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PubMed2026

All-inside repair is an effective treatment for medial meniscus posterior root tears: a systematic review and meta-analysis of biomechanical and clinical evidence.

BACKGROUND: Medial meniscus posterior root tears (MMPRTs) reproduce the biomechanics of subtotal meniscectomy. Repair is favored, but the role of all-inside repair (AR) remains unclear relative to transtibial pull-out (TP). This study aimed to review the biomechanical and clinical evidence on AR for MMPRTs. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched. Outcomes included patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biomechanical performance. When available, random-effects meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included. AR restored contact mechanics and showed load to failure comparable to TP, with lower stiffness. Meta-analysis showed lower conversion to total knee arthroplasty with AR versus non-repair (RR 0.18, 95% CI 0.05-0.58), and no significant PROM differences between AR and TP. CONCLUSIONS: AR showed favorable biomechanical properties and improved outcomes versus non-repair. Compared with TP, no significant clinical differences were observed. AR may represent a reasonable option in selected scenarios.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Histidine Supplementation Stabilizes Hearing and Vision and Improves Growth in HARS1-Related Autosomal Recessive Disorder Associated With Usher-Like Symptoms.

Autosomal recessive HARS1-related disorder (originally described as Usher syndrome type 3B) caused by a homozygous Y454S variant in the histidyl-tRNA synthetase gene (HARS1) is characterized by progressive sensorineural hearing and vision loss and respiratory deterioration with risk for sudden death following febrile illnesses. In-vitro studies have previously shown that histidine can rescue a humanized yeast model for pathogenic HARS alleles. Fourteen children homozygous for HARS Y454S were treated with supplemental oral histidine (50 mg/kg BID) and monitored with bloodwork and physical, visual, and audiometry assessments during a 3-year clinical trial, then followed for more than 4 years on histidine in the post-trial period. Patient fibroblasts were assessed for response to histidine. Hearing and vision remained stable, and growth improved significantly. Children remained healthy, with no severe deteriorations despite exposure to bacterial and viral infections, including COVID-19. Gains in growth were maintained in the post-trial period on varying levels of histidine supplementation. Daily oral histidine supplementation in children with autosomal recessive HARS1-related disorder can ameliorate or slow the progression of disease and is safe, inexpensive, and well tolerated. This study adds to the growing list of autosomal recessive ARSopathies (aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase disorders) that are amenable to amino acid supplementation.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Characterizing Caregiver-Child Interactions Through a Transactional Lens: A Baseline Analysis of a Caregiver-Implemented Intervention.

PURPOSE: This study was motivated by the transactional model of development and examined the reciprocal influences that children and caregivers have on caregiver-child interactions (CCXs) prior to a caregiver-implemented intervention. We tested whether child communication characteristics were associated with caregiver strategy use and whether these strategies, in turn, influenced children's communication to understand how caregivers and children mutually shaped the language learning environment. METHOD: Caregiver-child dyads (N = 105) were participants in a randomized controlled trial. CCXs were collected when children were approximately 30 months of age, transcribed, and coded for four caregiver language facilitation strategies and child communication variables. RESULTS: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression and postselection inference indicated that child communication characteristics in CCXs were associated with both the frequency and type of strategies caregivers used. Children's overall communication acts were significantly associated with caregiver use of vocabulary strategies, whereas children's vocabulary diversity was significantly associated with caregiver use of sentence strategies. Mixed-effects logistic regression demonstrated that all four caregiver strategies significantly increased the likelihood of spontaneous lexical overlap in subsequent child turns. CONCLUSIONS: Prior to the intervention, caregivers and children reciprocally shaped the language environment. This supports a transactional perspective and warrants further consideration of reciprocal influences when assessing the impact of caregiver-implemented interventions. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.32995796.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Maternal Intake of Vitamins A, C, D, and E During Pregnancy and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in the Child: The Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Dietary vitamins play a role in antioxidant defense and immunoregulation. However, prospective studies exploring the association between vitamin intakes during pregnancy and the child's risk of type 1 diabetes are limited. OBJECTIVES: This population-based prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the association between maternal intake of vitamins A, C, D, and E during pregnancy and risk of type 1 diabetes in children. METHODS: We included 85,244 children born between 2002 and 2009 in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, with follow-up until 31 December, 2021. Maternal intake of vitamins from food and dietary supplements from conception to the 22nd week of pregnancy was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs), adjusting for background factors. RESULTS: During follow-up, 529 (0.6%) children were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at a mean age of 9.4 y (standard deviation: 4.1 y) No associations were observed between maternal pregnancy intake of vitamin A [HR: 0.993; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.983, 1.003/100 μg], vitamin C (HR: 1.000; 95% CI: 0.993, 1.007/10 mg), vitamin D (HR: 0.991; 95% CI: 0.978, 1.003/1 μg), or vitamin E (HR: 0.999; 95% CI: 0.996, 1.004/10 mg) and risk of type 1 diabetes in the child when adjusted for potential confounders. The results were similar when intakes were assessed separately from food and dietary supplements and after restriction to children with human leukocyte antigen DQ2 and/or DQ8 risk haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective cohort study does not support the hypothesis that higher maternal intake of vitamins A, C, D, and E during pregnancy would decrease risk of type 1 diabetes in the child. Corroborated with previous evidence, our findings support a general pattern of null associations.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Xerophthalmia and ocular manifestations of vitamin A deficiency in children in high-income countries: A systematic review.

