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PubMed2026

Metabolic Stress Testing Reveals Persistent Lipid-Handling Dysfunction in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Despite Exercise Training.

AIM: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction, yet baseline metabolomic studies show inconsistent findings. We investigated whether metabolic abnormalities in PCOS emerge under physiological stress and how these responses are modified by exercise training. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve women with PCOS and 10 controls completed hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps with randomised saline or lipid infusion, before and after 8 weeks of supervised exercise. Plasma metabolomics (163 metabolites) were measured at baseline, post-infusion and post-clamp. Linear mixed-effects models assessed Group × Timepoint × Intervention interactions. RESULTS: No baseline metabolite differences were observed between groups. A significant three-way interaction (p = 0.008) indicated condition-dependent trajectory divergence. Post hoc analysis revealed a specific divergence during post-exercise lipid challenge (p = 0.048). Women with PCOS showed reduced suppression of ether-linked phosphatidylcholines during insulin-stimulated lipid loading (PC ae C44:4, p = 0.031), despite exercise-induced improvements in fitness and normalisation of amino acid profiles. Exploratory metabolite ratios suggested impaired substrate coordination under stress. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic defects in PCOS are stress-dependent and not detectable at rest. Exercise training improves resting metabolism but reveals persistent impairment in adaptive lipid handling during combined insulin and lipid challenges, suggesting impaired coordination of substrate supply during metabolic stress. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: ISRCTN42448814.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Viral replication through phase separation: Cytosolic and nuclear condensates.

Replication of many RNA and DNA viruses occurs within specialized intracellular hubs organized as membraneless biomolecular condensates (BCs) driven by liquid-liquid phase separation. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses depend on the host cell machinery to complete their replication cycles and therefore actively remodel the intracellular environment to favor viral genome replication, transcription, and assembly. Cytosolic and nuclear phase-separated replication compartments (RC) provide concentrated and dynamic platforms that promote efficient interactions between viral genomes and viral or host proteins essential for infection. The formation of viral replication BCs is typically facilitated by viral proteins enriched in intrinsically disordered regions and low-complexity domains, which enable multivalent interactions with viral nucleic acids and cellular factors. These interactions are mediated by diverse biophysical forces, including hydrophobic and π interactions, hydrogen bonding, molecular crowding, and osmotic effects. Throughout infection, viral BCs remain highly dynamic, allowing continuous exchange of components and functional maturation of replication hubs. Their properties and activities are further regulated by post-translational modifications of viral and host proteins, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation. In this review, we summarize current evidence supporting liquid-liquid phase separation as a central organizing principle of viral RCs. We focus on representative RNA and DNA viruses that replicate in the cytosol or nucleus, highlighting virus-specific strategies, conserved mechanisms, and the consequences of BC formation for viral replication efficiency, host antiviral responses, and therapeutic intervention.

Phase Separation↗

PubMed2026

Reversed unidirectional transport in a Janus polyurethane/alginate dressing for directional postbiotic delivery to infected wounds.

Probiotic-derived postbiotics exhibit significant potential for infected wound control; however, their effective and localized delivery at wound sites remains a challenge. This study developed a polyurethane/alginate composite nonwoven via electrospinning to establish a postbiotic delivery platform for Bifidobacterium bifidum BD-1 (PU/Alg/BD-1). The beaded fibrous hydrophobic PU layer and hydrophilic Alg layer form a wettability gradient, enabling reversed unidirectional fluid transport toward the wound interface while inhibiting backflow. In vitro results showed that PU/Alg/BD-1 exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and good cytocompatibility with a hemolysis rate of <5%. Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed multiple organic acids in the BD-1 metabolites, which contributed to its antibacterial activity. In vivo microbial analysis verified that PU/Alg/BD-1 effectively reduced the relative abundance of Staphylococcus at the wound site while increasing the proportions of Corynebacterium and Psychrobacter. This microbial modulation contributed to infection control in a rat full-thickness infected wound model, accompanied by a shift in the macrophage phenotype and the downregulation of inflammatory factors including IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β in the PU/Alg/BD-1 group. Compared with the blank control, conventional gauze, PU/Alg, and BD-1 groups, PU/Alg/BD-1 significantly promoted wound contraction and re-epithelialization and enhanced collagen deposition. Hence, this study provides an effective material construction strategy for the application of probiotic-derived postbiotics to promote wound healing, demonstrates the potential of BD-1 to regulate the wound microenvironment and accelerate healing, and thereby offers a novel approach for the treatment of infected wounds.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Siglec-7 orchestrates mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic reprogramming to restrain human NK cell cytotoxic function.

