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PubMed2026

Colorimetric gold nanosensors for monitoring protein aggregation: implications for Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. It remains a major public health challenge due to the lack of early diagnostic tools and effective disease-modifying therapies. Molecularly, AD is characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular Tau tangles, as well as soluble oligomers that are likely the neurotoxic species. However, the transient and heterogeneous nature of these oligomers makes them difficult to detect using conventional biosensing approaches. Nanomaterial-based colorimetric biosensors have emerged as promising platforms for detecting protein aggregates and discovering aggregation inhibitors. Specifically, the localized surface plasmon resonance properties of metallic nanomaterials can enable rapid, label-free, and visually detectable colorimetric sensing of molecular interactions. These features can be leveraged to monitor protein aggregation processes in real time and achieve high-throughput screening of aggregation inhibitors, which may collectively enable early detection and timely intervention of AD progression. This Review Article presents the design and engineering of gold-nanomaterial-based colorimetric biosensors for monitoring protein aggregation and highlights the current challenges and emerging opportunities for applying these nanosensors to combat AD.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

A narrative systematic review of definitions and diagnostic criteria for disordered eating and eating disorders in type 1 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Type 1 diabetes and disordered eating (T1DE) affects 8-37.1% of adults and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The absence of a standardised case definition of T1DE and its severity hinders effective screening, diagnosis and treatment. This systematic review aimed to (1) synthesise existing case definitions and diagnostic criteria for T1DE in adults and (2) identify key characteristics to inform consensus for future diagnostic criteria. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies involved adults (≥18 years) with type 1 diabetes assessing disordered eating; paediatric studies, mixed samples without disaggregated data, non-empirical designs and non-English publications were excluded. PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched up to November 2025 for peer-reviewed studies involving adults with T1DE. Qualitative and quantitative data on definitions, diagnostic criteria and assessment tools were extracted. Study quality was appraised using a modified Graphical Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) checklist. Due to heterogeneity of data, a narrative synthesis of findings was performed to describe current definitions of T1DE. RESULTS: Sixty-one studies met the inclusion criteria, with a pooled sample of 111,208 participants (76% women) from over 22 countries. T1DE was defined using a heterogeneous array of terms, diagnostic frameworks and assessment tools (29 distinct methods). The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R) was the most used questionnaire, but many studies relied on criteria adapted from general eating disorder classifications or generic questionnaires. Approximately three-quarters of the studies assessed insulin omission behaviours, but the operationalisation of the cognitions for insulin omission varied widely. Beyond physiological markers such as HbA1c and BMI, studies explored various diabetes-related and psychological constructs, although often considering diabetes and disordered eating separately rather than as an integrated condition. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This systematic review highlights the lack of a unified, evidence-based definition of T1DE, resulting in inconsistent screening, diagnostic and reporting practices. Establishing clear, consistent, evidence-based diagnostic criteria and screening questionnaires for T1DE is critical to improving early detection and developing targeted interventions. These findings provide a foundation for refining T1DE definitions as a stepping stone to an international consensus definition. STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD420250223622 FUNDING: King's College London and King's College Hospital through the KMRT KCH Joint Research Committee studentship. This work was also conducted as part of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR; CS-2017-17-023)-funded STEADY project (Safe management of people with Type 1 diabetes and EAting Disorders studY). NZ's salary was part-funded by the NIHR via the NIHR Clinician Scientist award to MS; JT and KI are part-funded by the NIHR Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. MS was funded through her NIHR Clinician Scientist Fellowship (CS-2017-17-023).

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Adaptive Sports Exposure Across Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency and Sports Medicine Fellowship Programs: A National Cross-Sectional Website Analysis.

Adaptive sports improve health and quality of life for people with disabilities, yet the extent of adaptive sports exposure in physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) training is unclear. This cross-sectional study reviewed the public websites of 115 accredited physical medicine and rehabilitation residency programs and 26 sports medicine fellowship programs for any mention of adaptive sports, characterizing exposure type, target populations, and associated program characteristics. Adaptive sports were mentioned by 32 residency programs (27.8%) and 8 fellowship programs (30.8%). Mention varied significantly by geographic region in both cohorts (residency, West 64% vs. South 19%, P=.017; fellowship, Midwest 80% vs. South 0%, P=.035) and, among residencies, was associated with larger program size and a greater number of associated subspecialty fellowships. Residency exposure was predominantly volunteer-based, whereas fellowship exposure was exclusively clinical or undisclosed; target populations served were frequently unspecified. Programs have an opportunity to expand structured adaptive sports training and to clearly convey these opportunities to applicants and patients.

