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Results for “Affect”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Affect and pain in rheumatoid arthritis: do individual differences in affective regulation and affective intensity predict emotional recovery from pain?

BACKGROUND: Individual differences in adaptation to rheumatoid arthritis are not fully accounted for by illness severity or duration of symptoms. PURPOSE: In this study, we assessed differences in affect regulation and affect intensity as variables that might be important for identifying women with rheumatoid arthritis who are resilient versus those who have disrupted moods following pain exacerbations. METHOD: Specifically, affective regulation, affect intensity, active coping, neuroticism and weekly reports of pain, positive affect, and negative affect were assessed in a sample of 81 women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS: Our results indicated that affective regulation, affect intensity, and active coping played important but distinct roles in the ebb and flow of negative and positive affect. In particular, active coping was related to positive affect, whereas affective regulation and affect intensity showed interactive effects, moderating the prospective relationship between pain and negative affect and pain and positive affect. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study suggests that recovery from rheumatoid arthritis pain can be swift, except for those women who have difficulty regulating strong unpleasant affect.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Affective priming using a color-naming task: a test of an affective-motivational account of affective priming effects.

The affective priming effect, i.e. shorter response latencies for affectively congruent as compared to affectively incongruent prime-target pairs, is now a well-documented phenomenon. Nevertheless, little is known about the specific processes that underlie the affective priming effect. Several mechanisms have been put forward by different authors, but these theoretical accounts only apply to specific types of tasks (e.g. evaluation lexical decisions) or are rather unparsimonious. Hermans, De Houwer, and Eelen (1996) recently proposed a model of the affective priming effect that is based on the idea of the activation of corresponding or conflicting affective-motivational action tendencies. According to this model, affectively incongruent prime-target pairs should not only lead to relatively longer response latencies on tasks that concern the target word itself (target-specific tasks, e.g. evaluation pronunciation), but also on tasks that are unrelated to the actual identity of the specific target word. This hypothesis was tested in a series of four experiments in which participants had to name the color in which the target word was printed. In spite of procedural variations, results showed that the congruence between the valence of prime and target did not influence the color-naming times. The present results therefore provide no direct support for the affective-motivational account of the affective priming effect. Suggestions for future research are provided.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Affect consciousness or mentalization? A comparison of two concepts with regard to affect development and affect regulation.

Affect consciousness refers to the ability to adequately perceive, reflect upon and express affect. The concept is used in clinical work with adults, but lacks an equivalent for children's experience of affect. This paper examines the developmental prerequisites for affect consciousness, as well as the concept's applicability to work with children. The main focus is on the development of affect regulation throughout the first 6 years of life. Special emphasis is put on the role of attachment and the unfolding of mentalization ability in this development. The role of play as an organizing factor for affective experience is discussed. Observation of play is highlighted as a strong indicator of affect consciousness in children.

Affect↗
PubMed1986

[Clinico-catamnestic study of patients with paroxysmal-progressive schizophrenia with a history of affective, anxiety-affective and affective-hallucinatory attacks in childhood/and full-blown hallucinatory-delusional attacks in adolescence].

Clinical follow-up covered 40 patients with paroxysmal progressive schizophrenia with a history of 52 affective, anxiety-affective and affective-hallucinatory attacks at the age of 0-10 years and of 70 hallucinatory-delusional attacks at the age of 11-17 years and older. Over one-third of the examined patients were under the authors' personal observation in early childhood. The follow-up lasted for 5 to 22 years. The authors have established a definite stereotype of the development of anxiety-affective, affective-hallucinatory and hallucinatory-delusional attacks. Remissions in this group of patients are characterized by atypical affective disturbances and changes of the personality. The authors have specified clinical characteristics of so-called "premanifest" episodes, attacks, and "premorbid" pseudopsychopathic conditions with manifestations of retardation of personality development and atypical affective disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

No association of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene with bipolar affective disorder, unipolar affective disorder, or suicidal behaviour in major affective disorder.

