SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Amino Acids, Aromatic”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

259 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed2026

Fructophilic lactic acid bacteria as a window into multi-scale convergent evolution.

Fructophilic lactic acid bacteria (FLAB) are a group of lactic acid bacteria with unique growth characteristics, that is, poor growth on glucose. Their growth is enhanced in the presence of fructose or external electron acceptors. These organisms inhabit fructose-rich environments such as flowers, fruits, and pollinating insects, particularly honey bees. Apilactobacillus spp. and Fructobacillus spp. are representatives of FLAB, although they belong to phylogenetically distant clades. These organisms commonly possess markedly small genomes with a low number of coding DNA sequences. Furthermore, their genomes are characterized by a markedly reduced number of genes involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Genome reduction in FLAB reflects convergent adaptation to fructose-rich environments rather than general genome streamlining. The two distinct FLAB genera, Fructobacillus and Apilactobacillus, independently lost more than 100 genes in statistically similar orders. In contrast, genes involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism exhibited reversed orders of loss between the two genera. Furthermore, FLAB genomes lack an intact bifunctional alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (adhE), which causes their poor growth on glucose. A comparative genomic study suggested the evolutionary process underlying adhE gene decay during adaptation to the fructose-rich environments, including pollinating insects. In conclusion, FLAB represent a unique example of habitat-driven convergent reductive evolution that can be investigated across multiple biological scales - from individual genes to whole genomes - in the diverse LAB group with a wide range of habitats, and partially share the fructophilic evolution with eukaryotic yeasts found in fructose-rich habitats.

Fructose↗

PubMed2026

Proteomic insights into hepatic responses to high soybean meal inclusion with citric acid supplementation in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) juveniles.

This study evaluated the growth performance and hepatic proteomic responses of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) juveniles fed diets containing 30% or 40% soybean meal (SBM), with or without 3% citric acid supplementation, and compared with a fishmeal (FM) control diet over a 10-week feeding trial. Fish fed 30% SBM (LSBM) showed a final body weight comparable to the FM group, whereas fish fed 40% SBM (HSBM) recorded significantly reduced growth and net protein utilization (NPU) (p < 0.05). Supplementation of citric acid in the 40% SBM diet (HSBM + CA) significantly improved NPU and partially restored growth relative to HSBM. LC-MS/MS based quantitative proteomics identified 1544 hepatic proteins and showed clear dietary segregation. Differentially expressed proteins were predominantly associated with reduced abundance of proteins involved in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and the tricarboxylic cycle across all SBM diets, suggesting a shift in oxidative metabolic capacity. In contrast, LSBM induced upregulation of spliceosome-associated proteins and RNA processing components, suggesting adaptive post-transcriptional regulation under moderate SBM inclusion. In contrast, HSBM exhibited greater reduction in metabolic protein abundance without comparable upregulation of adaptive regulatory components, coinciding with reduced nutrient retention. Protein-protein interaction analysis further confirms the correlation between the regulation of spliceosomal clusters and mitochondrial lipid-catabolic modules. Citric acid supplementation did not markedly reverse hepatic metabolic protein changes but improved protein retention. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD081994. These findings suggest a tolerance limit between 30% and 40% SBM inclusion, with 30% inducing adaptive hepatic proteomic responses compatible with maintained growth performance.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Integrative machine learning and transcriptomic analysis reveals molecular mechanisms underlying low survival rate in larval Chinese Bahaba (Bahaba taipingensis).

