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PubMed2026

Primary pulmonary salivary gland-type tumors in cytopathology practice: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Primary pulmonary salivary gland-type tumors (PSGTs) are rare but clinically significant tumors that originate from the submucosal glands of the tracheobronchial tree. Cytologic samples taken during bronchoscopy are a key component of preoperative evaluation. However, cytologic diagnosis remains challenging because of the submucosal growth and morphologic overlap of PSGTs. In addition, current knowledge of the cytohistologic correlation of PSGTs is fragmented. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of cytologic diagnoses of PSGTs. METHODS: A comprehensive, systematic literature search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify studies with cytologic and histologic diagnoses of PSGTs. Comprehensive data on diagnostic and clinical factors, when available, were collected for all individual patients. The data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using OpenMeta (Analyst) software. RESULTS: In total, 49 studies comprising 106 patients were identified. Final cytohistologic concordance was demonstrated in 48.1% of cases. Fine-needle aspiration showed the highest sensitivity (75.0%), followed by bronchial/tracheal washing (38.1%), and bronchial brushing (34.2%). Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common histologic subtype, accounting for 67 cases, followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma, which accounted for 27 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The cytologic diagnosis of rare PSGTs remains challenging. Overall, cytohistologic concordance was 48.1%. However, fine-needle aspiration demonstrated greater diagnostic accuracy than exfoliative cytology and may facilitate a more accurate preoperative assessment.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Prevalence of Breastfeeding in Infants With Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of breastfeeding-overall, exclusive, partial and depending on infants' age-in infants with Down syndrome, and to investigate associated factors. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL and SciELO up to 1 August 2024. Original articles that estimated the prevalence of breastfeeding in infants with Down syndrome, written in French, English or Spanish, were included. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scale. Meta-analyses were performed for breastfeeding outcomes and meta-regression explored heterogeneity. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021278019). RESULTS: Twenty-six studies (3463 infants) were included. The estimated prevalence of overall breastfeeding regardless of duration was 71.6% (95% CI [60.3; 80.7]; 25 studies, 3351 infants) with high heterogeneity, I2 = 94%. The estimated prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 38.4% (95% CI [22.4; 57.3]; 10 studies, 1099 infants). No factor assessed in meta-regression was significantly associated with overall breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: The estimated breastfeeding prevalence in infants with Down syndrome is similar to that reported in the general population, despite high heterogeneity. Further studies using standardised methodology to assess breastfeeding barriers and facilitators in the context of Down syndrome would allow us to improve support for breastfeeding.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Nursing Clinical Decision-Making: An Umbrella Review.

AIM: To describe contemporary peer-reviewed literature on artificial intelligence in nurses' clinical decision-making. METHODS: An umbrella review of literature reviews. DATA SOURCES: Four major databases were searched for reviews published between 2019 and 2024. RESULTS: Sixteen literature reviews reported on 965 nursing artificial intelligence primary studies. The studies focused on technology development and emerging performance evaluations, whilst real-world testing or implementation in nursing clinical settings was rare. Rigorous comparative analyses were lacking. While artificial intelligence demonstrates promise in decision-making, challenges such as a lack of controlled studies, algorithmic bias, limited reproducibility and insufficient clinical trials hinder its practical impact. Ethical concerns, transparency and patient data privacy issues pose barriers to AI integration in nursing practice. Ethical and legal guidelines for patient privacy are needed and should be taught along with AI literacy training for nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial intelligence has the potential to enhance clinical nursing decision-making, although evidence is limited by too few examples of nurse participation during development. Underutilisation in administrative nursing functions hinders implementation. Nurses should assume a central role in the design and development of AI applications to ensure that these technologies address the realities of nursing practice. With such improvements, artificial intelligence can transform nursing practice, improve nurses' clinical decision-making and ultimately enhance consumer healthcare outcomes. PATIENT OR PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT: No Patient or Public Involvement. REPORTING METHOD: While there is no reporting checklist for umbrella reviews, the PRISMA guide for systematic reviews was followed.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2026

The combination of morphogenic regulators BABY BOOM and GRF-GIF improves maize transformation efficiency and promotes leaf regeneration.