Xerophthalmia is a vision-threatening eye condition caused by vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Cases of xerophthalmia in high-income countries (HICs) are vulnerable to misdiagnosis, causing delays in treatment and adverse visual outcomes. We define the features, causes and complications of VAD and xerophthalmia in children of HICs. Our study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines (CRD42024492023). We performed a search for eligible articles on Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, PubMed and Medline. Cases reporting on children under 18 years of age residing in HICs with ocular features of VAD were eligible for inclusion. The search yielded 2474 results; 43 case reports and case series met the inclusion criteria consisting of a total of 61 cases (mean age 9.9 ± 4.2 years, range 3-17 years). Xerophthalmia was graded according to the most advanced finding for each case: 21.3% had night blindness only; 29.5% had conjunctival xerosis or Bitot spots; 29.5% had corneal xerosis, ulceration or scarring; 1.6% had xerophthalmia fundus only; and 18.0% had ocular manifestations associated with VAD that are not encompassed under the WHO classification. These features included swollen optic discs, optic neuropathy, or ocular dryness. Restrictive dietary practises were the most common mechanism of deficiency (75%), and autism was the most common underlying condition (49%). This shows that VAD remains a cause of severe visual impairment in HICs, especially when associated with delays in diagnosis and treatment. Further research is required to establish the prevalence of xerophthalmia in HICs.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

A systematic review and meta-analysis of radiation-induced oral complications in head and neck cancer: Prevalence and clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Radiation-induced oral complications, notably xerostomia and oral mucositis (OM), are common and debilitating in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), adversely affecting swallowing, nutritional intake, and overall quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to quantify the prevalence of radiation-induced xerostomia and OM and synthesize their impact on dysphagia and nutritional status among HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive searches were performed in MEDLINE, Scopus, SciFinder, Embase, and PubMed for studies published between January 2019 and December 2025. Data from 51 studies were extracted and synthesized. RESULTS: The pooled prevalence was 85% (95% CI: 81.6-87.9%) for xerostomia and 88.3% (95% CI: 73.9-95.3%) for any-grade OM. Severe OM (Grade 3-4) had a prevalence of 39.5% (95% CI: 23.1-58.8%). These complications were strongly interrelated and significantly associated with dysphagia (69.8%; 95% CI: 53.1-83.7%), malnutrition (66.6%; 95% CI: 37.3-95.9%), and poor QoL (pooled mean QoL score: 64.13/100). Studies employing advanced radiation techniques (e.g., IMRT) demonstrated a lower prevalence of xerostomia (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.42-0.80) compared to conventional RT. CONCLUSION: Radiation-induced oral complications (xerostomia & OM) remain prevalent and clinically significant burden in HNC patients, contributing to a cascade of functional impairments and diminished QoL. These findings highlight the need for preventive strategies, symptom management interventions, and the broader adoption of advanced RT techniques. Longitudinal research is warranted to further evaluate long-term outcomes and guide patient-centered care models.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Depression is a leading cause of global disability, and identifying modifiable lifestyle factors is a public health priority. We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies examining the association between fruit and vegetable intake and incident depression. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched through November 2025. Data on study characteristics, dietary assessment, outcomes, effect estimates, and covariates were independently extracted by two reviewers. Random-effects models were used to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs), and linear and non-linear dose-response relationships were assessed. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I2, and evidence certainty was rated with GRADE. Thirteen cohorts with 385,449 participants and 26,592 depression cases were included. Highest versus lowest combined fruit and vegetable intake was associated with a 37% lower risk of depression (RR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.80). Each 200 g/day increase corresponded to a 16% risk reduction (RR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.74-0.94). Separate analyses showed that fruit and vegetable intake reduced depression risk by 16% and 12%, respectively, with a non-linear dose-response for vegetables. These findings indicate that higher consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with lower depression risk, supporting dietary strategies as a potential approach for mental health prevention. However, given the observational nature of the included studies, these results should be interpreted with caution, as residual confounding may partially account for the observed associations. Registration: This study was registered at PROSPERO (CRD420261279998).