Chinese Bahaba (Bahaba taipingensis) is a Class I protected marine fish endemic to China. Low larvae survival during artificial breeding severely hinder population recovery. To investigate the molecular mechanism of high mortality in larval fish, this study performed RNA-seq on liver from naturally deceased (ND) and mass-dead (MD) individuals, combined with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and random forest (RF) algorithms to screen for core signature genes. A total of 873 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 112 upregulated and 761 downregulated genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed significant enrichment in amino acid metabolism disorders, one‑carbon folate pool impairment, PPAR signaling abnormalities, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion pathway, indicating widespread metabolic suppression accompanied by extracellular matrix remodeling and signaling disturbances in the livers of MD fish. MAD pre-filtering combined with dual machine learning algorithms yielded 18 robust core signature genes, among which SLC38A4, MMP1, FADD, FKBP5, and APOB were consistently identified as high-frequency core genes by both algorithms. SLC38A4 exhibited the highest importance score in the RF model and was significantly downregulated, making it the primary molecule distinguishing ND from MD phenotypes. ROC curve analysis showed that both models achieved an AUC of 1.000 (95% CI lower bound: 0.610), confirming the precise discriminatory ability of the core genes. GSEA further demonstrated significant enrichment of this core gene set in ND samples. This study provides the first systematic elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying liver dysfunction in low survival rate B. taipingensis, characterized by amino acid transport impairment, metabolic reprogramming, and structural remodeling, offering theoretical foundations for health assessment, early mortality risk warning, and artificial breeding conservation of this species.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Early proteomic and metabolic signatures of liver and eye in OAT-deficient mice.

Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) deficiency causes hyperornithinemia and gyrate atrophy (GA) of the choroid and retina, a rare inherited retinal degeneration. To understand the early molecular changes that make the eye susceptible to damage, we performed quantitative proteomic and metabolomic profiling of liver, retina, and retinal pigment epithelium and choroid (RPE/Cho) from OAT-deficient (Oatrhg) mice prior to detectable vision impairment. In addition to reduced OAT expression and elevated ornithine, methylation-related metabolites such as N(6)-methyl-lysine were altered in all examined tissues of Oatrhg mice. In the liver, excess ornithine was directed into urea cycle metabolism, together with altered expression of detoxification enzymes and histone H2B proteins. In contrast, the retina showed minimal proteomic changes but pronounced alterations in amino acid pathways that support glutamate homeostasis. The RPE/Cho demonstrated the most extensive proteomic changes, particularly in mitochondrial metabolism, cytoskeleton, and extracellular matrix, along with changes in metabolites involved in lysine metabolism, energy metabolism, and antioxidant capacity. Incubation with 13C lysine demonstrated that lysine was primarily degraded in RPE/Cho but not the retina, and ornithine enhanced lysine degradation in an OAT-dependent manner. Together, these findings highlight common and tissue-specific impacts of OAT on the liver and ocular tissues and provide insight into early molecular changes that contribute to the selective vulnerability of the eye in GA. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD063614) and metabolomics data via MassIVE repository (MSV000101103).

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Distinct cell morphotypes of Aureobasidium melanogenum ZN exhibit differential functional profiles in promoting maize growth.

Black yeast-like fungi of the genus Aureobasidium exhibit morphological plasticity, but whether distinct cellular states within the same genetic background are associated with different plant growth-promoting functions remains unclear. Here, yeast-like cells (YL), swollen cells (SC), and chlamydospores (CH) of Aureobasidium melanogenum ZN were characterized. YL was associated mainly with siderophore production and laccase activity, SC with extracellular polysaccharide accumulation, and CH with phosphate mobilization and higher ammonia and IAA production. Whole-genome and comparative genomic analyses revealed a shared repertoire related to nutrient acquisition, auxin-associated metabolism, extracellular oxidation, and carbohydrate remodeling, with expansions in nutrient- and cell-surface-related gene families. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed distinct deployment of these capacities, with CH exhibiting broad reprogramming of tryptophan-associated, nitrogen, phosphate, central-carbon, and amino-acid metabolism. In maize, CH at the optimal inoculation concentration of 105 CFU·mL-1 produced the strongest growth promotion, increasing plant height, dry biomass, root length, root surface area, and root volume by 58.6%, 365.1%, 191.0%, 194.3%, and 222.4%, respectively. Consistent with this pronounced growth phenotype, maize root transcriptomics showed coordinated CH-induced responses involving root development, nutrient transport, redox regulation, and root-interface remodeling. Root-zone tracking showed greater short-term stability and persistence of CH. These findings identify cellular state as an important functional dimension of Aureobasidium-plant interactions and provide a basis for developing fungal inoculants with defined beneficial cellular states.