Transformation is an indispensable tool for plant genetics and functional genomics. Although stable transformation in maize is no longer a major obstacle, there remains a need for accessible and efficient methods for academic laboratories. Here, we present the GGB system, a rapid and efficient approach optimized for immature embryo transformation in B104 and other maize lines. This system combines two distinct morphogenetic regulators, the wheat GRF4-GIF1 chimera and the maize BABY BOOM (BBM) transcription factor (hence the name "GGB") with a modified QuickCorn protocol, enabling regeneration of transformed maize plantlets in c. 2 months with an efficiency 7-fold higher than when compared to either morphogenic factor used in isolation. Expression of both regulators did not significantly affect development, eliminating the need to excise them after regeneration. However, transmission of the transgenic GGB construct through pollen was significantly reduced, potentially aiding transgenic line containment. We show that the GGB system is adaptable for CRISPR-Cas9 editing and reporter line generation. Furthermore, stable GGB transformants exhibited high leaf regeneration capacity via somatic embryogenesis. RNA-seq time-course profiling of GGB leaf cultures identified additional factors that could promote regeneration and led to the discovery of asparagine and trehalose as additional media components that significantly enhanced leaf regeneration.

Zea mays↗

PubMed2026

Implementation of Mobile Health Intervention Targeting Belongingness and Burdensomeness: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in LGBTQ+ Individuals.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this paper was to test a mobile health intervention designed to reduce self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in LGBTQ+ individuals. The intervention consisted of brief messages aimed at increasing feelings of belongingness and meaning. METHOD: We recruited LGBTQ+ individuals (N = 55) with past-month self-injurious thoughts and/or behaviors. Participants completed 14 days of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of minority stress, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Then, participants were randomly assigned to receive brief messages designed to instill belongingness and meaning/purpose, or no intervention for 14 days. Then, participants completed an additional 14 days of EMA. RESULTS: Our results showed that participants in the control condition had significant increases in self-injurious thoughts and planning over time, whereas those in the intervention condition showed no significant change. For self-injurious behavior, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness, there were significant decreases in the intervention condition, but no changes in the control condition. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for the interpersonal theory of suicide and indicate a potentially scalable mobile health intervention. PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE: This paper found evidence that a brief mobile health intervention reduced suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviors among LGBTQ+ individuals.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Tissue-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels instruct epigenetic adaptation in metastatic colonization.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in regulating tumor progression and metastatic colonization by providing biochemical and mechanical signals that shape cancer cell fate. However, most organoid culture systems rely on basement membrane extracts that fail to reproduce the tissue-specific extracellular environments encountered during metastasis. Here, we develop tissue-derived decellularized matrix hydrogels to reconstruct organ-specific microenvironments and investigate epigenetic adaptation to ECM cues during metastatic colonization. Patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids cultured in colon-derived matrices exhibited enhanced maintenance of stem-like phenotypes and colon-specific chromatin accessibility landscapes compared with cultures grown in basement membrane extracts, demonstrating improved physiological relevance for primary tumor modeling. When exposed to matrices derived from secondary organs, the organoids showed distinct growth phenotypes accompanied by rapid, tissue-dependent chromatin accessibility remodeling, indicating that ECM composition alone can reshape regulatory programs governing metastatic adaptation. Notably, liver-derived matrices selectively activated hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A)-associated transcriptional networks and created a context-specific dependence on c-MET signaling for survival. Functional perturbation of HNF4A or c-MET signaling confirmed that both are required for organoid formation specifically within the liver matrix environment. Together, these findings establish tissue-derived matrix hydrogels as instructive bioactive materials that actively regulate cancer cell epigenetic states and reveal microenvironment-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities during early metastatic colonization.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Plant species identification by genome skimming across the vascular plant tree of life.

