PubMed · 9856631
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M Salzer. 1998. Consumer satisfaction.. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.49.12.1622
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Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy is an individual psychotherapy designed specifically for the treatment for bipolar disorder. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy grew from a chronobiological model of bipolar disorder postulating that individuals with bipolar disorder have a genetic predisposition to circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle abnormalities that may be responsible, in part, for the symptomatic manifestations of the illness. In our model, life events (both negative and positive) may cause disruptions in patients' social rhythms that, in turn, perturb circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles and lead to the development of bipolar symptoms. Administered in concert with medications, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy combines the basic principles of interpersonal psychotherapy with behavioral techniques to help patients regularize their daily routines, diminish interpersonal problems, and adhere to medication regimens. It modulates both biological and psychosocial factors to mitigate patients' circadian and sleep-wake cycle vulnerabilities, improve overall functioning, and better manage the potential chaos of bipolar disorder symptomatology.
For most women, the perimenopause is not associated with depression. In those who do become depressed, mood symptoms tend to decrease at the end of menopause, regardless of previous history of depression. Many of the changes in brain function that affect mood are secondary to changing estrogen levels in the brain. Treatment with estrogen alone may improve mood in women with mild depressive symptoms, but those unresponsive to estrogen and women who have moderate to severe depression need antidepressant therapy.