Adaptive sports↗
PubMed2026

Interfacial engineering of cobalt tungstate-halloysite nanotube nanocomposite for electrochemical detection of synthetic vanillin in food matrices.

In processed foods and medicine, synthetic vanillin is widely used, although excessive intake poses toxicological risks. Due to the rising usage of synthetic vanillin in food products and associated health hazards, quick, sensitive, and reliable analytical methods are needed to precisely measure vanillin in complex food matrices. This work introduces a CoWO4@F-HNT/GCE nanocomposite as an efficient electrocatalytic modifier for glassy carbon electrodes aimed at trace-level synthetic vanillin detection. Structural and microscopic analyses confirmed phase-pure monoclinic CoWO4, preservation of the tubular aluminosilicate framework, and homogeneous nanoparticle anchoring on F-HNT. Differential pulse voltammetry provided a broad linear range from 0.01 to 372.14 μM and a low detection limit of 4.3 nM, together with excellent selectivity against common interferents, good cycling stability, and high inter-electrode reproducibility. These characteristics position the CoWO4@F-HNT-modified electrode as a cost-effective and reliable platform for on-site quality control of synthetic vanillin in complex food matrices.

Benzaldehydes↗
PubMed2026

Safe and Stable Germline Transmission of MSTN Mutations in Cattle.

With the global population expected to reach 10 billion by 2050, sustainable livestock production is critical. Gene editing of the myostatin (MSTN) gene represents a promising strategy to enhance muscle growth in cattle. In this study, MSTN-mutated founder (F0) cows were used to generate F1 offspring via ovum pick-up, in vitro fertilization, and embryo transfer. Four F1 calves were born, all confirmed to be heterozygous for the MSTN mutation. Long-term monitoring showed normal growth and no visible health abnormalities. Whole-genome sequencing identified SNPs, INDELs, and structural variants, most with minimal predicted functional effects. Proteomic profiling of Longissimus dorsi muscle quantified 2947 proteins, revealing only subtle expression differences between MSTN-mutated and wild-type cattle. These results demonstrate stable inheritance and confirm that MSTN editing does not disrupt genome integrity or protein expression. Overall, our findings support the safety and utility of MSTN gene editing to improve livestock productivity for future food security.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Transcranial Photobiomodulation Variables Assessment Battery: Development and Validation.

Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) response variability is partly driven by biophysical characteristics such as skin tone and hair properties that attenuate photon penetration, and by lifestyle factors including sleep quality, alcohol use, and nicotine consumption that disrupt the mitochondrial and vascular pathways on which tPBM acts. To date, no validated self-report tool exists to capture these moderators systematically. To address this gap, the tPBM Variables Assessment Battery was developed and psychometrically evaluated. It integrates adapted versions of established measures (Brief Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, E-cigarette Dependence Scale, Hair Scale Assessment PRO, Monk Skin Tone Scale, and Heaviness of Smoking Index), validated wellbeing evaluators (Ryff's Psychological Wellbeing), and custom measures (Hairstyle Classification, Hair Color Classification). Face and content validity met recommended expert thresholds, internal consistency was acceptable across adapted subscales, and criterion validity analyses confirmed meaningful associations between the lifestyle components and PROMIS-10 global health outcomes. The battery is low-burden, digitally deployable, and psychometrically defensible, offering a practical tool for characterizing the variables most likely to moderate tPBM response in home-use studies.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Detoxifying biotransformation of chloramphenicol by Exiguobacterium sp. CAP4 and its bioaugmentation of chloramphenicol biodegradation in simulated wastewater.