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors as a bridge to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in classical Hodgkin lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment landscape for relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL); however, a substantial subset of patients ultimately requires allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) to achieve long-lasting disease control. The use of ICIs as a bridge to allo-HCT has therefore gained increasing clinical interest, though concerns persist regarding post-transplant complications and incompletely-defined safety profiles. Accordingly, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate outcomes of ICIs administered prior to allo-HCT in cHL. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across online databases through January 2026. Eligible studies included observational designs reporting survival and transplant-related outcomes in cHL patients treated with ICIs followed by allo-HCT. Pooled proportions for overall survival, progression-free survival, non-relapse mortality, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) incidence were calculated using a random-effects model. Seven studies comprising 739 patients were included. Post-transplant survival outcomes were favorable, with high pooled estimates across timepoints. Transplant-related mortality remained low, with NRM rates consistently within an acceptable range through long-term follow-up. Acute GVHD was observed at a meaningful frequency, including a smaller subset of severe cases, while chronic GVHD occurred in approximately one-quarter of patients at follow-up. Overall, these findings suggest that ICI therapy prior to allo-HCT in cHL is associated with encouraging survival and disease control and does not appear to confer excessive non-relapse mortality, supporting its use as a feasible and effective bridging strategy, while underscoring the need for future prospective studies to clarify optimal timing, risk mitigation strategies, and patient selection.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Deltoid Ligament Complex in Healthy Ankles: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Up to one in two individuals who have a history of an ankle injury will develop chronic ankle instability, which subsequently increases the risk of osteoarthritis development. Although lateral ankle ligament injuries are the most common, recent research shows that concomitant injuries to the deltoid (medial collateral) ligament complex may be more prevalent than previously recognised. However, the anatomy and biomechanics of the deltoid ligament complex are reported inconsistently in the literature. This systematic review will summarise current evidence on the anatomy and biomechanics of the deltoid ligament complex in healthy adult ankles. METHODS: Searches will be conducted in Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus. Our search strategy will cover terms associated with 'deltoid ligament', 'anatomy' and 'biomechanics'. We will only include dissection and imaging studies published in English that report any of the listed clinically relevant properties of the deltoid ligament in healthy adult human ankles. Two reviewers will independently perform screening and assess study quality using the anatomical quality assessment (AQUA) tool. One reviewer will extract relevant data, which will be independently verified by co-authors. Primary outcomes include band prevalence, length, width, cross-sectional area, maximum and/or failure load and elastic modulus. If three or more studies report a primary outcome, we will conduct a meta-analysis and report findings as pooled means with 95% confidence intervals. If a meta-analysis is not feasible, outcomes will be summarised as a narrative analysis. Measures will be taken during data synthesis to address anticipated methodological heterogeneity across included studies, and pooled estimates will be interpreted with caution. DISCUSSION: This protocol details a systematic review that aims to summarise the anatomy and biomechanics of the deltoid ligament complex. Our findings will inform computational modelling, clinical management and biomechanics for ankle pathologies, as well as identifying research gaps and directions for future research. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO: CRD420251142867.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Cross-kingdom dynamics of the subgingival bacteriome and mycobiome: A pilot study on the effects of a novel HA-H₂O₂-Glycine formulation to treat periodontitis.

