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PubMed2026

Emerging techniques of CRISPR/Cas system in antiviral therapy and diagnostics: Applications, limitations, and translational perspectives.

The CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) system is a versatile technology for developing antiviral medicines and editing viral genomes in both diagnostics and vaccine synthesis. Emerging insights into class 2 effectors, such as Cas9, Cas12, and Cas13, which target viral DNA and RNA, have revolutionized vaccines against viruses such as HIV, HPV, HBV, and EBV. Innovative diagnostic techniques such as SHERLOCK, DETECTR, and FELUDA have demonstrated system's diversity and accuracy in detecting the virus markers, supporting clinical decision-making, indicating adaptability and precision of CRISPR. This review critically evaluates CRISPR's role in RNA editing, emphasizing its importance for functional genomics and development of recombinant vaccines. Translational challenges are critically discussed, including off-target effects, delivery limitations, and ethical issues, for which unique approaches such as high-fidelity Cas variants, non-viral delivery systems, and bioethical frameworks are evaluated to address these limitations. This review also covers other social implications, such as accessibility and biosecurity risks, associated with CRISPR technologies Collectively, these advances underscore the transformative potential of CRISPR technologies in shaping next-generation antiviral diagnostics and therapeutics.

CRISPR-Cas Systems↗
PubMed2026

Air Pollution and Heat Impacts on Respiratory Morbidity and Mortality Outcomes in Africa: A Systematic Review Towards a Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: This review synthesised evidence on associations between air pollution and respiratory morbidity in Africa. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, ScienceDirect and Elicit for case-control studies published between 2015 and 2025. RECENT FINDINGS: Thirteen studies from ten African countries reported pollutant levels far exceeding WHO guidelines. Indoor PM₂.₅ in biomass-using homes ranged from 96 to 177 µg/m³, and ambient PM₂.₅ reached 259 µg/m³. Nitrogen oxides were consistently associated with reduced lung function in children, while household air pollution increased risks of under-five mortality and low birthweight. Associations with acute respiratory infections varied across settings. Vulnerability was greatest among young children, those with airway hyperresponsiveness, and households with poor ventilation. Only three studies included temperature, and none examined heat-respiratory interactions. Across African case-control studies, particulate matter and household air pollution remain consistently linked to adverse respiratory outcomes, highlighting urgent needs for cleaner fuels, improved ventilation, and stronger evidence on combined pollution and heat exposures.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Colchicine attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by targeting the macrophage-driven Interleukin-6 suppression.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most prevalent inherited cardiovascular disease, is strongly linked to progressive heart failure and sudden cardiac death (SCD). However, its underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain incompletely understood, and effective therapeutic strategies are still lacking. Here, we established two murine HCM models harboring high SCD risk-associated mutations. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed immune activation and enhanced fibrotic remodeling in the myocardium of these models. Therefore, we hypothesized that colchicine, a widely used anti-inflammatory drug known to reduce cardiovascular events in multiple cardiac disorders, may also represent a promising therapeutic candidate for HCM. As we expected, colchicine treatment attenuated pathological remodeling in our study, as evidenced by reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, decreased fibrosis, and downregulation of cardiac stress markers (Anp, Bnp) and fibrotic mediators (Ctgf, Col1a1, Col3a1). In addition, colchicine attenuated pro-inflammatory macrophage populations and suppressed IL-6 expression, thereby contributing to the preservation of cardiac function. These findings provide the first preclinical evidence that colchicine alleviates myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in HCM, underscoring its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce fibrosis, lower SCD risk, and improve patient outcomes.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Review: The African turquoise killifish as a model for the integrative physiology of vertebrate aging.