The extensive use of chloramphenicol (CAP) in livestock leads the accumulation of CAP in livestock manures, threatening environmental and human health. Therefore, eliminating or reducing CAP concentration in manures before its re-utilization and application through microbial remediation is necessary. Exiguobacterium sp. CAP4, isolated from the plastisphere in duck manures, was capable of degrading CAP with the biodegradation efficiency of 97.8 % at initial CAP concentration of 5 mg/L within 4 days. A total of twenty-four biotransformation products were determined, including two novel transformation products, TP166 and TP203, enriched the integrity of CAP biodegradation pathways. Furthermore, the biotransformation process was proposed as a detoxifying process through biotransformation products toxicity evaluation. Notably, Exiguobacterium sp. CAP4 successfully colonized in the cow manures after inoculation, and bioaugmented the biodegradation of CAP in virgin cow manures. This study significantly extended our understanding of the CAP biotransformation fate, and provided a promising bacterial strain for bioremediation of CAP containing wastewater in situ.

Chloramphenicol↗
PubMed2026

Analysis of deep learning techniques in computer-aided diagnosis for meniscus injuries: a systematic literature review.

Meniscus informatics is a growing subject of study in the healthcare industry. One of the major hindrances to the healthcare system's transformation is obtaining knowledge and meaningful information from complicated, high-dimensional and diverse sources. Modern biomedical research, for instance, has seen an increase in the use of complex, dissimilar, poorly documented, and generally unstructured electronic health records, imaging, sensor data and text, even after many current techniques have been used to extract more robust and useful elements from the data for analysis. New efficient standards for building end-to-end learning models from complex data are therefore needed. Therefore, the current study aims to examine the most recent research on the use of deep learning techniques for diagnosing meniscus tears and recommend creating comprehensive and meaningful interpretable structures that might benefit the healthcare industry. We also draw attention to shortcomings and the need for better technique development, and we provide new perspectives about this exciting new development in the field.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Metal-organic frameworks nanozyme-integrated portable microneedle patch for visual bacterial monitoring in meat.

Foodborne microbial contamination is a major global health concern, with conventional methods often being time-consuming and complex. Herein, we developed a novel portable biosensor by integrating microneedle patch technology and a metal-organic framework (Fe/Cu-NBDC MOF) nanozyme, enabling rapid, on-site, visual detection of bacteria in meat. The sensing system works by encapsulating aptamer-functionalized MOF nanozymes within a hydrogel patch, where their catalytic sites are initially blocked by the aptamer. In the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as the target, the specific aptamer's binding to bacteria exposes numerous catalytic sites, further activating the chromogenic reaction of the tetramethylbenzidine‑hydrogen peroxide (TMB-H₂O₂) system, enabling visual detection of S. aureus. The biosensor demonstrates a detection limit of 82 CFU/mL with excellent specificity to successfully apply to commercial mutton. By integrating sampling, enrichment, and visual detection into a single compact device, this platform offers a practical, efficient solution for rapid on-site screening of foodborne pathogens.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2026

The journey of fluxapyroxad, mandipropamid and mefentrifluconazole residues in two morphologically distinct chilli peppers: A comprehensive risk assessment from field to processing.

Understanding the residue fate of novel pesticides in crops is crucial for ensuring their safe application and safeguarding public health. This study examined the dissipation, processing factors (PFs), and risk assessment of fluxapyroxad, mandipropamid, and mefentrifluconazole in two morphologically distinct varieties of chilli peppers from field to processing. The half-lives of the three pesticides ranged from 5.42 to 10.05 days, following first-order kinetics. The initial residues were higher in Chaotian chilli peppers (CCP) than in long green chilli peppers (GCP). However, dissipation occurred more rapidly in CCP. Washing notably reduced the residues (PF: 0.60-0.89), whereas sun drying and oven drying concentrated them (PF: 1.92-3.74), with oven drying leading to greater concentrations. Both chronic and acute dietary risk assessments suggested acceptable risk levels for the general population. This study offers reliable guidance for the rational application of these three pesticides in chilli pepper cultivation.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2026

AI-enabled viral genomics: from virus discovery to host prediction and emerging variant forecasting.