OBJECTIVES: Traditional periodontal therapy primarily focuses on bacterial biofilm control; however, recent evidence also suggests a critical role for the oral mycobiome. This study evaluated the clinical and ecological impact of a novel mouthwash formulation containing hyaluronic acid (HA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and glycine on periodontal patients METHODS: This prospective, randomized split-mouth trial included 13 adult participants with periodontitis treated with HA-H2O2-glycine formula (BMG0703A) used twice a day for seven days. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from periodontal pocket and healthy control sites at baseline (T0) and one-week post-treatment (T1). Microbial and fungal communities were characterized using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the 16S rRNA and ITS2 regions. Linear Mixed Models (LMM) and Spearman correlation were used to assess taxonomic shifts and cross-kingdom relationships. RESULTS: Sequencing revealed a promising ecological shift: the bacteriome shifted from anaerobic dominance (Olsenella, Peptostreptococcus) toward a health-associated aerobic profile, with Rothia near-doubling (11.91% to 22.68%). The mycobiome underwent a "normalization" effect: Candida abundance decreased significantly (22.8% to 9.1%), while fungal Shannon diversity in pockets returned to healthy-site levels. Inter-kingdom analysis identified antagonistic relationships between expanding commensal bacteria and opportunistic fungi, suggesting that the intervention may help re-establish a protective bacterial niche. CONCLUSIONS: The HA-H2O2-glycine formulation seems to facilitate a rapid, cross-kingdom modulation of the subgingival niche. By reducing anaerobic pathogens and normalizing the mycobiome it appear to induce short-term changes, suggesting potential as adjunctive strategy in periodontal management. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The present work underlines the possible cross-Kingdom effects of a novel compound.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Integrated analysis uncovers exogenous induction and molecular regulation of erinacine A accumulation in Hericium erinaceus.

Erinacine A, a cyathane-type diterpenoid mainly from Hericium erinaceus mycelia, exhibits prominent neurotrophic and neuroprotective activities, making it a promising candidate for managing neurodegenerative diseases. However, its low abundance and unclear genetic regulatory mechanisms hinder its application as a nutraceutical. This study aimed to decipher its regulatory mechanisms and enhance production. Four exogenous inducers were screened, with salicylic acid (SA) and ergosterol (ERG) significantly increasing erinacine A content by 62.21% and 146.70% at 20 days, respectively. Transcriptome and WGCNA of inducer-treated sample identified darkorange and magenta modules associated with erinacine A biosynthesis, with the eri gene cluster enriched in the darkorange module and eriG and eriF as hub genes. Forward genetic analysis via QTL mapping of the HeD127 dikaryon population revealed significant phenotypic variation in erinacine A content (0.341-13.085 mg/g) and identified two loci (erA-1 and erA-2) explaining 18.63% of phenotypic variation. Integrating these forward and reverse genetic analyses revealed that salicylic acid and ergosterol synergistically regulate core carbon metabolic pathways to augment acetyl-CoA supply for the mevalonate pathway, suppressed competitive metabolism, enhanced diterpene skeleton construction and structural modification. These results deepen our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis governing accumulation of erinacine A, and facilitate its application in neuroprotective pharmaceuticals.

Diterpenes↗
PubMed2026

[Analysis of a Chinese pedigree affected with Townes-Brocks syndrome due to a novel variant of SALL1 gene and a literature review].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze a novel exonic variant of the SALL1 gene and its impact on the binding site of SALL protein. METHODS: Clinical data of three children diagnosed with Townes-Brocks syndrome and their family members who had presented at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University in April 2022 were retrospectively collected. The pathogenic variant was identified through whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and validated by Sanger sequencing. Protein structural prediction was performed using AlphaFold and PyMOL software to construct three-dimensional models of the wild-type and mutant proteins. Additionally, previously reported cases were systematically reviewed. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the hospital (Ethics No.: 2023-386). RESULTS: The proband was one of triplet sisters born at 34+4 gestational weeks. All three cases had presented with anal atresia and rectovaginal fistula, and case 3 also had toe malformation of left foot. WGS revealed a novel heterozygous c.757C>T (p.Gln253*) variant in the SALL1 gene, which was predicted to be pathogenic. Sanger sequencing confirmed co-segregation of the variant with the disease within the family. Protein structural modeling demonstrated that the variant has introduced a premature stop codon at position 253, resulting in a truncated protein. CONCLUSION: Above finding has enriched the mutation spectrum of the SALL1 gene in association with Townes-Brocks syndrome, which also represented a rare case of anal atresia in triplets, and provided a basis for molecular diagnosis, genetic counseling, and further research.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Breaking the Debilitating Cycle: Pathophysiology, Assessment, and Multimodal Intervention of Secondary Debilitation After Hip Fracture in Older Adults-A Narrative Review.

