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Immersive virtual reality-assisted anatomy training improves endotracheal intubation performance in simulation: a randomized controlled trial among Chinese non-anesthesiology residents.

Xu-Feng Zhang·Xia Xu·Dong Ye·Xin-Xia Yang·Ke-Wei Wu·Li-Hong Hu
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Abstract

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to compare immersive virtual reality (IVR)-assisted versus conventional anatomy training for teaching endotracheal intubation (ETI) to novice non-anesthesiology residents enrolled in China's Standardized Residency Training program. METHODS: A total of 90 non-anesthesiology residents without prior ETI experience were randomly assigned to either an IVR group receiving IVR-assisted anatomy training (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;45) or a control group receiving conventional anatomy training (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;45). All participants underwent a standardized teaching protocol. The primary endpoint was residents' ETI performance on a simulator, assessed using both the Global Rating Scale (GRS) and a task-specific checklist. The secondary endpoints included changes in written multiple-choice question (MCQ) scores and residents' evaluations of the course. RESULTS: In practical ETI assessments on a manikin, the IVR group achieved significantly higher scores on the task-specific checklist than the control group (90.34&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2.89 vs. 87.20&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;3.29; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), whereas GRS scores were comparable between groups. Both groups showed significant post-training improvement in knowledge scores (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), with the IVR group showing a greater gain in theoretical knowledge (54.0% vs. 36.3%; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Participants in the IVR group also expressed a stronger preference for their training method (80.8%) and reported higher levels of motivation, confidence, and enjoyment (all p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). CONCLUSION: IVR-assisted anatomy training enhances the effectiveness of ETI training for novice non-anesthesiology residents, offering an interactive, engaging, and reproducible approach within China's Standardized Residency Training framework.

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HumansIntubation, IntratrachealInternship and ResidencyVirtual RealityChinaFemaleClinical CompetenceMaleManikinsAdultEducational MeasurementAnatomySimulation TrainingEast Asian PeopleEndotracheal intubationanatomy trainingimmersive virtual realitymedical educationstandardized residency trainingteaching evaluationJournal ArticleRandomized Controlled TrialResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

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Xu-Feng Zhang, Xia Xu, Dong Ye, Xin-Xia Yang, Ke-Wei Wu, Li-Hong Hu. 2026-04-04. Immersive virtual reality-assisted anatomy training improves endotracheal intubation performance in simulation: a randomized controlled trial among Chinese non-anesthesiology residents.. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2652650

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Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't resourceAdult subjectAnatomy subjectChina subjectClinical Competence subjectEast Asian People subjectEducational Measurement subjectEndotracheal intubation subjectFemale subjectHumans subjectInternship and Residency subjectIntubation, Intratracheal subjectJournal Article subjectMale subjectManikins subjectRandomized controlled trials study

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