Zea mays↗

PubMed2026

Mechanisms of high-humidity hot air impingement blanching (HHAIB) on microbial counts, functional properties, phenolic profile transformation, and volatile compounds in celery stalks (Apium graveolens L.).

In this study, celery stalks were pretreated with different durations (0-150 s) of high-humidity hot air impingement blanching (HHAIB), followed by far-infrared radiation assisted pulsed vacuum freeze-drying (FIR-PVFD) at 60, 65, and 70 °C. The effects of HHAIB on the physicochemical properties, composition and transformation of phenolic compounds, volatile components, and antioxidant capacity of FIR-PVFD-dried celery stalks were systematically investigated. The results showed that HHAIB not only effectively reduced the counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB) and total yeast and mold (TYM), but also decreased the relative activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and lipoxygenase (LOX) by more than 91% after 90 s of treatment. HHAIB altered the cellular structure of celery stalks, shortened the drying time by 29.33-41.43%, and improved their hydration properties. HHAIB pretreatment promoted the conversion of bound phenolics to free phenolics in celery stalks, with significant increases in the contents of p-coumaric acid, apigenin, graveobioside A, and other components. The total free phenolic content increased by 56.99%, thus HHAIB enhanced the antioxidant activity. An electronic nose and sensory evaluation revealed that HHAIB-pretreated celery stalks better retained the characteristic herbal and pungent notes. GC-MS results indicated that HHAIB treatment optimized the aroma profile by regulating the contents and composition of terpenes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and aromatic compounds.

Apium↗

PubMed2026

Temporal shifts in gyrA mutation types and sublineage replacement in ST11 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis over a decade (2014-2023): A genomic epidemiological study in Guangxi, China.

The overuse or abuse of antibiotics drives the global health threat of antimicrobial resistance. Although bans on certain veterinary antibiotics, such as colistin, have proven effective, the impact of fluoroquinolone stewardship on the evolution of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) remains unclear. Here, we conducted a decade-long (2014-2023) retrospective longitudinal genomic epidemiological analysis of 441 ST11 S. Enteritidis isolates from Guangxi, China, alongside a global reference dataset of 4297 genomes. Our aim was to elucidate the effect of real-world antibiotic stewardship on the shift of gyrA point mutations and lineage distribution. Surveillance identified three global epidemic clade sublineages (GEC-L2, L3, L4), with the multidrug-resistant GEC-L4 (i.e., GC-c or MMC2), characterized by the gyrA mutation with amino acid substitution D87Y, being domestically dominant (70.07%, 309/441). Following China's 2016 ban on the veterinary use of critical fluoroquinolones, the proportion of the highly resistant GEC-L4 sublineage decreased continuously (from 86.84% in 2017 to 56.00% in 2023), while the less resistant GEC-L3 sublineage (i.e., GC-b or MMC1), mainly characterized by gyrA D87G, increased simultaneously (from 13.16% to 44.00%). This phenomenon might be attributed to the fact that the GEC-L4 sublineage exhibited a higher fitness cost compared with the GEC-L3 sublineage, as confirmed by the competition assay. A Random Forest Model validated that the gyrA mutation with amino acid substitution D87Y was the paramount feature for these sublineages' identification. In contrast, global data showed a continuous increase in gyrA mutations (from 8.63% in 2006 to 68.85% in 2024), primarily D87Y (from 1.44% to 31.15%) and D87N (from 4.32% to 22.95%), correlating with rising average fluoroquinolone consumption. This study provides direct genomic evidence that national-level antibiotic stewardship can drive the replacement of highly resistant sublineages with moderately resistant ones. These findings offer crucial scientific evidence for evaluating the impact of antibiotic management policies and inform strategies for the rational use of antimicrobials.