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that directly eliminate tumor and virus-infected cells by integrating signals from activating and inhibitory receptors, and their effector functions are tightly coupled to cellular metabolism. Given that the inhibitory receptor PD-1 reprograms T cell metabolism to shape functional fate, the bioenergetic consequences of inhibitory receptor engagement on human NK cells remain largely unexplored, particularly for sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec-7), a glyco-immune checkpoint receptor. Here, we investigated metabolic programs and effector functions associated with Siglec-7 expression and antibody-mediated Siglec-7 ligation in primary NK cells and NK-92MI cells. Siglec-7POS NK cells exhibited selectively impaired CD107a degranulation under glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation inhibition, whereas Siglec-7NEG cells remained relatively resistant, indicating distinct energetic wiring between these subsets. Engagement of Siglec-7 by an agonistic antibody induced mitochondrial fission with altered Drp1 phosphorylation, transient mitochondrial depolarization, and broadly suppressed mitochondrial respiration, while concurrently enhancing glycolytic capacity, consistent with a dual metabolic shift upon Siglec-7 ligation. In contrast, sustained Siglec-7 expression in NK-92MI-S cells was associated with globally enhanced mitochondrial respiratory capacity, indicating that sustained Siglec-7 expression and short-term treatment with an agonistic anti-Siglec-7 antibody were associated with distinct metabolic profiles in NK cells. Furthermore, Siglec-7POS NK cells showed increased accumulation of autophagic vacuole, reduced proliferation, and heightened apoptotic susceptibility compared with Siglec-7NEG counterparts. Collectively, these findings support an association between Siglec-7 status, mitochondrial homeostasis, and metabolic fitness in NK cells, with Siglec-7NEG cells retaining a metabolically robust, cytotoxic phenotype.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Azithromycin-resistant Salmonella enterica Typhi with AcrB R717L/Q mutations in the United States.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Azithromycin is a critical oral treatment for typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi), since XDR has rendered other first-line treatment options ineffective. Azithromycin resistance conferred by amino acid changes in AcrB, an AcrAB-TolC efflux pump component, represents an emerging public health concern. Leveraging phenotypic and genotypic data from U.S. Salmonella Typhi surveillance systems, this study describes the prevalence, phenotype and genomic epidemiology of Salmonella Typhi with AcrB mutations in U.S. patients since the first detection in 2015. METHODS: AST and WGS data of >3000 Salmonella Typhi isolates were used to identify all cases with an AcrB mutation in the United States (2015-2025). We calculated annual prevalence and MIC ranges. Phylogenetic analysis was used to contextualize U.S. cases of Salmonella Typhi with an AcrB mutation within all globally reported cases. RESULTS: While the prevalence of AcrB mutations in the United States is low (1.5%), it has risen significantly in recent years, from 0.2% in 2016-2022 to 2.2% in 2023-2025. This increase is predominantly driven by clonal expansion of existing strains circulating in South Asia. AcrB mutations do not reliably confer resistance to azithromycin (MIC ≥ 32 mg/L), complicating clinical interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AcrB mutations in Salmonella Typhi is increasing in the United States, and likely globally, given that U.S. data function as an informal proxy for regions without routine surveillance infrastructure. Clinical outcomes data are needed to inform Salmonella Typhi treatment guidelines and potentially amend clinical breakpoints for azithromycin.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Efficacy of the NMIC-150 system in identifying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are significant contributors to the growing global crisis of antimicrobial resistance. This study evaluated the performance of the NMIC-150 System for susceptibility testing of third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) and assessed whether ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam-avibactam could identify ESBL-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CREs). A total of 278 non-duplicate clinical isolates (Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, and Proteus mirabilis) were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using reference broth microdilution (BMD) and the NMIC-150 System. ESBL production was defined as an ≥eight-fold reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3GCs in the presence of clavulanic acid, according to CLSI criteria. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to characterize ESBL and carbapenemase genes among 3GC-resistant isolates. A Random Forest model was used to predict ESBL-producing isolates based on MIC values. The NMIC-150 System demonstrated over 90% categorical and essential agreement with BMD for ceftazidime and ceftriaxone, along with robust predictive performance via Random Forest analysis. These findings suggest that the NMIC-150 System is a reliable platform for 3GC susceptibility testing and that an ≥eight-fold MIC reduction with ceftazidime-avibactam or aztreonam-avibactam may serve as a phenotypic indicator of ESBL production in CRE isolates. In conclusion, the NMIC-150 System shows potential for routine antimicrobial resistance surveillance and may facilitate the rapid identification of ESBL-producing CREs in clinical settings.