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). An association study in bipolar affective disorder I or unipolar major affective disorder was performed by using a Bfa I restriction site polymorphism within intron 7 of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. A total of 118 bipolar, 125 unipolar, and 437 control subjects were used in the study (1:3.7 bipolar:control, 1:3.5 unipolar:control). There were no significant differences in TPH allele or genotype frequencies between the affective disorder and control groups. In addition, bipolar and/or unipolar subjects with or without a history of suicide attempts were compared for the TPH polymorphism. No significant differences were found between suicidal and non-suicidal groups in major affective disorder, in contrast to a previous study suggesting an association of this polymorphism with a history of suicide attempts among alcoholic violent offenders.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2000

fMRI during affect discrimination in bipolar affective disorder.

OBJECTIVE: It has been hypothesized that disturbances in affect may represent distinct etiologic factors for bipolar affective disorder. The neural mechanisms mediating affective processes and their relationship to brain development and the pathophysiology of bipolar affective disorder remain to be clarified. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have made possible the non-invasive examination of specific brain regions during cortical challenge paradigms. This study reports findings based on fMRI data acquired during fearful and happy affect recognition paradigms in patients with bipolar affective disorder and in healthy adult subjects. METHODS: Prior to the scan, subjects were instructed to view the stimuli and to identify the type of facial expression presented. Echo planar scanning was performed on a 1.5 Tesla scanner which had been retrofitted with a whole body echo planar coil, using a head coil. RESULTS: The data indicate that in adult subjects with bipolar affective disorder, there is a reduction in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation and an increase in amygdalar activation in response to fearful facial affect. In a healthy comparison group, signal intensity changes were not found in these regions. In addition, although the patients with bipolar affective disorder completed the task demands, they demonstrated an impaired ability to correctly identify fearful facial affect but not the happy facial affect displayed. CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in some patients with bipolar affective disorder, there may be a reduction of frontal cortical function which may be associated with affective as well as attentional processing deficits.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Affect optimization and affect complexity: modes and styles of regulation in adulthood.

In this research, the authors hypothesize that affect regulation involves 2 independent strategies: affect optimization, the tendency to constrain affect to positive values, and affect complexity, the amplification of affect in the search for differentiation and objectivity. Community residents age 15 to 86 were assessed by using 2 convergent measurement domains: 1 based on measures of positive-negative affect and cognitive-affective complexity and 1 based on measures of coping and defense. Both domains yielded the hypothesized affect optimization and affect complexity dimensions. As predicted, the affect optimization dimensions are primarily related to relationship quality variables, and the affect complexity dimensions to socioeconomic status and education. Hence, positive affect and its maximization have different significance in the context of high- or low-affect complexity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

The relationship between affect expression and affect recognition in schizophrenia.

To examine the relationship between affect expression and affect recognition, we assessed 30 clinically stable, medicated schizophrenic inpatients. Affect expression was assessed using both a standard clinical rating scale (SANS) and a computerized acoustic voice analysis (VOXCOM). Affect recognition was assessed using the Florida Affect Battery (FAB). The schizophrenics' performance on the FAB was impaired, indicating broad deficits in affect recognition (p<0.05). There were no significant correlations between measures of affect expression and affect recognition, suggesting that the expressive impairment in schizophrenia is not related to their ability to discern emotions in others. SANS Inappropriate Affect, however, was negatively correlated with facial affect recognition (p = 0.001), suggesting that raters' impression of inappropriate affect may indicate a failure in the process of affect attunement.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Relations among positive affect, negative affect, and somatic symptoms in a medically ill patient sample.

The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), a brief measure of Positive and Negative Affect, may be useful in assessing mood of medical patients because it does not include somatic items frequently confounded with medical conditions. In previous research Positive and Negative Affect have been independent and uncorrelated, and Negative Affect but not Positive Affect has been positively correlated with somatic symptoms. However, relationships between variables may vary in different populations, and there is relatively little information on Positive and Negative Affect in medical patients. In the current study, the PANAS was used to assess the relationships among Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and somatic symptoms and pain in a medically ill hospital population. Positive and Negative Affect scores were positively correlated and for patients reporting pain, Positive Affect scores were positively correlated with pain intensity. Results from this and other studies indicate that Positive and Negative Affect are independent but in some populations may be correlated; positive affects such as hopefulness may co-occur with both somatic complaints and psychological distress.