The rapid expansion of metagenomic sequencing has generated vast repositories of viral sequence data that far outpace our capacity to interpret them using conventional approaches. Highly divergent sequences, sparse functional annotation, and taxonomically uneven sampling present fundamental challenges for reference-dependent methods, which lose sensitivity precisely for novel and understudied viruses with high public health relevance. Artificial intelligence (AI) provides a new avenue to address these challenges by enabling predictive inference from viral genomes and proteins while reducing dependence on sequence similarity. In this Review, we discuss representative advances in AI for virus discovery, taxonomic classification and functional annotation, prediction of host range and zoonotic potential, and efforts toward forecasting emerging variants. These advances are transforming viral genomics from a largely descriptive discipline into one with increasing predictive capability. We also critically assess the major challenges that constrain current approaches, including the availability of high-quality and representative datasets, rigorous model evaluation, biological interpretability and responsible governance for increasingly capable AI models.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2026

Single nucleus multiomics reveals an early inflammatory response to high-fat diet in mouse islets.

In periods of sustained hyper-nutrition, pancreatic β-cells undergo functional compensation through transcriptional upregulation of gene programs driving insulin secretion. This adaptation is essential for maintaining systemic glucose homeostasis and metabolic health. Using single nuclei multiomics, we have mapped the early transcriptional adaptive mechanisms in murine islets of Langerhans exposed to high-fat diet (HFD) for 1 and 3 wk. We show that β-cells exhibit the largest transcriptional response to HFD, characterized by early activation of pro-inflammatory eRegulons and down-regulation of β-cell identity genes, particularly in a distinct subset of β-cells. These observations extend to humans, where the prevalence of an β-cells with a high inflammatory signature is increased in diabetes. Collectively, these observations point to cellular crosstalk through pro-inflammatory signaling as a central and early driver of β-cell dysfunction that limits the compensatory capacity of β-cells, which is closely linked to the development of diabetes.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

A review on the environmental distribution, toxic effects, bioaccumulation characteristics and risk assessment of short-chain chlorinated paraffins.

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are synthetic chemicals, widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. As emerging contaminants, short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their persistence, chronic toxicity, long-range transport potential and bioaccumulation potential. This review synthesizes global data on SCCPs' environmental occurrence, toxicological impacts, and bioaccumulation characteristics. SCCPs are ubiquitously detected in various environmental media, including water, sediment, air, soil, and biota. Ecotoxicological studies reveal that SCCPs have lethality, carcinogenicity, growth and developmental toxicities, organs toxicities and endocrine-disrupting effects across species, which pose risks to ecological systems and human health. In addition, the bioaccumulation effects of SCCPs in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were analyzed, and proposed the key factors affecting the bioaccumulation of SCCPs. Finally, the risk assessment of SCCPs contamination in the surface water and the soil was carried out, and all soil and most water bodies were found to be low risk. The present study could provide scientific basis and reference for environmental management of CPs products.

Paraffin↗
PubMed2026

Strategies for mosaic variant calling in brain disorders.

The human brain is a genomic mosaic, where postzygotic mutations arising from embryogenesis to senescence drive diverse neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Because of numerous sequencing artifacts at ultralow variant allele frequencies (VAFs), detecting these variants remains a significant analytical challenge. This review focuses on single-nucleotide variants and small indels, summarizing current strategies for aligning sampling methods, including bulk, laser capture microdissection, and single-cell genomics, with the expected clonal architecture of the brain. It emphasizes that mosaic detection sensitivity is fundamentally constrained by sequencing depth, since even the most advanced algorithms cannot identify variants not physically represented in the sequencing library. The review further recommends the selection of variant calling algorithms based on validated VAF detection performance, matching tools like MuTect2 and MosaicForecast to their optimal performance ranges. Furthermore, we discuss how multitissue sampling, as emphasized by the SMaHT project, addresses the matched-control dilemma and supports accurate variant classification via cross-tissue VAF gradients. Integrating these established pipelines with multiomics modalities, including transcriptomic and epigenetic data, could advance the field toward a functional understanding of how the somatic genome impacts human brain health and disease.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Boosting kynurenic acid in kombucha via substrate selection: metagenomic and biochemical insights.