Microbial Sensitivity Tests↗

PubMed2026

Genome-wide identification, structural characterization, and evolutionary analysis of growth-related gene families in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).

The somatotropic axis encompassing growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), myostatin (MSTN), and prolactin (PRL) signalling cascades is the master regulator of somatic growth, metabolism, and development in vertebrates. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), a commercially pivotal aquaculture species, now possesses a chromosome-level reference genome (CGAR_prim_01v2); however, a systematic, genome-wide characterization spanning all five interconnected growth-related gene families has not previously been undertaken in this species. Here, we identified and characterized 15 growth-related genes spanning gh1, ghra, ghrb, Igf1, Igf2a, Igf2b, igf1ra, Igf1rb, Igf2r, Mstna, Mstnb, prl, prlra, prlrb, and smtlb distributed across 13 chromosomes. Complete one-to-one orthology with zebrafish confirmed strong dosage-balance conservation across >120 million years of teleost divergence. Physicochemical analysis resolved a clear biochemical dichotomy between compact, basic secreted ligands (19.88-45.81 kDa; pI up to 10.02) and large, acidic, heavily glycosylated membrane receptors (56.82-270.80 kDa; pI 4.85-5.97). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed 3R whole-genome duplication origins for all paralog pairs, while synteny analysis revealed a disruption of the ancestral gh1-prl chromosomal block in C. gariepinus, a finding that warrants further comparative and functional investigation. This genomic atlas provides the sequence and structural information including exon-intron boundaries, domain architecture, and chromosomal coordinates needed as a prerequisite for future marker-assisted selection and CRISPR-based myostatin-editing efforts in African catfish aquaculture, though translation into applied breeding outcomes will require subsequent functional and expression studies.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Longitudinal whole-genome analysis of bluetongue virus identifies conserved serotype-specific genomes and distinct genomic constellations within a Colorado sheep flock (2021-2023).

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented double-stranded RNA virus of ruminants transmitted by Culicoides spp. biting midges. Although the genome consists of ten segments, classification into serotypes is primarily based on genome segment 2. However, reassortment among genomic segments is a major driver of BTV evolution and diversity. This study used longitudinal whole-genome sequencing to characterize BTV genomes collected from 2021 to 2023 within a single sheep flock in Colorado, where multiple serotypes co-circulate. Whole-genome sequences were generated from fourteen blood samples representing four serotypes: BTV-6, -11, -13, and -17. Longitudinal sampling identified multiple BTV serotypes within individual sheep across consecutive years. Tanglegram analysis comparing segment phylogenies to the segment 2 tree demonstrated incongruent topologies across all genomic segments, suggestive of reassortment or the circulation of distinct genomic constellations. Nucleotide-level comparisons revealed high sequence homology among same-serotype samples from the same year, while the greatest genetic divergence was observed among BTV-17 genomes collected in different years. Additionally, all BTV-13 genomes contained a previously undescribed nonsynonymous substitution in segment 10 predicted to extend the encoded protein by three amino acids. Together, these findings demonstrate that highly conserved BTV genomes and distinct genomic constellations can be detected at the flock level across multiple years. This longitudinal whole-genome approach reveals the genetic complexity of endemic BTV populations, including novel variants and genomic patterns consistent with reassortment that are lost with conventional serotyped-based approaches, highlighting the need to integrate whole-genome characterization into endemic BTV monitoring programs.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Gut microbial diversity at baseline conditions the clinical, microbiome, and metabolic response to paraprobiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5282 in overweight adults.