With increasing emphasis on extending healthy lifespan, aging research requires vertebrate models that permit efficient mechanistic investigation and intervention testing within practical time and cost constraints. The African turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) has attracted growing attention because it combines an exceptionally short life cycle with an intact vertebrate physiological context and an expanding genetic toolkit, enabling relatively rapid evaluation of candidate aging interventions and mechanistic analysis across molecular, tissue, and organismal levels. This review assesses N. furzeri from an integrative-physiology perspective, focusing on germline-soma interactions, gut microbiota-host crosstalk, nutrient sensing and metabolic remodeling, temperature responsiveness, and AMPK-mTOR-linked programs. It also examines expanding genome-engineering and reporter approaches that support mechanistic and tissue-resolved investigation of these physiological processes. Building on recent reviews of killifish biology, disease modeling, regeneration, and the hallmarks of aging, we synthesize evidence across major intervention domains, distinguish established phenotypic effects from incompletely resolved mechanisms, and highlight functional endpoints, methodological standardization, and the appropriate interpretation of the model's translational relevance. Together, these features position N. furzeri as a strategically useful vertebrate platform for rapid mechanistic testing, intervention evaluation, and prioritization of aging-related pathways. Future progress will require improved methodological standardization, tissue-resolved causal studies, and question-driven cross-species validation where appropriate.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Mul-PheG2P: decoupled learning and prediction-space fusion enables robust and interpretable multi-phenotype genomic prediction.

Genomic prediction of multiple phenotypes is crucial in modern plant breeding; however, existing methods struggle with negative transfer and lack interpretability, particularly across high-dimensional small-sample data and diverse species. To address this, we propose Mul-PheG2P, a novel paradigm based on decoupled learning and predictive space fusion. It employs a two-stage design: first training phenotype-specific encoders using genetic data, then decoupling phenotype-specific learning from cross-phenotype aggregation via an interpretable prediction layer. Mul-PheG2P outperforms existing methods across diverse crop datasets, including maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). It provides a multi-scale interpretability chain: at the macro level, it quantifies phenotypic contributions via attention-based weighting; at the micro level, Integrated Gradients reveal the genetic basis of predictions. Notably, the model successfully identified the CCT (CONSTANS, CO-like, and TOC) motif regulating photoperiodism and the SQUAMOSA (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein) promoter for inflorescence development, confirming its ability to capture functional biological mechanisms. These results highlight the high performance and interpretability of Mul-PheG2P, showcasing its value for low-cost, large-scale screening to advance precision breeding.

Phenotype↗
PubMed2026

Advanced mitigation strategies for acrylamide formation in foods: Mechanistic insights, emerging innovations, and future perspectives.

Acrylamide is a heat-induced contaminant formed predominantly in carbohydrate-rich foods during high-temperature processing, posing significant concerns due to its potential carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic effects. This review critically examines the mechanisms of acrylamide formation, emphasizing the role of the Maillard reaction and key precursors such as asparagine and reducing sugars, along with the influence of processing conditions including temperature, time, pH, and moisture. Various mitigation strategies are comprehensively discussed, ranging from raw material selection and genetic approaches to enzymatic treatments such as asparaginase and the application of natural and chemical inhibitors. Advances in processing technologies, including optimization of conventional thermal methods and emerging non-thermal techniques such as cold plasma and ultrasound, are evaluated for their effectiveness. The review also highlights the role of food additives, functional ingredients, and fermentation in reducing acrylamide formation. Furthermore, recent developments in analytical techniques, including chromatographic methods, biosensors, and artificial intelligence-based predictive models, are explored for improved detection and control. Risk assessment, toxicological implications, and global regulatory frameworks are also examined. Finally, future perspectives focusing on genetic engineering, personalized nutrition, and digital technologies such as AI and blockchain are discussed to support sustainable and industry-applicable mitigation strategies.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2026

LitCTL1: A novel C-type lectin involved in the mucosal and cellular immunity of the common periwinkle Littorinalittorea.