Affect↗
PubMed1994

Comparative predictive value of attributional style, negative affect, and positive affect in predicting self-reported physical health and psychological health.

The main aim of the study was to determine the comparative predictive value of affect and attributions in predicting emotional and physical health. Secondary aims were to determine the comparative value of attributional, affect variables, in predicting health. Two hundred and forty subjects completed scales for the assessment of attributions, and negative and positive affect. Subjects also answered self-report questions on emotional health, physical health, number of visits to doctors for medical advice, illness, and days absent from work. The analysis of relative importance of attributional and affect variables in predicting health revealed that negative affect caused by thoughts was the best predictor of psychological health and physical health; there was some indication that positive affect caused by thoughts was the next best predictor of health. Analysis of the predictive value of attributional variables only, revealed that: (a) attributional style for bad events was a better predictor of health than attributional style for good events; and (b) of all the attributions made for good events and bad events, global attributions for bad events were the best predictor of health. Analysis of the predictive value of affect variables only showed that: (a) negative affect was a better predictor of health than positive affect; and (b) of negative affect and positive affect caused by thoughts and day-to-day experiences, negative affect caused by thoughts was the best predictor of health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Individual differences in rate of affect change: studies in affective chronometry.

Three studies explored individual differences in rate of affect change. Participants watched affect-inducing videos and reported their affect twice in 20 min. Individual differences in rate of affect change emerged independently of initial affect intensity and stress appraisals, revealing 2 affect-change profiles. Positive affect augmenters (extraverts, emotionally stable participants, and those with high negative mood regulation expectancies) showed slow rates of positive and rapid rates of negative affect decay. Negative affect augmenters (introverts, neurotics, and participants with low negative mood regulation expectancies) showed slow rates of negative and rapid rates of positive affect decay. These findings expand the literature on affective style, have adaptational implications, and highlight future research directions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Validity and sensitivity of ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors: manipulation of affect by diazepam.

The results of two experiments suggest that sensory and affective verbal descriptors provide a valid scaling method which discriminates between the sensory intensity and the affect, or unpleasantness, of electrocutaneous stimuli. Twenty-four subjects judged the sensory intensity and affect of noxious electrocutaneous stimuli by choosing verbal descriptors from randomized lists and by cross-modality matching to time duration and to handgrip force. The psychophysical functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality methods are the same. Psychophysical functions for affect generated by thedescriptor and the cross-modality methods are different. However, only the descriptor method produces psychophysical functions for affect that are significantly different from all the sensory functions. This result suggest that only the descriptor method distinguishes between sensory intensity and affect. The discriminative power of the descriptor method is demonstrated further in an experiment in which 32 subjects rated either the sensory intensity or the affect of the electrocutaneous stimuli immediately before and after an i.v. administration of 5 mg diazepam. This common minor tranquilizer significantly lowered affective descriptor responses (P less than 0.005) without altering sensory descriptor and sensory and affective handgrip responses. These experiments indicate that sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors may be used as a valid and sensitive tool for the evaluation of pain and pain control methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Distinguishing affective and non-affective reactions to daily events.

The study of daily events has been dominated by a focus on affective reactions to daily events. Although informative, this research needs to be complemented by research on non-affective and cognitive reactions to events. Although daily events are certainly related to how people feel, they are also related to how people think, particularly about themselves. The present article presents the results of a series of studies examining relationships between daily events and both affective and non-affective states. These results suggest that although affective and non-affective reactions to daily events may covary (e.g., when people feel badly, they may think more poorly about themselves and vice versa), this covariation is not perfect. Non-affective states covary with daily events above and beyond the covariation between events and affect, and affective states covary with events above and beyond the covariation between events and non-affective states.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Affective priming in schizophrenia with and without affective negative symptoms.