The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a target for obesity management; however, whether baseline gut microbial diversity conditions responsiveness to microbiota-targeted interventions remains unclear. We aimed to investigate whether baseline gut microbial diversity is associated with responsiveness to a paraprobiotic derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5282 (LP5282-P) in overweight adults. In a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of 120 overweight adults, LP5282-P produced no significant between-group differences in any clinical outcome across the overall per-protocol population. However, in the low-diversity subgroup, LP5282-P was associated with significant reductions in body weight, body mass index, and circulating leptin levels. These clinical changes were accompanied by compositional shifts in the gut microbiota, including higher relative abundances of Christensenellaceae, Faecalibacterium, and Alistipes. Fecal metabolite profiles showed elevated acetate and butyrate concentrations and altered bile acid composition. Within the low-diversity subgroup, changes in the relative abundances of Akkermansia and Eubacterium were inversely correlated with changes in body weight, body fat mass, and leptin levels. In contrast, the high-diversity subgroup exhibited no consistent response across the outcome domains examined. Overall, baseline gut microbial diversity was associated with differential responsiveness to LP5282-P, supporting its potential use as a stratification variable in future microbiota-targeted intervention trials. Further studies integrating direct measures of microbial activity and host response are warranted to elucidate the biological pathways underlying this diversity-dependent responsiveness. Trial registration: Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), KCT0008119.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

UV-based homogeneous disinfection process for removal of antibiotic resistance genes: Efficiency, mechanisms and influencing factors.

The proliferation and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments pose a serious threat to global public health. Ultraviolet-driven homogeneous advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) represent a prospective suite of technologies for the efficient removal of ARGs. This review critically assesses recent advances in the application of UV-AOPs, specifically UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2), UV/peracetic acid (UV/PAA), UV/persulfate (UV/PS), and UV/chlorine (UV/Cl), for the elimination of extracellular ARGs and intracellular ARGs. The underlying mechanisms involve direct ultraviolet-induced DNA damage, including pyrimidine dimer formation and strand breakage, as well as oxidation mediated by radicals such as hydroxyl radicals, sulfate radicals, carbon-centered radicals, and reactive chlorine species. The relative contribution of radical and non-radical pathways is strongly influenced by water chemistry and process conditions. We further expound on the critical operational and environmental factors governing ARG removal kinetics, including UV wavelength and fluence, oxidant type and dosage, ARG sequence characteristics, pH, ubiquitous anions, and dissolved organic matter, which collectively affect radical generation, quenching, and reaction microenvironments. Notably, for i-ARGs, UV-AOPs facilitate degradation not only through direct radical attack but also by disrupting cellular integrity and permeabilizing membranes, thereby enhancing the exposure of genetic materials to oxidative and photolytic damage. This review synthesizes current understanding to provide a mechanistic basis for the design and optimization of UV-AOP systems, highlighting their potential as effective barriers against the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in water reuse and purification scenarios.

Disinfection↗

PubMed2026

Comparative profiling of microbial community structure, enzyme potential, metabolic features, and volatile composition in craft and Jiafan Huangjiu processes.

Craft Huangjiu and Jiafan Huangjiu represent two distinct industrial Huangjiu product outcomes with contrasting volatile profiles. This study compared craft Huangjiu (L70) and Jiafan Huangjiu (L79) to characterize their physicochemical, microbial, gene-level functional, metabolic, and volatile features. Because L70 involved mid-fermentation addition of finished Huangjiu, this comparison was not intended to isolate the sole effect of fermentation interruption versus continued fermentation. L79 showed more extensive carbon and nitrogen utilization, with lower residual substrates and higher ethanol and acetic acid contents than L70, whereas L70 retained a less complete fermentation state. At the volatile level, GC-MS and volatile metabolomics consistently showed an ester-enriched profile in L79 and a more alcohol-dominant profile in L70. FlavorDB-based putative annotation and threshold-based OAV analysis further indicated distinct database-assigned descriptor distributions and potential odor-active compounds, with more OAV > 1 ester-related compounds in L79. Metagenomic analysis showed that L70 was dominated by Lactobacillus acetotolerans, whereas L79 contained higher relative abundances of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, and Fructilactobacillus fructivorans. Metagenomic functional annotation showed higher representation of hydrolysis-related CAZy genes and ester-related enzyme annotations in L79. KEGG-based pathway mapping further indicated greater gene-level potential for ethanol-, acetate-, and acetyl-CoA-related metabolism in L79. Accordingly, the L70 profile should be interpreted as the integrated final-product outcome of process intervention, exogenous input, and subsequent fermentation. The findings provide a comparative basis for future flavor regulation and process optimization in Huangjiu and other fermented alcoholic beverages.

