in low detection signals and a lack of characteristic structural fragments to assist in structural identification. In this method, the labeling reagent (2-aminoethyl) trimethylammonium (AETMA) is employed to label the carboxyl group of BAs. Compared with underivatized BAs, the detection sensitivity of unconjugated BAs was enhanced by 25-180 fold, while that of conjugated BAs increased by 6-160 fold. It also generates unique fragment ions and enhances MS response, facilitating the discovery of potential BAs. Methodological parameters were validated using 38 BAs as representatives. Through methodological validation, it was verified that the precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability parameters of the method met acceptable criteria. We also identified 61 confirmed BAs and 55 additional candidate BAs in human pooled fecal samples. It has been successfully applied to fecal BA analysis in obese populations, providing valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies for obesity.

Tandem Mass Spectrometry↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptomic insights into exogenous fatty acid-enhanced halotolerance in Zygosaccharomyces rouxii.

BACKGROUND: High salinity restricts microbial growth during brine-based food fermentation. Although exogenous unsaturated fatty acids improve the salt tolerance of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, the associated transcriptional mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the transcriptomic response of Z. rouxii CGMCC 3791 to palmitoleic acid (C16:1) under high salt conditions. RESULTS: Cells were cultured in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) containing 120 g L-1 NaCl, with or without 20 μg mL-1 C16:1. They were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Principal component analysis clearly separated the two treatments. Using q < 0.05 and |log2 fold change| > 1, 23 differentially expressed genes were identified - three upregulated and 20 downregulated. INO1, MLS1, POX1, MEP2, and SOD5 were among the major responsive genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that peroxisome-associated functions, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress responses, nitrogen utilization, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were the principal C16:1-responsive processes. CONCLUSION: Exogenous C16:1 elicited a focused transcriptional adjustment rather than broad transcriptome-wide reprogramming in salt-stressed Z. rouxii. The results indicated that peroxisome-linked lipid processes and redox regulation were candidate mechanisms underlying fatty-acid-associated halotolerance and provided targets for improving the robustness of high-salt food fermentation. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii↗

PubMed2026

Tranexamic acid protects human dermal fibroblasts from D-galactose-induced senescence via the GPR30/MAPK pathway.

BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is widely used for pigmentary disorders, but its anti-ageing potential remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate whether topical 3% TXA improves early periorbital wrinkles in women with facial melasma and to investigate whether TXA protects human dermal fibroblasts from D-galactose-induced senescence via the GPR30/MAPK pathway. METHODS: Fifty women with melasma were randomized to 3% TXA serum plus moisturizer or moisturizer alone for 8 weeks, with follow-up to week 12. Periorbital wrinkles were graded using a modified Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Scale (MFWS). Separately, D-gal-induced senescence in HDFs was assessed via viability, SA-β-gal activity, senescence markers, ROS, antioxidant enzymes, SASP/ECM gene expression, and MAPK activation. GPR30 involvement was examined using antagonist G15, shRNA knockdown, and molecular docking. RESULTS: Topical TXA produced significantly greater MFWS reductions versus moisturizer alone at weeks 4, 8, and 12, with benefit persisting post-treatment. In HDFs, TXA preserved viability, reduced SA-β-gal positivity, attenuated p21/p16, restored Lamin B1, decreased ROS, and rescued antioxidant activities. TXA downregulated IL-6, IL-8, MMP1, and MMP3, and suppressed D-gal-induced ERK, JNK, and p38 phosphorylation. These effects were weakened by G15 or GPR30 knockdown; docking supported a stable TXA-GPR30 interaction. CONCLUSIONS: TXA showed clinical anti-wrinkle activity in melasma patients and protected HDFs from D-gal-induced senescence, partly via GPR30-dependent modulation of oxidative stress, SASP/ECM expression, and MAPK signalling. TXA is a promising candidate for skin ageing intervention.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Fatty acids and breast cancer: Epidemiology, subtype-specific metabolism, immune regulation, and clinical translation.