In the present study automatic perceptual sensitivity to facial affect information was examined in chronic schizophrenic patients. An affective priming task including subliminal and supraliminal presentations of sad and happy facial affect was administered to schizophrenia patients with a flat affect expression (n = 30), schizophrenia patients suffering from anhedonia (n = 30), schizophrenia patients not suffering from anhedonia or flat affect (n = 28), and a group of healthy controls (n = 30). Subjects had to judge valence of neutral Chinese ideographs. Anhedonic and flat affect patients but not patients without affect symptoms were found to be sensitive to negative facial affect on an automatic processing level. None of the schizophrenic patient groups but healthy controls showed a subliminal valence-congruent priming effect based on positive facial affect. Anhedonia as assessed by standardised psychiatric rating was related to a subliminal sensitivity to negative facial expression and a valence-inverted perception of positive facial expression. This pattern of results is largely consistent with predictions derived from Meehl's model of anhedonia. The aversive automatic perception of positive facial expression primarily found in anhedonic patients but also in schizophrenic control patients could lie in structural disturbances concerning the regulation of intimacy and distance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Trait affect moderates cortical activation in response to state affect.

To examine the influence of trait affect on cortical activation during state affect, 32 healthy female participants viewed video clips to induce positive and negative emotional states. Frontal and parietal electroencephalogram (EEG) of the alpha band was assessed while participants imagined the scene of each video that generated the most intense emotions. The results showed that affect-induced frontal asymmetry was moderated by negative trait affect. The difference in frontal asymmetry between positive and negative state affect increased linearly with negative trait affect. Moreover, positive trait affect was negatively correlated with activation in the right-parietal brain region. These results suggest that trait affect moderates the effects of state affect on brain activation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Examinations of chronic pain and affect relationships: applications of a dynamic model of affect.

Two studies of the relationship between pain and negative affect are presented in this article: a study of weekly fluctuations in pain and negative affect among those with arthritis and a study of daily fluctuations in pain and negative affect for participants with fibromyalgia. The roles of positive affect and mood clarity (or the ability to distinguish between different emotions) in modifying the size of the relationship between pain and negative affect were examined in both studies as a means of testing the predictions of a dynamic model of affect regulation. In both studies, the presence of positive affect reduced the size of the relationship between pain and negative affect. Also, for arthritis participants with greater mood clarity, there was less overlap in ratings of negative and positive affective states.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Psychopathology factors in first-episode affective and non-affective psychotic disorders.

BACKGROUND: Since the onset, prevalence, and course of specific psychopathological features rarely have been analyzed simultaneously from the start of dissimilar psychotic illnesses, we compared symptom-clusters in first-episode DSM-IV affective and non-affective psychotic disorders. METHODS: Subjects (N=377) from the McLean-Harvard First Episode Project hospitalized for first-lifetime primary psychotic illnesses were followed prospectively for 2 years to verify stable DSM-IV diagnoses. We ascertained initial symptoms from baseline SCID and clinical assessments, applying AMDP and Bonn psychopathology schemes systematically to describe a broad range of features. Final consensus diagnoses were based on intake and follow-up SCID assessments, family interviews, and medical records. Factor-analytic methods defined first-episode symptom-clusters (Factors), and multiple-regression modeling related identified factors to initial DSM-IV diagnoses and to later categories (affective, non-affective, or schizoaffective disorders). RESULTS: Psychopathological features were accommodated by four factors: I represented mania with psychosis; II a mixed depressive-agitated state; III an excited-hallucinatory-delusional state; IV a disorganized-catatonic-autistic state. Each factor was associated with characteristic prodromal symptoms. Factors I and III associated with DSM-IV mania, II with major depression or bipolar mixed-state, III negatively with delusional disorder, IV with major depression and negatively with mania. Factors I and II predicted later affective diagnoses; absence of Factor I features predicted non-affective diagnoses, and no Factor predicted later schizoaffective diagnoses. CONCLUSION: The findings contribute to descriptive categorizations of psychopathology from onset of dissimilar psychotic illnesses. This approach was effective in identifying and subtyping affective psychotic disorders early in their clinical evolution, but non-affective and schizoaffective conditions appear to be more complex and unstable.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The circumplex model of affect: an integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology.

The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system.

Affect↗