Accurate species identification is essential for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, yet standard plant DNA barcoding often fails to achieve species-level resolution. We present a large-scale empirical evaluation of genome skimming as a tool to improve plant species discrimination. Using standardised data from 1969 individuals representing 475 species from 32 genera across major lineages of the vascular plant tree of life, we compare conventional plastid + internal transcribed spacer (ITS) barcodes with genome skimming approaches. Standard barcoding using rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA and ITS resolved about half of species (49.3%), with six genera showing < 25% species discrimination. By contrast, genome skimming enabled the recovery of complete plastid genomes, yielding 57.6% species discrimination. It also generated sufficient nuclear genomic data for additional resolution from k-mer analysis, achieving 66.8% species discrimination - an average gain of 17.5% over standard barcodes - while eliminating cases of extreme failure (< 25% resolution). The recovery of complete plastomes and ribosomal DNAs from genome skims also ensures backward compatibility with existing barcode datasets. Our results demonstrate that genome skimming provides data that substantially improves species-level resolution across diverse plant lineages and offers a scalable, high-throughput approach for building comprehensive reference resources to support global biodiversity initiatives.

DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic↗

PubMed2026

Divergent trajectories of genome architecture and chromosome evolution in ferns and angiosperms.

Ferns and angiosperms represent the two largest vascular plant lineages but exhibit striking genomic and ecological contrasts. We investigated whether differences in genome size, chromosome architecture, GC content, and stomatal traits reveal divergent evolutionary trajectories between these lineages. We assembled the most comprehensive dataset to date, integrating genome size, chromosome number and size, GC content, and stomatal traits for over 1100 fern species and compared it with an extensive angiosperm dataset. Ferns exhibited markedly lower variability and c. 16-fold slower rates of chromosome size evolution than angiosperms. A persistent positive relationship between genome size and chromosome number in ferns suggests limited cytological post-polyploid diploidization. While ferns generally possess larger stomata, this difference disappears after accounting for genome size, indicating that nucleotypic constraints, rather than lineage-specific physiology, dictate stomatal dimensions. Both groups share a unimodal GC-genome size relationship peaking at c. 14 Gbp. Larger fern chromosomes imply lower genome-wide recombination rates, potentially limiting genetic reshuffling and adaptive potential. Our results highlight fundamentally divergent evolutionary trajectories, likely shaped by meiotic symmetry in ferns and meiotic asymmetry, possibly centromere drive, and post-polyploid diploidization in angiosperms, defining the functional and genomic landscapes of these lineages across deep evolutionary timescales.

Genome, Plant↗

PubMed2026

Regional and statewide hysterectomy-corrected endometrial cancer incidence and five-year relative survival in Texas.