Kombucha is gaining global popularity for its health benefits. This study explored the use of chestnut honey, a rich source of kynurenic acid (KYNA), to produce kombucha enriched with this metabolite. Five variants were prepared using different green/black tea blends and carbon sources: white sugar or acacia honey (controls) versus chestnut honey. Samples were analyzed for tryptophan metabolites, physicochemical properties, and microbial diversity. Komagataeibacter and Enterobacter were predominant bacterial genera in SCOBY. Candida and Aspergillus were predominated in the single sample analyzed for fungi. During fermentation, tryptophan decreased, while kynurenine increased. KYNA levels remained largely stable during fermentation and were mainly influenced by the fermentation substrate. No melatonin pathway derivatives were detected. On day 7, chestnut honey yielded kombucha with 381.680-739.915 μmol/L KYNA and elevated myricetin. Overall, chestnut honey-based kombucha represents a system in which substrate composition appears to be the main factor influencing KYNA levels in the final beverage.

Kynurenic Acid↗
PubMed2026

Stroke risk following BNT162b2 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis of self-controlled case series studies.

INTRODUCTION: Whether BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccination increases stroke risk remains a public health concern. This is the first meta-analysis to synthesize self-controlled case series (SCCS)-derived stroke risk estimates specifically for BNT162b2 vaccination. METHODS: PubMed and Embase were searched from inception through 9 May 2026, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eight eligible SCCS studies were pooled using a random-effects model with restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation and the Knapp-Hartung adjustment. RESULTS: Eight studies across six countries encompassing several million vaccinated individuals were included. The pooled incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 0.967 (95% CI 0.892-1.049; I2 = 69.2%), indicating no statistically significant increase in stroke risk. Subgroup analyses showed no evidence of effect modification across continent, risk-window length, dose category, SCCS variant, or age group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide no evidence of increased short-term stroke risk following BNT162b2 vaccination at the population level. The observed heterogeneity appeared to be partly driven by methodological differences rather than true biological variation in vaccine effect.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Meta-analysis of source identification and apportionment in soil: A systematic review of analytical procedures, receptor modeling, and environmental applications.

Soil pollution poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health, necessitating accurate source identification and apportionment to guide mitigation strategies. This systematic review evaluates the application of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and other receptor models in soil pollution studies, focusing on analytical procedures, tracer indicators, and environmental applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for conducting soil source apportionment studies, aiding policymakers in designing effective, region-specific environmental management strategies by compiling global trends and methodological insights. The study addresses sampling protocols, emphasizing representativeness and quality control. Data from 500 peer-reviewed publications highlight the dominance of research in China, Eastern Europe, and South Asia, with agricultural soils being the most frequently studied. Key findings reveal that traffic emissions (20.8 %) and industrial activities (19.4 %) are the primary global contributors to soil contamination, with regional variations such as coal combustion in cold climates and agricultural inputs in developing regions. Policy recommendations include stricter industrial regulations, sustainable agricultural practices, and targeted remediation efforts based on source-specific risks.

Soil Pollutants↗
PubMed2026

Insights into specific and nonspecific butyrate-producing pathways during the in vitro fecal fermentation of butyrylated starch.

Butyrylated starch is a special type-4 resistant starch with butyrate-carrying attribute. In this study, the unique butyrate-producing capability of butyrylated starch was deeply investigated by focusing on its specific and nonspecific butyrate-producing pathways, respectively, using specially designed substrates as controls. In vitro fermentation studies revealed that butyrylated and isobutyrylated starches generated high levels of butyrate and isobutyrate, respectively, highlighting the role of butyryl group metabolism in the specificity of butyrate production. Carboxylesterase assays have demonstrated that butyryl group metabolism is primarily facilitated by carbohydrate esterases expressed in the gut microbiota. Combined with 16S rRNA sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, it was found that butyrylated starch fermentation did not significantly enhance traditional butyrate synthesis pathways but modified the balance between the butyryl-CoA:acetyl-CoA transferase and butyrate kinase pathways by altering the gut microbiota composition, specifically by upregulating the relative abundance of indicator species such as Bacteroides, the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Parabacteroides. These insights offer theoretical guidance for designing butyrylated starch structures and regulating intestinal health.

Starch↗