C-type lectins (CTLs) are vital pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate innate immune responses in mollusks, yet their characterization in Caenogastropoda, the largest gastropod group, remains limited. This study characterizes LitCTL1, a novel secreted single-domain C-type lectin from the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea. The 199-amino acid polypeptide contains a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain with canonical QPD and WND motifs and is predicted to form a homodimer. Uniquely, LitCTL1 was localized in both circulating hemocytes and mucus-secreting epithelial cells of the foot, mantle, and hypobranchial gland - the first report of such dual localization for a molluscan lectin, linking systemic and mucosal defense. Expression analysis revealed that LitCTL1 is constitutively expressed in hemocytes. Functional assays with recombinant LitCTL1 demonstrated its role as a potent opsonin with hemagglutinating activity, significantly enhancing hemocyte spreading and the phagocytosis of zymosan. Genomic analysis reveals that LitCTL1 belongs to a rapidly diversifying, genus-specific expansion distinct from conserved perlucin-like lineages. These results identify LitCTL1 as a key effector molecule in both systemic and mucosal innate immunity, likely reflecting an evolutionary adaptation to the microbial challenges of the intertidal environment.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Recent advances in electrode materials for electrochemical detection of zearalenone.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin commonly found in cereals, animal feed, and processed foods, making it an important concern for food safety and public health. Conventional chromatographic and immunological methods can detect ZEN; however, they often require expensive instruments, lengthy sample preparation, and skilled personnel, which restrict their use for rapid and on-site testing. Electrochemical sensors have attracted enormous interest of the scientific community because of their high sensitivity, rapid response, low cost, miniaturization potential, and compatibility with portable systems. The analytical performance of the electrochemical sensors is strongly influenced by electrode materials, morphology, conductivity, porosity, surface functionality, and the efficiency of bioreceptor immobilization. Despite several reviews on mycotoxin detection, a systematic assessment connecting electrode-material design, modification strategies, sensing mechanisms, and electroanalytical performance specifically for ZEN sensing remain limited. This review critically evaluates recent advances in metal oxides, carbon-based materials, metal-organic- and covalent organic frameworks, MXenes, polymers, and hybrid composites for electrochemical ZEN detection. Particular attention has been given to their roles in electron transfer, analyte enrichment, selectivity, and real-sample analysis. The review also compares the major limitations of current sensing systems, including complex fabrication, matrix interference, insufficient long-term stability, poor inter-electrode reproducibility, and limited scalability. Finally, future directions for developing robust, cost-effective, portable, and commercially viable ZEN sensors are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

Translational reprogramming of TGF-β signaling via TRMT61A-mediated tRNA m1A drives prostatic fibrosis and hyperplasia.

Dysregulation of the epitranscriptomic landscape is closely linked to pathological proliferation, but its specific role in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remains unclear. Here, we identify the tRNA methyltransferase TRMT61A as a critical driver of BPH progression. We found that TRMT61A and global N1-methyladenosine (m1A) levels are aberrantly upregulated in human BPH tissues. Functionally, TRMT61A knockdown potently suppresses prostate cell proliferation and reduces stromal fibrosis, inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and reversing pathological remodeling both in vitro and in vivo. By integrating ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) and tRNA-seq, we observed that TRMT61A drives translational reprogramming. TRMT61A preserves the stability of specific tRNA isoacceptors (e.g., tRNA-Leu-CAA), which is required for the efficient decoding of mRNAs containing m1A-dependent codons. Consequently, TRMT61A selectively promotes the translational elongation of the key receptor TGFβR1. This amplifies downstream TGF-β/SMAD signaling and drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) without affecting mRNA transcription. In summary, our study reveals how TRMT61A drives BPH progression through TGFβR1 translation, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting epitranscriptomic pathways to reverse prostatic hyperplasia and fibrosis.

Male↗
PubMed2026

Integrated multi-omics analyses identify an RAS-SLC11A2-associated molecular framework linking iron metabolism with PCOS-related cardiometabolic risk.