Volatile Organic Compounds↗

PubMed2026

Emergence of Babesia naoakii infection in Indonesian domestic cattle, a new host record in water buffaloes, and characterization of complete mitochondrial protein-coding genes.

Babesia (B.) naoakii, previously referred to as Babesia sp. Mymensingh, is a recently characterized tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasite of cattle. In Indonesia, we first reported its presence in 2022 from clinically affected cattle in Central Java. To investigate the wider epidemiology of this neglected ruminant-associated Babesia species, we surveyed apparently healthy cattle (Bos indicus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) across three districts of Java, Indonesia. A PCR assay targeting the B. naoakii-specific apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1) gene detected the parasite occurrence in 34.39% of assessed cattle (87/253; 95% CI: 28.80-40.44%) and 30.77% of water buffaloes (12/39; 95% CI: 18.47-46.52%). These results represent the first record of B. naoakii infection in water buffaloes in the country and confirm that the parasite circulates in subclinically infected bovine hosts. To characterise this apicomplexan parasite further at the molecular level, we assembled in full length the three mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs): cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 (cox1) and 3 (cox3), as well as cytochrome b (cytb). These genes were reconstructed by next-generation sequencing of blood DNA collected during the acute haemolytic-phase of B. naoakii infection, from calves that subsequently succumbed to the disease in the endemic area. Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated amino-acid sequences of cox1, cox3, and cytb placed the Indonesian isolates within a well-supported monophyletic clade, distinct from all previously characterised ruminant-associated Babesia species and sister to the Babesia bigemina/Babesia ovata lineage. This placement confirmed species identity and reinforced the genetic distinctiveness of B. naoakii in Indonesia. Notably, although B. naoakii circulates in peripheral blood and mirrors the diagnostic behaviour of the mild pathogen B. bigemina, its clinical impact more closely resembles that of the severe pathogenic B. bovis, particularly in young animals. This diagnostic-clinical discordance highlights the need for B. naoakii-specific molecular surveillance and species-level differentiation in regions of co-endemicity. Given the high prevalence in subclinically B. naoakii-infected adults, the documented severity of babesiosis in calves, and the potential for substantial economic losses, broader epidemiological investigations and species-specific control measures for B. naoakii are urgently performed. The same holds true for future epizootiological investigations of underdiagnosed B. naoakii-infections possibly circulating in Indonesian endemic ruminant bovids such as the banteng (Bos javanicus), the lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and the tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis).

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Integrated electronic nose, GC-MS, and metagenomic analyses reveal volatile flavor and microbial community differences in heap-fermented grains of Jiangxiangxing Baijiu across different fermentation degrees.

The fermentation degree of heap-fermented grains in Jiangxiangxing Baijiu production is a critical factor influencing base Baijiu quality. However, conventional assessment methods largely rely on empirical experience and therefore suffer from limited objectivity and accuracy. In this study, integrated volatile profiling and metagenomic approaches were employed to investigate volatile characteristics and microbial functional potential differentiation in fermented grains with different fermentation degrees (under-fermented, normally fermented, and over-fermented). Significant differences in physicochemical properties were observed among fermentation degrees, particularly in acidity and reducing sugar content. Electronic nose analysis revealed distinct sensor response patterns among different fermentation degrees, indicating differences in overall volatile odor fingerprint patterns. A total of 81 volatile compounds were identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS, with aldehydes, ketones, and pyrazines showing pronounced variations among fermentation degrees, and acetaldehyde exhibiting strong discriminatory potential. LEfSe analysis identified 18 microbial taxa as potential biomarkers associated with different fermentation degrees, including Pichia kudriavzevii, Lentibacillus daiqui, and Acetobacter pasteurianus. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between acetaldehyde levels and Acetobacter abundance. Furthermore, KEGG, CAZy, and eggNOG analyses revealed differentiated functional potentials among fermentation degrees, providing insights into the potential metabolic basis associated with flavor differentiation. Overall, these findings highlight that fermentation degree differentiation is closely associated with coordinated changes in physicochemical conditions, microbial communities, and functional potentials, providing ecological insights into flavor differentiation and theoretical support for objective fermentation degree evaluation and quality control of Jiangxiangxing Baijiu production.