BACKGROUND: Rising endometrial cancer (EC) incidence nationwide, particularly among Hispanic women, and high prevalence of risk factors such as obesity and comorbidities in Texas, motivated us to estimate EC incidence rates (IRs) and survival by age (<50 years/ early-onset, ≥50 years/late-onset), race-ethnicity (Non-Hispanic-White [NHW], -Black [NHB], Hispanic), histology (endometrioid, non-endometrioid), and area-based socioeconomic (SES) factors across Texas Health Service Regions (HSRs). STUDY DESIGN: Between 2000 and 2019, a total of 42,571 women (20-79 years) with EC were reported from Texas within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. IRs and 5-year relative survival were calculated using SEER*Stat. IRs were corrected for hysterectomy using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. RESULTS: Statewide EC IRs rose from 38.5 (2000-2009) to 44.5 (2010-2019), with the highest increase in the Upper-South (42.6 to 53.8). Across HSRs, Upper-South consistently had higher IRs among women < 50 (13.9) and ≥ 50 years (112.7). Among those < 50 years, Hispanics had the highest IRs (12.4), predominantly endometrioid tumors, whereas in women ≥ 50 years, NHB had the highest IRs (119.2) with a large proportion of non-endometrioid tumors. IRs were higher in areas with lower poverty, and higher education, income, and urbanization. Associations with unemployment were mixed. Worse survival outcomes were observed among NHBs, non-endometrioid, advanced-stage, and lower SES. Central Texas had more favorable survival outcomes compared to other HSR. CONCLUSION: EC IRs and survival rates in Texas largely mirror national trends, with regional differences likely reflecting sociodemographic and histologic distributions.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Impact of stromal maturity and proportion on prognosis and immune landscape in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Tumour microenvironment and cancer cells have constant interaction affecting cancer progression. Tumour-stroma ratio (TSR) in the tumour centre and desmoplastic reaction (DR) classification at the invasive margin are prognostic factors based on stroma evaluation on H&E slides. However, their combined value and immunological associations remain poorly defined. This study examines the prognostic and immunological value of TSR, DR, and their combination in two large colorectal cancer cohorts. METHODS: Two colorectal cancer cohorts (N = 1,876) were analyzed. We introduced a three-tiered Stromal Maturity and Proportion Score (SMAPS) based on the presence of high (>50%) TSR and myxoid stroma (immature DR classification). Alcian blue staining was used to further quantify myxoid stroma. Multiplex immunohistochemistry combined with digital image analyses, was utilized to study immune cell densities associated with SMAPS, TSR, DR, and Alcian blue intensity. RESULTS: In the study cohort (N = 1,100), SMAPS was a stronger predictor of cancer-specific mortality [HR for high (vs. low) SMAPS 2.01 (95% CI 1.47-2.75), p < 0.0001] compared to TSR [HR for stroma-high (vs. stroma-low) 1.49 (95% CI 1.15-1.93), p = 0.003] and DR classification [HR for immature (vs. mature) 1.84 (95% CI 1.39-2.45), p < 0.0001]. High SMAPS, stroma-high TSR, and immature DR correlated with lower densities of CD3+ T cells, B cells, M1-like macrophages, CD66B+ granulocytes, and mast cells. Alcian blue staining was associated with immature DR and corresponding immune cells. The validation cohort (N = 776) confirmed the association of SMAPS with survival and T cell densities. CONCLUSIONS: TSR and DR are independent prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival. SMAPS is a promising prognostic tool that integrates stromal maturity at the invasive margin and stromal proportion in the tumour centre. SMAPS has stronger prognostic value compared to TSR and DR classifications alone. A high stromal proportion and myxoid content are associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment characterized by lower densities of antitumourigenic immune cells.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Evaluating the Efficacy of Electronic Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (e-SBIRT) for Gambling: An Online Pilot Randomised Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy of electronic screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (e-SBIRT) at improving gambling outcomes and increasing help-seeking. METHODS: We conducted a two-arm, randomised online pilot trial (n = 83) comparing an e-SBIRT intervention with an active control over 12 weeks. The brief intervention was informed by motivational interviewing and incorporated personalised normative feedback, information provision, and relapse-prevention components. Eligible participants were aged 18 or older, resided in the UK and had scores indicating at least moderate severity gambling. RESULTS: Participants (54 [65.1%] male; mean [SD] age = 40.58 [12.75] years, mean [SD] PGSI = 7.16 [5.58]) in the e-SBIRT and control conditions showed improvements in gambling harms (p = 0.033) and perceived ability to control gambling (p = 0.029). No significant effects of condition assignment or condition x time interactions were observed. However, exploratory analyses of individual model coefficients suggested greater improvement in perceived ability to control gambling among participants receiving e-SBIRT at 12 weeks (p = 0.043). Exploratory analyses also suggested higher rates of help-seeking at 12-week follow-up among participants receiving e-SBIRT. CONCLUSION: Overall, e-SBIRT did not demonstrate clear advantages over assessment and information provision alone. Further research should prioritise refining intervention components and evaluating SBIRT approaches in settings that better reflect its opportunistic delivery model.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Frequency of Human Brucellosis Complications in West Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Brucellosis is a multi-systemic zoonotic infection. The West Asia/Middle East region is an important global hotspot for brucellosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to aggregate and synthesize all the available evidence regarding the complications of brucellosis in West Asia/Middle East region. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Proquest were searched. Selection of studies, data extraction, and the risk of bias assessment were performed in duplicate. Data extraction was performed for 254 complications. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Where applicable small-study effects was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. Separate by-country, by-age, and by-publication-decade subgroup analyses were performed if feasible. RESULTS: Out of 9518 results, 240 studies (260 references) were included. The majority of the included studies were conducted in Turkey (n = 177). The reported complications varied and different complication categorization systems were detected. The highest pooled estimate was observed for musculoskeletal involvement (50%, 95%CI: 39%-61%, I2 = 96.63%). The evidences is up-to-date until March 4, 2024. CONCLUSIONS: Some complications such as the complications of the eye were not reported in all the countries. Therefore, it's recommended to determine the relative frequency of those complications in regions without such reports. The pooled estimates of different complications of brucellosis were different. There's a need for the standardization of the reporting of the complications of brucellosis to achieve comparability between studies and across different regions.