INTRODUCTION: PCOS is a common endocrine disorder with elevated cardiometabolic risk, yet the role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-iron metabolism axis in this comorbidity remains unclear. We explored its underlying mechanisms and evaluated the therapeutic potential of gentiopicroside. METHODS: Integrated multi-omics analyses combining transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, Mendelian randomization, machine learning, molecular docking, and in vitro functional assays were performed to identify shared molecular pathways and therapeutic targets across PCOS, hypertension, NAFLD, and T2DM. RESULTS: SLC11A2 was consistently dysregulated in PCOS transcriptomic datasets, and associated with iron metabolism, inflammatory response and oxidative stress pathways. Genetic analyses validated RAS-related regulation in hypertension susceptibility and revealed shared genetic architecture between PCOS and cardiometabolic traits. Network and single-cell analyses characterized SLC11A2-associated molecular patterns in disease-relevant cell types; machine learning identified disease-classifying molecular signatures. Gentiopicroside alleviated inflammatory and oxidative stress phenotypes, including reduced IL-6 expression and reactive oxygen species accumulation. CONCLUSION: This study defines an RAS-SLC11A2 molecular framework linking iron metabolism dysregulation to PCOS-related cardiometabolic risk, elucidating the mechanisms connecting ovarian dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress and hypertension, and supports gentiopicroside as a promising therapeutic candidate.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Molecular characterization of 16 MAPK genes in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and the differences of their mRNA expression between Qiandao Lake and Taihu Lake.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a serine-threonine protein kinase, is involved in a variety of stress-induced responses and also plays an important regulatory role in cell metabolism. In the study the open reading frames (ORFs) of 16 MAPK genes in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) were obtained and verified, with the evaluations of their taxonomy, structures, conserved motifs, and evolutionary linkages. And the expression patterns of these genes in the silver carp from Qiandao Lake and Taihu Lake were explored for better understanding the response of MAPK genes to different water environment. MAPK genes of silver carp were divided into three subfamilies, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) subfamily, p38 subfamily and C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) subfamily. All these genes possessed similar structures and conserved motifs of MAPK family. Realtime qPCR revealed that the expression patterns of 10 MAPK genes (ScMAPK1, ScMAPK3, ScMAPK4, ScMAPK7, ScMAPK15, ScMAPK8a, ScMAPK8b, ScMAPK9, ScMAPK10 and ScMAPK11) in head kidney, spleen and gill of silver carp in Taihu Lake and Qiandao Lake were different. These findings provide a basis for further research on the function of MAPK in silver carp.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Diving Deeper Into Mechanisms of Acrylamide-Induced Toxicity: RNA Sequencing Reveals Transcriptomic Alteration and Retrotransposon Expression in Drosophila melanogaster.

Given the inevitability of human and animal exposure to acrylamide, there is increasing concern regarding its potential health risks. While a number of molecular mechanisms have been proposed, the complexity of acrylamide toxicological pathways and interactions remains incompletely characterized. In this study, we employed a transcriptomic approach to investigate the transcriptional responses of Drosophila melanogaster following exposure to acrylamide (100 mg/kg). Our analysis identified 634 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 362 upregulated and 272 downregulated. Functional analysis revealed these DEGs are enriched in pathways related to reproduction, detoxification, cellular and metabolic processes, signaling, synaptic formation and organization. Notably, acrylamide exposure upregulated the expression of tau and beta-amyloid protein precursor-like genes, both implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathology. An aversive memory test further demonstrated that acrylamide impaired the short-term memory of treated flies. Additionally, acrylamide-induced toxicity altered the expression of nine long terminal repeat retrotransposons, belonging to the gypsy and pao superfamilies. By exploring the potential role of transposable element activity in acrylamide-mediated toxicity, this study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects. Collectively, these findings offer a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and pathways associated with the toxic action and detoxification of acrylamide in D. melanogaster.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Identification of aquaporin (AQP) genes in the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis and characterization of their expression under low-temperature stress.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channel proteins essential for water homeostasis and cellular stress responses. In marine bivalves, their roles in cold tolerance remain poorly understood despite frequent winter mortality events in aquaculture. Here, we identified nine AQP genes in the genome of the economically important noble scallop Chlamys nobilis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strong conservation with other bivalve AQPs, and structural features, including conserved NPA motifs and ar/R selectivity filters, support their canonical water/glycerol transport functions. Tissue-specific expression profiling showed predominant enrichment in osmoregulatory tissues (gills, intestine) and gonads. Under both chronic and acute low-temperature stress from 23 °C to 9 °C, most CnAQP genes exhibited transient upregulation followed by suppression. Notably, CnAQP4 displayed sustained upregulation, implicating it as a key mediator of long-term cold adaptation. Promoter analysis further revealed abundant cis-elements linked to growth and development as well as immune regulation. Our findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of the AQP family in C. nobilis, highlighting its critical role in maintaining cellular integrity during cold stress and offering molecular targets for selective breeding of cold-tolerant scallop strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Longitudinal associations between family factors and the neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes of children with congenital heart disease: A systematic review.