China↗

PubMed2025

Uncovering parental exposure risks of TCPP: Impaired development and metabolic homeostasis in zebrafish offspring.

As brominated flame retardants are phased out, tris (1‑chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), a phosphorus-based flame retardant, has emerged as a prominent detectable flame retardant in the environment. However, TCPP has been found to exhibit endocrine-disrupting effects on organisms, raising significant safety concerns. In our study, we utilized the zebrafish model to explore the toxic effects of parental TCPP exposure on offspring and uncover its regulatory mechanisms through metabolomics analysis. Moreover, the impact on the nervous system and lipid metabolism was examined through behavioral analysis and specific staining. Our findings demonstrated that both embryonic and parental TCPP exposure induced developmental disorders in larvae, along with decreased locomotor activity and disordered lipid metabolism homeostasis. Parental exposure to TCPP, exhibiting stronger developmental toxicity than direct embryonic exposure, notably led to reductions in crucial energy substrates such as amino acids and carbohydrates. Meanwhile, embryonic TCPP exposure primarily affected the endogenous lipid-related metabolites including phospholipids, lipid-soluble vitamins, steroids and fatty acids, promoting lipid accumulation in larval liver and subcutaneous tissue. What's more, continuously parental and embryonic exposure showed the most pronounced effects on zebrafish development and metabolic regulation. Our study highlights the risk posed by parental exposure to TCPP on offspring zebrafish, underscoring the need for comprehensive consideration of the impact from parental exposure in pollutants regulation.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Desert-derived Ensifer sp. SA403 enhances potato salt tolerance by reshaping rhizosphere microbiome functions and host responses.

Soil salinization increasingly threatens global food security, and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), a moderately salt-sensitive crop, is particularly vulnerable to saline soils. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offer a promising strategy to improve crop performance, yet how PGPR interact with native microorganisms to enhance potato salt tolerance remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a desert-derived PGPR strain, Ensifer sp. SA403, which substantially enhanced potato performance under high salinity across sterile, non-sterile and field conditions. Physiologically, inoculation with SA403 reduced shoot Na⁺ accumulation and increased the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio; notably, these effects were markedly stronger in non-sterile substrates than under sterile conditions, indicating that SA403-mediated ion homeostasis relies on cooperation with the resident microbiota rather than on the strain acting alone. Metagenomic profiling indicated that SA403 strain reshaped rhizosphere communities, significantly enriching beneficial taxa such as Priestia and Bradyrhizobium, and upregulated functional pathways involved in glutathione and sulfur metabolism. Furthermore, host transcriptomic analyses showed that SA403 modulated plant responses to salt stress, with differentially expressed genes enriched in jasmonic acid signaling, ethanolamine metabolism and amino-acid biosynthesis pathways. Field trials on saline soils confirmed that SA403 significantly increased seedling emergence and tuber weight. Together, our results demonstrate that SA403 functions as a biological mediator that optimizes rhizosphere microecology and coordinates ion balance and host signaling to enhance potato salt tolerance. These findings support the potential of SA403 as a robust PGPR-based tool for sustainable potato production on saline soils.

Rhizosphere↗

PubMed2026

The gut microbiota-obesity axis in the pathogenesis and prognosis of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) remains a major global health concern, accounting for 11.7% of all cancer cases and ranking as the second leading cause of female cancer-related deaths worldwide. Increasing evidence highlights the interplay between gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis and obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction in BC progression. This review aims to elucidate the role of GM in obese patients with BC. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science databases for publications from July 2015 to January 2025. Search terms combined BC, GM, obesity, dysbiosis, immunity, and microbiome. Article selection prioritized studies investigating microbial alterations in BC patients, mechanistic links between obesity and cancer progression, and GM-targeted interventions. Both original studies and authoritative reviews were included, supplemented by manual reference screening. DISCUSSION: Obesity may trigger systemic inflammation, altered adipokine secretion, and disrupted steroid hormone metabolism via gut-derived β-glucuronidase activity, thereby exacerbating BC occurrence and recurrence. GM dysbiosis-driven metabolites such as branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can activate oncogenic signaling pathways and immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), fostering tumor immune evasion. Conversely, dietary interventions, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can alleviate dysbiosis, strengthen gut barriers, and restore anti-tumor immunity, improving chemotherapy response and reducing recurrence. However, challenges persist in deciphering BC subtype-related microbial signatures and optimizing microbiota-targeted therapies. CONCLUSION: Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify causal relationships, validate microbial biomarkers, and translate preclinical findings into clinical applications. Addressing the gut-breast axis may offer transformative potential for precision oncology in obesity-driven BC.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Integrated metabolomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses reveal changes in the non-volatile metabolite profile of LED light-withered oolong tea.