Fermentation↗

PubMed2026

Routine methods misidentify Serratia spp.: Limitations of MALDI-TOF MS revealed by whole-genome sequencing.

Accurate species-level identification within the genus Serratia remains challenging due to extensive phenotypic overlap and high genomic relatedness among closely related and recently described taxa. This study presents an evaluation of routine and genome-based identification approaches applied to clinical Serratia isolates, integrating phenotypic assays, MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker Daltonics), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS). A total of 103 isolates collected from a teaching hospital were analyzed. WGS was performed on a subset of isolates. Conventional biochemical methods classified all isolates as Serratia marcescens, whereas MALDI-TOF MS identified 60.1% as S. marcescens, 11.6% as S. ureilytica, and 28.1% just at the genus level. Peak analysis from MALDI-TOF MS revealed specific peaks associated with S. marcescens and S. ureilytica, but limited discriminatory power. WGS of six isolates initially identified as S. ureilytica by MALDI-TOF MS revealed reclassification as Serratia sarumanii (n = 5) and Serratia montpellierensis (n = 1), supported by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), Average Amino Acid Identity (AAI), and Digital DNA-DNA Hybridization (dDDH) thresholds. In contrast, 16S rRNA analysis showed limited species-level resolution. Phylogenomic and SNP-based analyses confirmed these classifications with strong support. Overall, this study underscores the critical role of high-resolution genomic approaches for precise species identification and highlights the need for continuous expansion and curation of MALDI-TOF MS reference databases to support reliable clinical diagnostics and epidemiological surveillance of emerging Serratia species.

Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorpti↗

PubMed2026

Non-coding RNAs and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is responsible for 70% of dementia cases worldwide, with tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid-β plaque accumulation representing its core pathological hallmarks. Genetic predisposition, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation contribute to disease onset and progression. Non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) are a class of RNAs which control gene expression and whose dysregulation in AD patients has been linked to amyloid production, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which ranges from impaired energy metabolism to disrupted mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics. Our descriptive systematic review surveyed the involvement of ncRNAs in mitochondrial dysfunction in AD across experimental and clinical literature. We identified multiple microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) that directly regulate mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial autophagic, and apoptotic pathways, mitochondrial dynamics, and protein import mechanisms in AD models. Among the most important candidates demonstrating clinical dysregulation, miR-140 and lncRNA NEAT1 regulate mitophagy, while miR-9, miR-34a, miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-485 are implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis and miR-204 in mitochondrial autophagy. LncRNA BDNF-AS, miR-148a-3p, miR-21-5p, and miR-103a-3p emerged as regulators of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway with confirmed clinical dysregulation. Multiple ncRNAs control mitochondrial dynamics, of which miR-195, miR-124, and miR-455-3p have also been studied in AD patients. Additionally, several ncRNAs were found to indirectly regulate mitochondrial fission, autophagy, and apoptosis, although the underlying mechanisms require further characterization. Thus, while ncRNA-centered AD research is in its early stages, current mechanistic and translational evidence supports mitochondrially relevant ncRNAs as promising candidates for biomarker and therapeutic development.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed2026