Family factors have been gaining increased attention in understanding adverse neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes for children with congenital heart disease (CHD). To clarify relevance, we undertook a systematic review of only longitudinal studies which assessed such associations. Comparisons with the contribution of disease/surgical factors were also made where included studies considered such. We included longitudinal studies which assessed dynamic family factors (e.g. parent mental health, attachment, family functioning) and later child outcomes. Searches were conducted across CINAHL, Medline-Pubmed, PsychInfo and SCOPUS Web of Science. The NIH Quality Assessment Tool was used to evaluate study quality and risk of bias. Eighteen studies, utilizing data from 11 study samples and 2109 participants, met inclusion criteria. These studies included samples from infancy, with follow-up periods stretching into young adulthood, and with various degrees of CHD severity. The quality of studies was "good" to "fair", with key limitations of attrition and limited sociocultural diversity in samples. Findings suggested that family factors predicted later child psychosocial outcomes and more consistently than severity of disease indicators. This contrasted with a much smaller number of studies examining family factors and child neurodevelopmental outcomes, where no reliable conclusions could be reached. Findings highlight the importance of screening and family focused interventions for this population.

Child↗
PubMed2026

Divergent evolutionary strategies in spider venoms: A comparative proteomic profiling of four sympatric species from Yunnan.

Spider venoms comprise complex cocktails of bioactive molecules evolved for predation and defense, representing a valuable resource for biological research and pharmaceutical discovery. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of venom gland extracts from four common spider species indigenous to Yunnan, China: Agelena limbata, Hippasa lycosina, Lycosa grahami, and Sinopoda pengi. Using an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic targeted profiling approach, we successfully annotated 141 distinct toxins. Comparative analysis revealed significant interspecific heterogeneity, suggesting distinct evolutionary trajectories and "weapon system economics." Both A. limbata and L. grahami exhibited a "peptide-dominant" profile anchored by neurotoxic peptides and isomerases, optimized for rapid chemical paralysis. In contrast, S. pengi displayed a distinct "protein-dominant" signature enriched with high-molecular-weight enzymes and CAP superfamily proteins, likely functioning to facilitate tissue degradation and toxin diffusion. Occupying an intermediate position, H. lycosina demonstrated a hybrid composition. These findings suggest that although these species share the same geographical range, their venom systems have undergone divergent evolutionary adaptations driven by specific ecological niches and hunting strategies. This study represents the first systematic proteomic characterization of these venom components, providing a valuable reservoir of molecular candidates while highlighting the bioinformatic nuances of analyzing whole-gland homogenates.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

A transcription factor-focused CRISPR screen identifies SKI as a BCL11A-independent repressor of ζ-globin.