LED light withering is a crucial method for overcoming weather limitations and enhancing the quality of oolong tea. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, this study simulated solar spectra using multiwavelength LED light and compared the resulting metabolic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles during the enzymatic-catalysis process (ECP) in oolong tea processing. Results indicated that LED light withering altered gene expression and protein regulation of secondary metabolism, particularly in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. These shifts encompassed key quality-related compounds, including flavonoids (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, dihydroquercetin), amino acids (L-asparagine, L-histidine), guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP), and carbohydrates. Furthermore, LED light withering accelerated tea leaf water loss, influenced gene expression involved in photosynthetic cellular components (chloroplasts, thylakoids), increased ascorbate peroxidase regulation under stress, and subsequently modulated energy metabolism and signal transduction in tea leaves. This study offers molecular theoretical framework for the controlled light-withering of oolong tea under bad weather and the associated improvements in its quality.

Camellia sinensis↗

PubMed2026

Effects of faba bean-based crisping culture on phenotypic characteristics, muscle quality, and serum metabolome in Nile tilapia: Screening biomarkers to assess the degree of crisping.

Feeding Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) a faba bean-based crisping diet enhances muscle hardness (crispness) and overall flesh quality. However, the underlying mechanisms and reliable biomarkers remain insufficiently defined. This study integrated phenotypic traits, muscle texture, collagen content, serum antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px), MDA levels, and serum metabolomics to understand the determinants of muscle crisping. Fish were assigned to a crisping diet or a control group for 90 days. Individuals in the crisping group were implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to enable correlation analyses among phenotypic traits (body weight/length/frame changes), serum indicators (NAM, FAD, and GSH-Px) and muscle hardness. Compared with controls, the crisping diet significantly increased muscle hardness, gumminess, and chewiness, accompanied by elevated collagen content. Antioxidant profiles were altered, with higher activities of serum SOD and CAT, together with elevated MDA levels and reduced GSH-Px activity (P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis identified 830 differential metabolites (682 upregulated and 148 downregulated), predominantly comprising carboxylic acids and derivatives, glycerophospholipids, and benzene derivatives. Enrichment analysis indicated significant involvement in general metabolic pathways, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, amino acid biosynthesis, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism (P < 0.05). Notably, acetylpyruvate was upregulated in glutathione metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and galactose metabolism; pantothenic acid was upregulated in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; whereas δ-tocotrienol was downregulated. Correlation analysis revealed weak negative associations between muscle hardness and phenotypic traits (body weight/length/frame changes D5-7, D5-10, D7-8) (P < 0.05). In contrast, serum NAM and FAD were weakly positively correlated with muscle hardness, whereas GSH-Px showed a weak negative correlation (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings suggest that body weight, body length, frame measurements (D5-7, D5-10, and D7-8), and serum NAM, FAD, and GSH-Px are associated with the degree of muscle crispness in Nile tilapia fed a faba bean-based crisping diet and may serve as candidate biomarkers under these culture conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Enhancement flavor quality in Zhao'an Baxian oolong tea through enhanced turning-over process.