Molecular Diagnostics for WHO Priority Bacterial Pathogens: A Bibliometric Mapping of Diagnostic Platforms, Resistance Markers, and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Trends.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constrains effective treatment and carries implications for infection control, surveillance, and public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) priority bacterial pathogen framework has intensified the need for diagnostic innovation by redefining research priorities around organisms combining high disease burden with complex resistance profiles. Molecular diagnostics have accordingly moved beyond culture-based workflows, integrating rapid pathogen identification, resistance-marker detection, genomic surveillance, and clinical decision support. The present study conducted a bibliometric mapping of the literature on WHO priority pathogens. Rather than addressing resistance at a general level or a single pathogen or technology, it integrates priority pathogens, molecular platforms, and resistance markers within a single framework, tracing their joint thematic and temporal evolution along an explicit pathogen-platform-marker axis. Scopus-indexed articles and reviews (2000-2025) were retrieved, yielding 1746 publications after screening adapted from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Analyses used Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny, R, and VOSviewer. The literature expanded markedly after 2018, led by China and the United States. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Enterococcus faecium, and the Enterobacterales-carbapenemase axis constituted the principal thematic cores, whereas conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) and whole-genome sequencing were the dominant platforms. Overall, the field has evolved from pathogen detection into an AMR-centered translational domain encompassing resistance prediction, genomic epidemiology, surveillance, and clinical decision support. Diagnostic development, stewardship, and surveillance depend on hybrid workflows coupling rapid marker-targeted assays with genome-based characterization, delivering actionable resistance within clinically meaningful timeframes, and extending coverage to underrepresented pathogens and platforms.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Mechanisms of high-humidity hot air impingement blanching (HHAIB) on microbial counts, functional properties, phenolic profile transformation, and volatile compounds in celery stalks (Apium graveolens L.).

In this study, celery stalks were pretreated with different durations (0-150 s) of high-humidity hot air impingement blanching (HHAIB), followed by far-infrared radiation assisted pulsed vacuum freeze-drying (FIR-PVFD) at 60, 65, and 70 °C. The effects of HHAIB on the physicochemical properties, composition and transformation of phenolic compounds, volatile components, and antioxidant capacity of FIR-PVFD-dried celery stalks were systematically investigated. The results showed that HHAIB not only effectively reduced the counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB) and total yeast and mold (TYM), but also decreased the relative activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and lipoxygenase (LOX) by more than 91% after 90 s of treatment. HHAIB altered the cellular structure of celery stalks, shortened the drying time by 29.33-41.43%, and improved their hydration properties. HHAIB pretreatment promoted the conversion of bound phenolics to free phenolics in celery stalks, with significant increases in the contents of p-coumaric acid, apigenin, graveobioside A, and other components. The total free phenolic content increased by 56.99%, thus HHAIB enhanced the antioxidant activity. An electronic nose and sensory evaluation revealed that HHAIB-pretreated celery stalks better retained the characteristic herbal and pungent notes. GC-MS results indicated that HHAIB treatment optimized the aroma profile by regulating the contents and composition of terpenes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and aromatic compounds.

Apium↗

PubMed2026

Depth-dependent microbial succession and interspecies hydrogen transfer drive pit mud maturation in Chinese strong-flavor baijiu fermentation.

Microbial communities in fermentation pit mud play a key role in determining the quality of Chinese strong-flavor baijiu (CSFB). However, the ecological processes underlying pit mud maturation across spatial and temporal scales remain unclear. In this study, amplicon sequencing and metagenomic analyses were employed to investigate the taxonomic succession, community assembly, and metabolic functions of bacterial and archaeal communities during the transition from fresh pit mud (FPM) to new pit mud (NPM) and old pit mud (OPM). A pronounced depth-dependent succession pattern was observed, with 4 cm representing a critical ecological boundary separating distinct community structures and maturation trajectories. During surface-layer maturation, community assembly shifted from stochastic to deterministic processes, accompanied by homogeneous selection and increasing network complexity. In contrast, stochastic processes remained dominant throughout deep-layer maturation. Metagenomic analyses revealed a functional transition from lactate and acetate production, primarily associated with Lactobacillus in FPM and NPM, to butyrate and caproate production associated with Clostridium and Caproiciproducens in OPM. This functional transition was accompanied by enhanced amino acid metabolism, which was associated with the enrichment of Proteiniphilum and Aminobacterium. Notably, methanogen-mediated interspecies hydrogen transfer (IHT) emerged as a key ecological feature during pit mud maturation. In OPM, IHT networks primarily involving Methanobacterium and Methanosarcina linked methanogenesis with reverse β-oxidation through diverse hydrogen-transfer pathways, reinforcing metabolic interactions underlying caproate production. These findings provide new insights into the ecological mechanisms underlying pit mud maturation and offer a theoretical basis for the directed cultivation of high-quality pit mud in CSFB production.

Hydrogen↗