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Maternal Intake of Vitamins A, C, D, and E During Pregnancy and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in the Child: The Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study.

Markus Mattila·German Tapia·Ketil Størdal·Anne-Lise Brantsæter·Suvi M Virtanen·Nicolai A Lund-Blix·Torild Skrivarhaug·Elin M Hård Af Segerstad·Lars C Stene·HEDIMED Investigator Group
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Dietary vitamins play a role in antioxidant defense and immunoregulation. However, prospective studies exploring the association between vitamin intakes during pregnancy and the child's risk of type 1 diabetes are limited. OBJECTIVES: This population-based prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the association between maternal intake of vitamins A, C, D, and E during pregnancy and risk of type 1 diabetes in children. METHODS: We included 85,244 children born between 2002 and 2009 in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, with follow-up until 31 December, 2021. Maternal intake of vitamins from food and dietary supplements from conception to the 22nd week of pregnancy was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs), adjusting for background factors. RESULTS: During follow-up, 529 (0.6%) children were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at a mean age of 9.4 y (standard deviation: 4.1 y) No associations were observed between maternal pregnancy intake of vitamin A [HR: 0.993; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.983, 1.003/100 μg], vitamin C (HR: 1.000; 95% CI: 0.993, 1.007/10 mg), vitamin D (HR: 0.991; 95% CI: 0.978, 1.003/1 μg), or vitamin E (HR: 0.999; 95% CI: 0.996, 1.004/10 mg) and risk of type 1 diabetes in the child when adjusted for potential confounders. The results were similar when intakes were assessed separately from food and dietary supplements and after restriction to children with human leukocyte antigen DQ2 and/or DQ8 risk haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective cohort study does not support the hypothesis that higher maternal intake of vitamins A, C, D, and E during pregnancy would decrease risk of type 1 diabetes in the child. Corroborated with previous evidence, our findings support a general pattern of null associations.

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HumansFemaleDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1PregnancyNorwayProspective StudiesChildDietary SupplementsMaleVitaminsVitamin AVitamin DVitamin EMaternal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaAdultAscorbic AcidCohort StudiesRisk FactorsMoBadiabetes mellitusdietdietary supplementsobservational studypregnancytype 1vitaminsJournal Article

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Markus Mattila, German Tapia, Ketil Størdal, Anne-Lise Brantsæter, Suvi M Virtanen, Nicolai A Lund-Blix, Torild Skrivarhaug, Elin M Hård Af Segerstad, Lars C Stene, HEDIMED Investigator Group. 2026-07-10. Maternal Intake of Vitamins A, C, D, and E During Pregnancy and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in the Child: The Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101431

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Journal Article resourceAdult subjectChild subjectCohort Studies subjectDiabetes Mellitus subjectDiet subjectDietary Supplements subjectFemale subjectHumans subjectJournal Article subjectMale subjectObservational Study subjectPregnancy subjectProspective Studies subject

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