A systematical investigation on the effects of turning-over intensity on the flavor formation of Zhao'an Baxian oolong tea (ZBT) was performed, through a comparative analysis of heavy turning-over (HT) and light turning-over (LT) treatments in this study. The tea samples were subjected to proteomic and metabolomic analyses, combined with quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and electronic sensory (E-tongue/E-nose) evaluation. The results demonstrate that HT significantly reduced the content of bitter and astringent compounds, such as catechins and flavonol glycosides, while promoting the accumulation of umami-related amino acids. Concurrently, HT enhanced the biosynthesis of key floral and fruity volatiles, such as β-ocimene, geraniol, benzaldehyde, jasmone by activating stress-responsive metabolic pathways. These coordinated biochemical changes, driven by enzyme-catalyzed reactions in response to prolonged mechanical wounding and environmental stress, collectively improved the overall sensory profile of ZBT. These findings provide a mechanistic foundation for improving ZBT production, with clear implications for quality control and flavor-oriented product development.

Tea↗

PubMed2026

Flux rewiring enables native D-glucosamine production in Escherichia coli.

D-Glucosamine is an industrially important amino sugar used in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and functional materials, yet its production remains dominated by chemical extraction from chitinous biomass, raising sustainability and allergen concerns. Escherichia coli natively synthesizes D-glucosamine directly from D-glucose through endogenous metabolism, revealing an underutilized amino sugar biosynthetic capability. Building on this native pathway, D-glucosamine production was enhanced through targeted genetic modifications and systematic optimization of nitrogen metabolism and cultivation conditions, reaching 9.2 g L-1 under shake-flask conditions. This work extends a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation strategy previously developed for neutral rare sugars to amino sugar biosynthesis, demonstrating the broader applicability of this metabolic design principle. Phosphatase identity emerged as a key control point for product formation: YbiV was the most effective phosphatase for selective D-glucosamine production, whereas alternative phosphatases redirected flux toward D-sedoheptulose. This enzyme-dependent flux partitioning further enabled tunable co-production of D-glucosamine and D-sedoheptulose. Native amino sugar biosynthesis in E. coli provides a controllable framework for producing chemically distinct sugars through endogenous metabolism and establishes a generalizable strategy for engineering amino sugar and other nitrogen-containing metabolite biosynthesis.

Escherichia coli↗

PubMed2026

Genetic diversity and recombination of NA-PRRSV field strains in Vietnam: Implications for vaccine efficacy.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes severe reproductive losses in pregnant sows and piglets, resulting in substantial economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. However, due to the significant genetic diversity and rapid evolutionary changes of the pathogen, continuous surveillance and detailed genetic analysis of circulating strains are essential. The current study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of the hypervariable (HV) region of non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) among North American PRRSV strains isolated from swine farms in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment were conducted to determine subtype classification and assess genetic variability. A total of 48 field isolates were obtained, of which 12.5% belonged to classical NA-PRRSV, 16.6% to NADC30-like and 70.9% to HP-PRRSV, primarily distributed across sublineages 1.4, 5.1, 8.7 and 8.9. Amino acid comparisons found multiple insertions, deletions and substitutions at various positions within the hypervariable region of nsp2. The study revealed substantial genetic variation in the HV region of nsp2 among NA-PRRSV field strains, largely associated with recombination and immune escape. These findings highlight epidemiological risks to vaccine efficacy and underscore the need for continuous molecular surveillance to support effective PRRSV control in Vietnam.

PRRSV↗

PubMed2026

Complete mitochondrial genomes of eight cyclophyllidean tapeworms: genome pattern and phylogenetic analysis.