Fatty acids (FAs) are bioactive dietary and metabolic molecules that participate in membrane architecture, energy homeostasis, inflammatory signaling, gene regulation and immune function, all of which intersect with breast cancer (BC) risk, progression and treatment response. In this narrative review we integrate epidemiological, clinical, translational and mechanistic evidence on the role of FAs in BC. Saturated, monounsaturated, trans- and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) are treated as distinct biological exposures rather than interchangeable measures of total fat intake. Similarly, evidence from dietary assessment, circulating biomarkers, erythrocyte membrane composition, adipose tissue stores and tumor lipid signatures is interpreted separately, because each captures exposure and biology at a different level. BC subtypes differ in FA synthesis, uptake, oxidation, storage and remodeling: luminal tumors are frequently linked to hormone-regulated lipogenesis, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive tumors to growth-factor-driven lipid metabolism, and triple-negative tumors to exogenous FA uptake, inflammatory lipid mediators and ferroptosis-related vulnerabilities. FA-derived mediators also shape immune-cell polarization, cytokine signaling and the tumor microenvironment, and dietary FAs may reshape the gut microbiota; the fiber-derived short-chain FAs it produces, distinct from dietary FAs, likewise help regulate immune and inflammatory tone. Clinical data suggest possible roles for fat-quality modification and selected n-3 PUFA interventions, but findings are heterogeneous and not yet sufficient to support routine biomarker-guided precision onco-nutrition. Candidate biomarkers, such as erythrocyte n-6:n-3 composition, require prospective validation before clinical implementation. FA biology thus represents a modifiable but complex axis in BC prevention, tumor biology and supportive care.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Uric Acid-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio is Associated with Hepatic Steatosis but Not Fibrosis in Nonobese Adults: A NHANES 2017-2020 Study.

BACKGROUND: Although metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has traditionally been regarded as a disease closely related to obesity, its prevalence is gradually rising in nonobese populations. The uric acid-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (UHR) is a novel metabolic biomarker that has been shown to be associated with MASLD. However, its role in nonobese individuals remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between UHR and nonobese MASLD. METHODS: Data from the 2017 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. UHR was calculated as the serum uric acid (UA) divided by the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). Liver steatosis (using controlled attenuation parameters, CAP) and fibrosis (using liver stiffness measurement, LSM) were evaluated through vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE). Multivariate linear regression was employed to evaluate associations. Nonlinear relationships were examined using smoothed curve fitting. RESULTS: This analysis included 3573 participants (47.41% male; aged 20-80 years). Log2-UHR was positively associated with CAP (β = 9.96, 95% CI: 6.93-12.98, P < 0.001) and MASLD prevalence (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.38-1.95, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed significant interactions by sex, age, ethnicity, and smoking status (all P for interaction < 0.05), with stronger associations in females, adults aged 40-59 years, individuals of other Hispanic ethnicity, and never-smokers. Moreover, the association between log2-UHR and CAP was linear and positive (P < 0.01). No significant association was found between log2-UHR and LSM (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: UHR is independently associated with hepatic steatosis but not fibrosis in nonobese US adults, suggesting its potential utility as an early risk assessment to tool. Large scale prospective studies are needed in the future to further validate the conclusions of this study.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Tranexamic acid in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a well-established antifibrinolytic medication in the general population. However, its efficacy and safety for patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain inconclusive. Consequently, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness and safety of TXA for spontaneous ICH. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) following established methodological standards. Our search encompassed eight electronic databases from inception to April 25, 2024. The primary outcome was a reduction in all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes included improvements in functional independence, neurological impairment, activities of daily living, and reduction in hematoma expansion (HE). Fixed-effects or random-effects model were performed for pooled data where eligible. RESULTS: A total of 9 RCTs that initially enrolled 3,124 patients were included. There were no significant differences observed concerning all-cause mortality (RR, 1.03; 95% CI [0.89-1.18]), hematoma expansion (RR, 0.90; 95% CI [0.80-1.00]), improvement of functional independence (RR, 1.02; 95% CI [0.92-1.12], neurological impairment (MD, -0.88 [95% CI, -2.22-0.45]), or activities in daily living (MD, -0.83 [95% CI, -29.25-12.59]). The pooled data indicated that TXA for ICH was associated with a decrease in hematoma volume from baseline (MD, -1.74; 95% CI [-2.47 to -1.02]). No significant difference in adverse events was observed between the TXA group and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, TXA does not affect all-cause mortality, functional outcomes, or neurological impairment, nor does it reduce HE, despite reducing hematoma volulume. TXA use for ICH requires careful clinical consideration.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Recovery of polysaccharides from marc and pomace through sequential extractions assisted by ultrasound, enzymes and acid maceration.

