PubMed · 7763161
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P J Potter. 1995. Stretching exercises.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(95)80516-8
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The temperature dependencies of real and imaginary parts of complex shear modulus of liquids have been obtained. It has been shown that both real shear modulus G' and imaginary shear modulus G" decrease with increasing temperature. The experiments have been carried out by resonance method at a shear oscillation frequency of 74 kHz. Liquids of viscosity 0.02-0.03 Pa.s have been investigated.
Macroscopic quantities beyond effective elastic tensors are presented that can be used to assess the local state of stress within a composite in the linear elastic regime. These are presented in a general homogenization context. It is shown that the gradient of the effective elastic property can be used to develop a lower bound on the maximum pointwise equivalent stress in the fine-scale limit. Upper bounds are more sensitive and are correlated with the distribution of states of the equivalent stress in the finescale limit. The upper bounds are given in terms of the macrostress modulation function. This function gauges the magnitude of the actual stress. For 1 </= p < infinity, upper bounds are found on the limit superior of the sequence of L(p) norms of stresses associated with discrete microstructure in the fine-scale limit. Conditions are given for which upper bounds can be found on the limit superior of the sequence of L(infinity) norms of stresses associated with the discrete microstructure in the fine-scale limit. For microstructure with oscillation on a sufficiently small scale we are able to give pointwise bounds on the actual stress in terms of the macrostress modulation function.
The physical, flow, and mechanical properties of four common pharmaceutical sweeteners were measured to assess their relative manufacturability in solid dosage formulations. Sucrose, acesulfame potassium (Sunett), saccharin sodium, and aspartame were evaluated to determine significant differences in particle shape, size distribution, and true density. Powder flow and cohesivity as well as compact mechanical properties such as ductility, elasticity, and tensile strength were measured and found to be noticeably different. Among these sweeteners, sucrose and acesulfame potassium demonstrated excellent flowability and marginal mechanical property performance relative to over 100 commonly used pharmaceutical excipients evaluated in the authors' laboratory. Saccharin sodium and aspartame demonstrated poor flowability and superior compact strength relative to sucrose and acesulfame, despite their noticeably higher brittleness. These data suggest that careful selection of an appropriate sweetener is warranted in obtaining desirable process and tableting robustness, particularly if sweetener loading is high. Detailed descriptions of each material property and recommendations for sweetener selection in formulation development are included.