The regulation of α-like globin genes, particularly the embryonic ζ-globin gene (HBZ), remains incompletely understood. To identify transcriptional regulators of HBZ, we establish a GFP reporter system based on the HBZ-P2A-GFP allele in erythroid cell lines and conduct a CRISPR/Cas9 screen targeting 1639 transcription factors. This screen identifies SKI as a potent HBZ repressor. Functional validation shows that SKI loss increases HBZ expression without impairing erythropoiesis, whereas SKI overexpression suppresses HBZ. Tet-on-inducible SKI overexpression and auxin-inducible SKI degradation indicate that SKI rapidly represses HBZ transcription. Transcriptome profiling further reveals that SKI deletion activates HBZ while minimally affecting other erythroid genes. Mechanistically, genome-wide occupancy analyses show that SKI binds the distal enhancers HS-10 and HS-40, with partial co-occupancy by BCL11A. Despite this overlap, dual knockout of SKI and BCL11A synergistically increases HBZ expression, as does base editing of the SKI-binding site within HS-10. We also identify a naturally occurring variant (chr16:193207G>A) within this enhancer in α-thalassemia patients with elevated ζ-globin levels. Together, these findings establish SKI as a direct, BCL11A-independent transcriptional repressor of ζ-globin. This work advances our understanding of globin gene regulation and suggests targeted ζ-globin reactivation as a potential therapeutic strategy for α-thalassemia.

Enhancer↗
PubMed2026

CNOT1 is a potential YTHDF2 target that orchestrates maternal mRNA decay and zygotic genome activation during goat embryogenesis.

Timely and efficient degradation of maternal mRNA is essential for early embryonic development, which occurs from fertilization through the initiation of zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Yet, the regulatory mechanisms governing this process remain poorly characterized. In the present study, we investigated the function of CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 1 (CNOT1) during goat embryogenesis. We found that CNOT1 was upregulated during mammalian ZGA, and that its knockdown led to developmental arrest and a marked reduction in blastocyst formation. Moreover, CNOT1 knockdown impaired nascent RNA activity, resulting in 814 upregulated and 1014 downregulated genes, which were enriched for RNA splicing, regulation of chromosome organization, and RNA localization. RNA splicing analysis revealed differential splicing events in 2959 genes, of which 259 were downregulated following CNOT1 knockdown. Notably, CNOT1 was predicted to crosstalk with the m6A reader YTHDF2. Knockdown of YTHDF2 resulted in CNOT1 downregulation at the 8-cell stage in goats and increased transcription levels around polyadenylation sites during ZGA in mice. Together, these findings indicate that CNOT1 is a potential YTHDF2 target that orchestrates maternal mRNA decay and ZGA during goat embryogenesis. Our work provides new insight into the complex regulatory landscape underlying ZGA and may inform strategies to improve the efficiency of goat embryogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Metabolomic differences in the Ophiura sarsii complex from the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and Bering Sea Cold Pool.

Metabolomics provides a functional readout of cellular physiology and can reveal metabolite-level differences associated with environmental and evolutionary contexts. Here, we used GC-MS- and LC-MS-based metabolomics to characterize metabolic profiles of the Ophiura sarsii complex from the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) and the Bering Sea Cold Pool (BSCP). This metabolomics analysis identified 398 LC-MS/MS and 87 GC-MS/MS differential metabolites (DEMs). Marked metabolic differences were observed between the two taxa, involving antioxidant-related metabolites, central carbon-related intermediates, osmolyte-associated compounds, and membrane lipid components. O. sarsii vadicola from the YSCWM showed higher levels of glutathione, glucose, citric acid, D-ribulose 5-phosphate, and unsaturated lipid-related metabolites, indicating differences in antioxidant-related and energy-associated metabolic profiles. By contrast, O. sarsii from the BSCP was characterized by higher levels of sugar alcohols, particularly myo-inositol, together with differences in membrane lipid-associated metabolites. These results provide metabolomics-based evidence for metabolite-level physiological differences between two members of the O. sarsii complex sampled from the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and the Bering Sea Cold Pool, while the relative contributions of lineage divergence and site-specific environmental variation remain to be tested experimentally.

Metabolomics↗