Cyclophyllidean tapeworms are widespread parasites of significant medical and veterinary importance. However, mitochondrial (mt) genomic resources for cyclophyllideans from China, particularly those recovered from wildlife hosts, remain comparatively limited. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete mt genomes of eight cyclophyllidean isolates collected from diverse wild and domestic hosts in China, including two Hymenolepis sp. isolates and two Raillietina sp. isolates from China, and four additional isolates of previously sequenced Taenia species. The circular mt genomes ranged from 13,387 to 14,021 bp in length, encoding 36 typical genes with variable non-coding regions. Comparative analysis revealed highly conserved gene composition and mostly conserved mt architecture, with localized rearrangement patterns detected among the cyclophyllidean lineages examined. In particular, all sampled Taeniidae exhibited a consistent trnL1-trnS2 arrangement, whereas the examined non-Taeniidae families showed the trnS2-trnL1 arrangement, confirming and extending, across additional wildlife-associated isolates, a previously proposed family-associated gene-order marker within Cyclophyllidea. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences of the 12 protein-coding genes placed the eight isolates within their expected families, in topologies broadly consistent with previous mitogenomic studies. These data provide additional Chinese mitogenomic references, especially for underrepresented wildlife-associated isolates, and support family-associated gene-order patterns in Cyclophyllidea.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Differential contributions of mt-Tr and Cs variants to developmental cochlear defects and mitochondrial dysfunction in A/J mice.

A/J mice exhibit early-onset hearing loss linked to Cdh23, mitochondrial tRNA-Arg (mt-Tr), and citrate synthase (Cs) variants. Although developmental cochlear defects have been identified in juvenile A/J mice, the hierarchical contributions of mt-Tr versus Cs remain unclear. Using reciprocal intercross-derived strains to decouple mitochondrial haplotypes from nuclear factors, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial background is the primary determinant of auditory dysfunction. Mice with A/J mtDNA (AXB strains) displayed significantly higher ABR thresholds, accelerated hair cell attrition, and severe stereocilia dysmorphology compared to those with B6 mtDNA (BXA strains), occurring largely independently of the Cs genotype. While the Cs mutation exacerbated hearing loss, its impact was secondary to that of the dominant mitochondrial background. Systemic behavioral assessments and mitochondrial assays confirmed that A/J mitochondria exert a more profound metabolic impact than the Cs mutation. Our findings establish that the mitochondrial genomic background, with the mt-Tr locus as a prominent candidate variant, serves as the principal driver of developmental cochlear defects and early-onset hearing loss in A/J mice, while the nuclear Cs mutation acts as a synergistic modifier. This study underscores the critical role of mitonuclear crosstalk in inner ear maturation and provides new insights into the etiology of hereditary hearing loss.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Plasticity of hepatic metabolism in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in response to cyclic hypoxia.

The emergence of cyclic hypoxia puts aquatic organisms' homeostasis under significant strain. Energetic metabolism as well as protein synthesis and folding are particularly altered during hypoxia, while reoxygenation imposes an oxidative challenge. Currently, little is known about how hypoxia-sensitive organisms respond to large oxygen fluctuations. Our previous work on Arctic char revealed that this salmonid, despite being strongly affected by acute hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R), can successfully reestablish homeostasis, notably through adjustments to hepatic mitochondrial metabolism. However, the mechanisms underlying this acclimation remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that Arctic char remodel their hepatic proteome to optimize energy metabolism, reorganize oxygen-demanding pathways, and maintain cellular homeostasis during repeated H/R cycles. By exposing Arctic char to two or fifteen days of diel cyclic hypoxia, we confirmed this species' limited capacity to respond to acute H/R. Nevertheless, after fifteen cycles, fish adjusted their energetic metabolism through coordinated regulation of carbohydrate and lipid pathways and upregulation of amino acid metabolism. Mitochondrial metabolism was strongly reorganized, particularly at the ubiquinone-Complex III interaction level, alongside adjustments in proline utilization and protein processing. Moreover, protein processing and folding pathways were stimulated in both mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. However, chronic cyclic hypoxia may still promote non-mitochondrial ROS production, DNA replication stress, and impaired immune function. This study highlights how a hypoxia-sensitive fish progressively reorganizes its metabolism and oxygen-demanding pathways to establish a phenotype adapted to chronic cyclic hypoxia, while also revealing the physiological costs associated with this acclimation.

Animals↗