This study evaluated the pilot-scale recovery of polysaccharides from Vitis vinifera pomace/marc using sequential extraction strategies combining high-power ultrasound (UAE), enzymes (EAE), and acid maceration (AAE). Laboratory-scale trials identified optimal conditions for enzyme dosage and liquid/solid ratio (L/S). Pilot-scale trials demonstrated that the extraction sequence and the processing byproducts influenced extraction efficiency, total soluble polysaccharide in the extract (TSP), and polysaccharide composition. Post-maceration at pH 3.2, with/without the maximum enzyme dose after UAE in a L/S of 1.3/1, improved structural polysaccharide extraction from Viura pomace, while Tempranillo marc showed better recovery of pectic families and TSP with UAE + EAE. Separating grape pomace extract (UAE) from the post-maceration stage at pH 3.2 produced two extracts: E1, with higher yield (19.9%), enriched in structural polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, and E2, enriched in high and medium molecular weight pectic polysaccharides (58.03%), a low degree of esterification (17.1%) and more complex rhamnogalacturan structures.

Polysaccharides↗

PubMed2026

A randomized trial of omega-3 fatty acids plus inositol versus N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of depression and mania in emotionally dysregulated youth age 5-17 with and without autism traits.

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the nutraceutical treatments combined omega-3 fatty acid plus inositol (O3I) versus N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in children and adolescents with emotional dysregulation and the impact of the co-occurrence of autism traits (AT). Participants were male and female children (5-17) with emotional dysregulation and the presence/absence of AT, as defined by Child Behavior Checklist score, randomized to receive open-label O3I (1020 mg EPA and 1000-2000 mg Inositol) or NAC (1800-2700 mg) daily for 6 weeks. Clinicians measured severity and improvement of depression and mania with the NIMH Clinical Global Improvement Scale (CGI). Parents completed Parent-Youth Mania Rating Scale (P-YMRS) and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Both O3I and NAC resulted in modest improvements in mania and depression and did not differ significantly in between group comparison in their effectiveness. Participants taking O3I, but not NAC, demonstrated statistically significant within group improvement in depression per CDI. Participants taking NAC had a greater decrease in P-YMRS scores versus O3I, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. In the presence of AT, NAC was more effective than O3I for mania but not for depression. Further, participants taking NAC, but not O3I, demonstrated significant within group improvement in SRS and BRIEF scores. These results suggest that O3I and NAC may be beneficial for mania and depression in youth, with trends towards O3I more effective for depression and NAC more effective for mania. The presence of AT in youth with emotional dysregulation may moderate the impact of NAC.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Bacteroides cellulosilyticus-derived 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid rectifies hepatic lipid homeostasis in MASLD by targeting the PPARγ-CD36 axis.

The gut microbiota plays an important role in the occurrence and development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), but the specific molecular mechanisms involved have not been fully elucidated. In this study, human cohort studies were performed to identify that the relative abundance of Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (B. cellulosilyticus) was significantly decreased in patients with MASLD. Through the integration of metagenomic and metabolomic analyses, it was confirmed that B. cellulosilyticus and its metabolite 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (2HPAA) are key factors regulating the occurrence and development of MASLD. Single-cell sequencing and lipidomic analyses revealed that 2HPAA can enter the liver through the enterohepatic circulation to exert regulatory effects. Specifically, 2HPAA inhibits the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling pathway, thereby suppressing the expression of the fatty acid transporter CD36. Meanwhile, 2HPAA regulates lipid metabolism in hepatocytes by significantly enhancing palmitate conversion efficiency and inhibiting CD36 palmitoylation. This dual regulatory effect on CD36 expression and palmitoylation can reduce lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and ultimately alleviate MASLD progression. These findings reveal the mechanism by which B. cellulosilyticus and 2HPAA alleviate MASLD by targeting the PPARγ-CD36 pathway. This work provides a new perspective for the study of gut microbiota-host interactions in regulating liver diseases.

PPAR gamma↗