Brucellosis↗

PubMed2026

Molecular Diagnostics for WHO Priority Bacterial Pathogens: A Bibliometric Mapping of Diagnostic Platforms, Resistance Markers, and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Trends.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constrains effective treatment and carries implications for infection control, surveillance, and public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) priority bacterial pathogen framework has intensified the need for diagnostic innovation by redefining research priorities around organisms combining high disease burden with complex resistance profiles. Molecular diagnostics have accordingly moved beyond culture-based workflows, integrating rapid pathogen identification, resistance-marker detection, genomic surveillance, and clinical decision support. The present study conducted a bibliometric mapping of the literature on WHO priority pathogens. Rather than addressing resistance at a general level or a single pathogen or technology, it integrates priority pathogens, molecular platforms, and resistance markers within a single framework, tracing their joint thematic and temporal evolution along an explicit pathogen-platform-marker axis. Scopus-indexed articles and reviews (2000-2025) were retrieved, yielding 1746 publications after screening adapted from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Analyses used Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny, R, and VOSviewer. The literature expanded markedly after 2018, led by China and the United States. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Enterococcus faecium, and the Enterobacterales-carbapenemase axis constituted the principal thematic cores, whereas conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) and whole-genome sequencing were the dominant platforms. Overall, the field has evolved from pathogen detection into an AMR-centered translational domain encompassing resistance prediction, genomic epidemiology, surveillance, and clinical decision support. Diagnostic development, stewardship, and surveillance depend on hybrid workflows coupling rapid marker-targeted assays with genome-based characterization, delivering actionable resistance within clinically meaningful timeframes, and extending coverage to underrepresented pathogens and platforms.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Extent of resection as an independent predictor of survival for patients with glioblastoma as defined by the new WHO 2021 classification.

OBJECTIVE: Extent of resection (EOR) has previously been demonstrated to have an impact on survival in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). However, with the World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 reclassification of GBMs based on IDH-mutation status, patients with "IDH-mutant GBMs," who typically survive long term, were reclassified as WHO grade 4 IDH-mutant astrocytomas and removed from the GBM taxonomy. Therefore, it is unknown whether the previously reported impact of resection on survival was a false-positive result due to the inclusion of the less aggressive IDH-mutant tumors in previous datasets. This study aimed to determine the extent to which EOR remains an independent predictor of survival in patients with WHO 2021 GBM after the reclassification of IDH-mutant grade 4 astrocytomas. METHODS: All cases of GBM tumors (based on the pre-2021 GBM classification) that were newly diagnosed between 2005 and 2021 were identified in our institutional database and subsequently reclassified based on the updated WHO 2021 criteria using IDH status. Multivariable statistical analyses of demographic information, survival time, and EOR based on volumetric MRI were performed to determine the independent predictors of survival for the whole group of patients and for IDH-wildtype GBM patients exclusively. Additional analyses were performed to identify an EOR threshold for improvement in survival. RESULTS: Of the 523 tumors classified as GBM based on the pre-2021 taxonomy, 52 (9.9%) cases were reclassified as WHO grade 4 IDH-mutant astrocytomas, and the median survival of patients in this group was 7.9 years, whereas median survival of the IDH-wildtype GBM patients was 1.4 years. Multivariate analyses of the whole group demonstrated that IDH-mutant astrocytomas were associated with reduced hazard of death. In both the whole group (n = 523) and in IDH-wildtype GBMs (n = 471), higher EOR of the contrast-enhancing (CE) tumor was associated with reduced hazard of death, whereas older age or male sex was associated with increased hazard of death. Because most patients (90%) had high EOR values (> 81%), a statistically meaningful EOR threshold could not be established. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses demonstrated that EOR of the CE tumor is an independent predictor of survival and that greater EOR is associated with improved survival in WHO 2021 IDH-wildtype GBMs even after excluding grade 4 IDH-mutant astrocytomas. However, an absolute EOR threshold below which resection did not improve survival could not be established, raising concerns about prior cutoff assessments.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Mechanisms of high-humidity hot air impingement blanching (HHAIB) on microbial counts, functional properties, phenolic profile transformation, and volatile compounds in celery stalks (Apium graveolens L.).

