PubMed · 7654540
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L Kavanagh. Come back Mum.. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.9.41.47.s49
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Several studies suggest that classification of piglets early in life based on the degree of resistance they display in a so-called Backtest may be indicative of their coping style at a later age. In the present study behavioural flexibility was investigated in pigs diverging for Backtest response and housing environment during rearing. Pigs were housed either without a rooting substrate (barren housing, B) or in identical pens enriched with deep straw bedding (enriched housing, E) from birth. During the suckling period piglets were subjected to the Backtest. Each piglet was restrained on its back for 1 min and the resistance (i.e. number of escape attempts) was scored. Pigs classified as 'high-resisting' (HR) or as 'low-resisting' (LR) were subjected to a simple (left/right) spatial discrimination (T-maze) task at 8 weeks of age. The effect of a single, subtle intramaze change was determined after acquisition of the task. In addition, pigs were subjected to reversal learning to assess their ability to modulate established behaviour patterns. Housing and its interaction with Backtest classification influenced the behavioural response to the intramaze change: E pigs were considerably more distracted than B pigs. Housing condition affected LR pigs more than HR pigs, as indicated by the interaction effects on various recorded behaviours. These interactions indicate that behavioural responding of pigs with diverging coping characteristics cannot simply be generalised across rearing conditions. Furthermore, HR pigs were less successful in reversal learning than LR pigs, suggesting that they have a higher propensity to develop inflexible behavioural routines.
Major and subsyndromic depression are highly prevalent in multiple sclerosis(MS). Assessment of psychosocial functioning in MS requires sound psychometric instruments. Self-report measures offer several advantages, but a valid and reliable depression self-report diagnostic measure is lacking. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) have been validated and widely used in Brazilian neuropsychological context. BDI use in MS may confound depressive symptoms with somatic disease manifestations. We examined the psychometric properties of the BDI, QSG and two additional self-report measures of fatigue (CPF-MS) and self-efficacy (MSSE). All scales presented excellent reliability coefficients. BDI and GHG discriminated MS from control participants. Intercorrelations were observed between depression, general mental health, fatigue and self-efficacy scores, but not between these and traditional indices of neurological impairment such as AI and EDSS. Depressive symptoms and fatigue may represent a different dimension of neurological impairment, unrelated to sensory and motor deficits. Self-report scales are useful in diagnosing subsyndromic distress symptoms in a MS sample.
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