Hip fractures pose a serious threat to the quality of life among older adults and impose a heavy burden on both society and families. Although current surgical techniques for hip fractures have become increasingly refined, postoperative quality of life and overall function in older adult populations often steeply decline. This decline is marked by "secondary debilitation," characterized by exacerbated sarcopenia, functional impairment, and physiological reserve depletion-a process that becomes a risk factor for recurrent fractures, creating a "vicious cycle" with hip fractures. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying "secondary debilitation," discusses the clinical application of risk assessment tools, and presents a phased, stepwise intervention strategy aimed at interrupting the "vicious cycle." The strategy includes early rapid rehabilitation, nutritional support, and prevention of complications; a mid-phase multimodal approach involving multidisciplinary management, comanaged wards, fracture liaison services, and systematic rehabilitation; and, finally, late-phase exploration of emerging pharmacotherapies and treatment methods. This review seeks to offer an evidence-based foundation for optimizing clinical risk assessment and developing precise interventional strategies.

Humans↗
PubMed2024

Emotional and Cognitive Processes Underlying Persuasion, Moderating Factors, and Physiological Reactions: A Systematic Review.

Persuasion is a type of social influence aiming to produce changes in others' attitudes or behaviors. This study explores the relationship between emotions and persuasion, principal moderating factors, and physiological reactions during persuasive attempts. Following PRISMA guidelines, 28 empirical articles were analyzed, addressing emotions, affective/cognitive orientations, framing effects, and psychophysiological reactions. Mixed findings emerged regarding emotions, with fear appeals being effective in health education, while more recent studies favor the use of positive persuasive messages to increase behavior intention. Principal moderating factors included personal relevance, need for cognition (NFC) and need for affect (NFA), thought confidence, vulnerability, and efficacy beliefs. Psychophysiological studies revealed distinct physiological arousal during persuasion processing compared to a rest state. In addition, a greater misalignment between current behavior and the persuasive attempt led to perceived freedom threat and psychological reactance. These insights enhance persuasive effectiveness and deepen understanding of persuasion processes, guiding future research directions.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Evaluating a coaching intervention for Dementia Care Practice Recommendations in care communities: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Within care communities, including nursing home and assisted living settings, person-centered dementia care, outlined by the 2018 Alzheimer's Association Dementia Care Practice Recommendations (DCPR), is foundational to quality care and improving staff outcomes. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a 6-month Care Community Coaching Program in enhancing person-centered dementia care and staff outcomes in alignment with the DCPR. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted with 77 care communities and 434 staff members-227 from 38 intervention communities and 207 from 39 control communities. Outcomes included employee satisfaction (areas: job satisfaction, team building and communication, scheduling and staffing, training, and management and leadership), person-centered care practices (areas: workplace practices, individualized care and services, caregiver-resident relationships), and dementia care confidence, measured pre- and post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up. A generalized Estimating Equations model was used to estimate intervention effects. RESULTS: Care communities assigned to the coaching intervention showed statistically significant improvements in employee satisfaction and staff perceptions of workplace practices and individualized care. No statistically significant effects on staff perceptions of caregiver-resident relationships or on dementia care confidence were noted. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Findings provide direction for future research and intervention development, including examining coaching's impact on resident quality outcomes, and incorporating skills training into future models. Collectively, findings provide evidence of the effectiveness of a Care Community Coaching Program in improving staff outcomes and person-centered practices, offering a practical path towards improving the lived experience of residents and staff in care communities.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Identification and functional characterization of a novel antiviral chicken interferon-υ.

Interferons are critical mediators of antiviral immunity in vertebrates. While type IV interferon (IFN-υ) has been identified in fish and amphibians, its existence and function in chickens remained unknown. Through systematic genomic screening, we identified and cloned a novel chicken interferon gene, designated ChIFN-υ. Phylogenetic analysis placed ChIFN-υ within a distinct clade alongside zebrafish and clawed frog IFN-υ, confirming its identity as a type IV interferon, with minimal homology to classical type I, II, or III IFNs. Expression profiling revealed constitutive ChIFN-υ expression in mucosal and immune tissues of healthy chickens, exhibiting a distinct developmental shift: highest in trachea and small intestine in 1-day-old chicks, shifting to spleen and lung in 4-week-old chickens. ChIFN-υ expression was strongly upregulated following H9N2 AIV infection. Functionally, recombinant ChIFN-υ protein activated the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) and Mx promoter in a dose-dependent manner and significantly inhibited the replication of both vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and H9N2 AIV in DF-1 cells. In vivo, early treatment with exogenous ChIFN-υ significantly reduced pulmonary and tracheal viral loads and decreased oropharyngeal and cloacal virus shedding in H9N2-infected chickens. In conclusion, this study identifies and functionally characterizes the type IV interferon in chickens, elucidating the evolutionary status, regulated expression, and antiviral efficacy of ChIFN-υ. These findings highlight its potential as a candidate for developing interferon-based therapies against avian viral diseases.

Animals↗