In this study, celery stalks were pretreated with different durations (0-150 s) of high-humidity hot air impingement blanching (HHAIB), followed by far-infrared radiation assisted pulsed vacuum freeze-drying (FIR-PVFD) at 60, 65, and 70 °C. The effects of HHAIB on the physicochemical properties, composition and transformation of phenolic compounds, volatile components, and antioxidant capacity of FIR-PVFD-dried celery stalks were systematically investigated. The results showed that HHAIB not only effectively reduced the counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB) and total yeast and mold (TYM), but also decreased the relative activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and lipoxygenase (LOX) by more than 91% after 90 s of treatment. HHAIB altered the cellular structure of celery stalks, shortened the drying time by 29.33-41.43%, and improved their hydration properties. HHAIB pretreatment promoted the conversion of bound phenolics to free phenolics in celery stalks, with significant increases in the contents of p-coumaric acid, apigenin, graveobioside A, and other components. The total free phenolic content increased by 56.99%, thus HHAIB enhanced the antioxidant activity. An electronic nose and sensory evaluation revealed that HHAIB-pretreated celery stalks better retained the characteristic herbal and pungent notes. GC-MS results indicated that HHAIB treatment optimized the aroma profile by regulating the contents and composition of terpenes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and aromatic compounds.

Apium↗

PubMed2026

Effectiveness of Caregiver-Mediated Spoken Language Interventions for Children Under Five at Risk of Developmental Language Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Caregiver-mediated interventions are commonly used by Speech and Language Therapists to support early language development. Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is associated with reduced quality of life throughout the lifespan. Understanding factors that predict intervention success is essential for developing appropriate, cost-effective therapy provision for the approximately 12% of preschool children who present with early markers for Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions for under-fives at risk of DLD, and factors influencing intervention effectiveness. METHODS: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Five electronic databases were searched to identify experimental studies comparing caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions to control conditions in under-fives presenting with risk factors for DLD. Risk factors included prematurity, socioeconomic factors, caregiver language development concerns, and formal or informal language screening or assessment scores. Twenty-six experimental studies with 1407 child participants were included in qualitative synthesis. Meta-analysis was performed on nine Randomised Controlled Trials involving 947 children. RESULTS: Effectiveness was examined for outcomes including child language gains, child wellbeing, inclusion and attainment. Meta-analysis indicated a significant effect of caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions on language outcomes compared to treatment-as-usual, non-language intervention or waitlist control conditions. Non-language outcomes were evaluated via qualitative synthesis. Interventions significantly improved language development trajectories for under-fives presenting with risk factors or early markers for DLD. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: This review contributes to the growing evidence base demonstrating that caregiver-mediated interventions can positively impact language development and wellbeing outcomes for children under five at risk of DLD. These findings support the implementation of caregiver-mediated environmental language interventions in clinical practice to maximise accessibility and cost-effectiveness while delivering optimal outcomes for vulnerable populations. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject Previous research on caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions has highlighted gaps in the evidence regarding the impact of risk factors, demographic characteristics, dosage and intervention components on child language outcomes. Developmental Language Disorder has relatively high population prevalence, estimated at 7%. Prevalence is associated with risk factors including low household socioeconomic status (SES), prematurity and late language emergence. In contrast to its prevalence, there is low public and professional awareness of DLD and a low diagnostic rate. Therefore, a strengthened evidence base and additional insights into the factors affecting success of family-based interventions is important in order to increase the effectiveness of service provision and care planning for this underserved population. Timely and effective intervention with young children presenting with early markers for DLD has the potential to offer lifelong improvement to their wellbeing, inclusion and attainment outcomes. Recent systematic reviews of the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated language interventions had differences in population age range and diagnostic inclusion criteria. What this paper adds to existing knowledge Our review examines the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated early spoken language interventions on child language, attainment and wellbeing, and on caregiver self-efficacy and adherence to language support strategies. Our population was children under five presenting with risk factors for Developmental Language Disorder, in the absence of other neurodevelopmental or genetic conditions such as intellectual disability or autism. This review adds depth and detail to the evidence base supporting the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions in improving outcomes for this population of young children, and factors that influence their success. