PubMed · 8628638
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S Gutman. 1996. Rapid streptococcal tests.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8628638/
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Excepting emergency and aplasia: two to three blood samples should be draw for culture an hour apart within a 24 period (standard). For emergency or aplasia: two to three blood samples should be drawn for culture before initiating early antibiotic therapy. The delay between samples drawn from different sites should be less than one hour (standard). For patients on antibiotics: four to six blood samples should be drawn for culture within 48 hours, outside ongoing antibiotic administration. If the patient is given corticosteroids, it is recommended to draw two or three blood samples in case of deterioration (agreement of the experts). Rigorous aseptic techniques must be used (standard). Culture media are chosen according to the institution's microbial ecology (standard). The volume of blood drawn should be adapted to the system used (standard). Culture positivity is determined at 24 to 48 hours.
The use of high-performance capillary electrokinetic techniques for the separation, identification, and quantitation of intact microbes represents a new frontier for separation science. In this work, it is demonstrated that pathogens most responsible for urinary tract infections can be distinguished from one another after direct injection of untreated urine. High efficiencies (often exceeding 1000000 plates/m) and short analysis times (< 10 min) are characteristics of this approach. The concentration of the urine matrix appears to be able to cause a small, but definite, change in the electroosmotic flow velocity. This high-efficiency separation-based approach could prove to be invaluable for the diagnosis and tracking of certain diseases. It also could form the basis for a variety of rapid microbial assays.
The slow growth of Renibacterium salmoninarum limits the usefulness of culture as a research tool. Development of a 2-color flow cytometric assay to quantify the proportions of live and dead R. salmoninarum in a test population is described. Bacteria were simultaneously stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated immunoglobulin and exposed to the exclusion dye propidium iodide. Propidium iodide red fluorescence profiles of control groups of untreated and killed R. salmoninarum were compared with those for bacteria exposed to chlorine. Bacterial inactivation was based on mean red fluorescence intensity, and analyzed by high-red fluorescence intensity (HRFI) and curve subtraction (CS) analyses. When the concentration of R. salmoninarum was 8.65 x 10(6) bacteria ml(-1) and the bacteria exposed to chlorine at 1 mg l(-1) for periods from 1 to 20 min (high-Rs assessment), the mean red fluorescence intensity of the profile for each chlorine-exposure group was higher than that for the untreated control (p < 0.0001). When the concentration of R. salmoninarum was reduced to 1.76 x 10(6) bacteria ml(-1) and exposed to 0.8 mg l(-1) free chlorine level for periods from 20 s to 5 min (reduced-Rs assessment), the mean red fluorescence intensities of the exposure groups were higher than that for the untreated control only when the R. salmoninarum was exposed to chlorine for at least 1 min (p < or = 0.01). On the basis of red fluorescence intensity, the proportion of dead cells generally increased with the duration of chlorine exposure. Whereas the rates of inactivation derived from the HRFI and CS analyses did not correlate with the duration of exposure in the high-Rs assessment (r2 < or = 0.27), there was a correlation between these estimates and the duration of exposure in the reduced-Rs assessment (r2 > or = 0.92). Because of the rapid loss of culturable R. salmoninarum in both assessments following chlorine exposure, neither the duration of exposure nor the inactivation estimates correlated with bacteriological culture (r2 < or = 0.22). In both assessments, there was a correlation between the estimates of inactivation based upon HRFI and CS analyses (r2 > 0.99). These results suggest that flow cytometry can be used as a supplementary or alternative method to bacteriological culture for monitoring the inactivation of R. salmoninarum.