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The high prevalence of Developmental Language Disorder, estimated at around 7% of the population, and the strong association with risk factors including low SES, prematurity and late language emergence, coupled with the low awareness of DLD and low diagnostic rate, mean that a strengthened evidence base and additional insights into the factors affecting success of family-based interventions can increase the effectiveness of service provision and care planning for this population. Timely and effective intervention in this group of young children has the potential to improve wellbeing and attainment outcomes across the lifespan. This review contributes to our understanding of how to implement cost-effective, socially valid and maximally engaging partnership working with families of young children at risk for DLD.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Efficacy of Oral Baicalin in Canine Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomised Placebo Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Baicalin has shown efficacy in various dermatitis models in animals. However, its therapeutic effects on naturally occurring canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of baicalin in dogs with cAD. ANIMALS: 56 client-owned dogs were enrolled. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All dogs were randomly divided to receive oral baicalin or placebo over a 90day period. All subjects had veterinary evaluations using the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04) during the trial and owners were requested to evaluate itching using the pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) and to complete a quality-of-life (QoL) questionnaire at Day (D)0 and D90. Additionally, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), total serum IgE levels (IgE), complete blood count and serum biochemical results were measured at D0 and D90. RESULTS: The significant decreases in CADESI-04 (p < 0.001), PVAS (p < 0.001), TEWL (p = 0.014), IgE (p < 0.001) and QoL scores (p < 0.001) were observed in the baicalin group D90 compared to baseline. When compared to placebo, the baicalin group had significantly lower scores in CADESI-4 and PVAS (p < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of subjects in the baicalin group showed a good-to-excellent treatment response (82.1%) compared to those in the placebo group (35.7%). The treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Baicalin had a significant benefit in alleviating pruritus and reducing clinical signs in dogs with mild-to-moderate cAD and was well tolerated.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Intraskeletal Variation in Cortical Bone Quantity in a Medieval Italian Sample: A Multivariate Exploratory Approach.

Bioarcheologists interpret skeletal health by examining variability within and between individuals. Studies of bone loss have generated contradictory and conflicting results regarding the onset and severity of age-related bone loss on a global and temporal scale, perhaps due to mismatched methodologies. Intraskeletal comparisons of bone tissue prove challenging precisely because of heterogeneous baselines in quantity and remodeling of cortical bone throughout the skeleton, as well as evolutionary histories and environmental impacts on growth and development. Here we analyze cortical bone indicators from the rib, metacarpal, and femoral cortical bone in a subset of individuals (n = 72) regions from the medieval Italian archaeological site of Pieve di Pava. To facilitate intraskeletal comparisons across elements with different biological baselines, we standardize cortical bone parameters using z-scores. Variation in relative intraskeletal cortical bone was assessed using accessible multivariate methods (principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis). Results suggest an association between femoral and metacarpal cortical bone values, with stochastic trends in metacarpal and femoral relative bone quantity in relation to the rib bone quantity at the sample level. Our study demonstrates that while intraskeletal analyses are challenging, they are made more robust by synthesizing multivariate methods alongside exploratory data analysis (EDA) methods to tack between sample-level and individual-level scales and variability. Ultimately, we advocate for leveraging multivariate techniques not as a final step, but rather as a means of generating new hypotheses and challenging tendencies to a priori establish typological groups in the research process.

Skeleton↗

Results for “progression&#x2010;free survival”

Results for “progression‐free survival”