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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Life-table of Helicoverpa armigera in northern China and characters of population development in southern and northern China].

The population dynamics of Helicoverpa armigera in Raoyang County, Hebei Province as an example in Northern China was researched, and its natural life-table was established. The results showed that total mortality of first to fourth generations of cotton bollworm in Northern China were 98.3%, 98.34%, 98.69% and 99.13%, and the population tendency index (I) were 3.97, 1.50, 1.41 and 1.09, respectively. A comparative analysis of the natural life-table of cotton bollworm in Southern China and in Northern China showed that the survival curves were concave curves in the two cotton zones. The curve showed that the mortality of cotton bollworm was higher in its egg stage to the second instar, and lower after the third instar. The key death factor of cotton bollworm was the scouring effect of rain and wind in Southern China, and the predation of its natural enemies in Northern China. The hatch period to the first instar was the key stage in Northern China and Southern China, and in this time, its larva instar was slim, fragile and sensitive to bad circumstances, so its mortality was higher. The second and third generations were the key damage generations in Northern China, while the third and fourth generations were the key damage generations in Southern China. The development and damage characters of each generation in Northern China and in Southern China were discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Mitochondrial DNA distinction of northeastern China roe deer, Siberian roe deer, and European roe deer, to clarify the taxonomic status of northeastern China roe deer.

Partial sequences of the mitochondrial control region of northeastern China roe deer were analyzed to determine the degree of genetic diversity. Fourteen haplotypes were observed. The haplotype diversity was high (h = 0.872), nucleotide diversity was medium (p ( i ) = 0.0108), and the average Tamura-Nei nucleotide distance among them was 1.9%, indicating that genetic diversity of roe deer from northeastern China was relatively high and that the effective population size was large historically. To clarify the northeastern China roe deer's taxonomic status, these 14 haplotypes were compared with 31 haplotypes published in Genbank from Europe, Siberia, and Korea. The average genetic distance between haplogroups of northeastern China and European roe deer (5.8%) was more than twice that between northeastern China and Siberian roe deer (2.7%), indicating sufficient variation to consider roe deer of northeastern China and Siberia as a single species (Capreolus pygargus), distinct from European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). This is the first presentation of mtDNA data for roe deer in northeastern China, which will be helpful in investigations of genetic diversity and clarifications of the taxonomic status of roe deer in the whole of China.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Four geographically distinct genotypes of JC virus are prevalent in China and Mongolia: implications for the racial composition of modern China.

JC polyomavirus (JCV) is ubiquitous in humans, persisting in renal tissue and excreting progeny in urine. It has been shown that the genotyping of urinary JCV offers a novel means of tracing human migrations. This approach was used to elucidate the racial composition of modern China. JCV isolates in the Old World were previously classified into nine distinct genotypes. One of them (B1) has a wide domain, encompassing part of Europe and the entirety of Asia. By constructing a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree, all B1 isolates detected so far were classified into four distinct groups (B1-a to -d), each occupying unique domains in the world. According to this revised classification system of JCV DNAs, four genotypes (CY, SC, B1-a and -b) were found to be prevalent in China and Mongolia (Mongolia was studied instead of Inner Mongolia, which is part of China). There was a remarkable variation in the incidence of genotypes among the sites of sample collection. CY was more frequently detected in Northern China, SC was predominant in Southern China and B1-b was detected only in Mongolia. B1-a was spread throughout China. These data were statistically analysed and the observed regional differences in the incidence of genotypes were found to be significant. It is likely that these differences in JCV distribution in China reflect the intermingling of different population groups that constitute modern China.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1982

The Rockefeller Foundation, the China Foundation, and the development of modern science in China.

Two powerful foundations, with interlocking directorates, were the most important media for transmitting American science to China and for making its development possible: In the 1920s and 1930s, the Rockefeller Foundation's China Medical Board and the China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture recognized that transmission and development required much more than the transplantation of whole scientific institutions. This essay shows that, in their most mature form, the foundations' strategies were informed by a rational and coherent set of policies. Their premise was that the practice and development of advanced scientific medicine and bio-medical or natural scientific research all require an infrastructure of education, communication, physical plant, and equipment. This infrastructure did not exist before the foundations began to foster it in China. In this essay the foundations' China policies are outlined and detailed examples are given to show they built the science infrastructure amidst debate over the appropriateness of the dominant 'Johns Hopkins' institutional model and the norm of 'pure science'. In China, the 'Hopkins' model for medical training and practice featured a combination of clinical practice with sophisticated scientific laboratory research. This model and the 'pure science' norm were seriously challenged by the political and economic exigencies of the 1930s.

China↗
PubMed2004

Neonatal tetanus incidence in China, 1996-2001, and risk factors for neonatal tetanus, Guangxi Province, China.

BACKGROUND: In China during 1995-1996 widespread tetanus toxoid (TT) mass vaccination of women of childbearing age in high-risk areas was conducted and neonatal tetanus (NT) surveillance was initiated as part of NT elimination efforts. Despite a subsequent decrease in the estimated rate of NT, the NT disease burden remains high in poorer areas of China. METHODS: To describe the recent epidemiology of NT in China and estimate its risk, we analysed national surveillance data in China 1996-2001 and conducted a case-control study in one high-risk county (Bobai): 60 hospitalized cases were sex- and calendar-birth year matched to 60 controls from the same or neighbouring villages. RESULTS: Reported national annual NT incidence decreased from 0.21/1000 live births (LB) in 1997 to 0.16/1000 LB in 2001. Case mothers were more likely to be aged >30 years (odds ratio [OR] = 6; 95% CI: 2.2, 20.2), unschooled (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.1, 11.6), and with an annual income of <1000 yuan ($125 USD) (OR = 6.0; 95% CI: 1.9, 25.6). Only 28% of control mothers and 12% of case mothers reported any TT vaccination. In multivariate analysis, relative to hospital delivery, cases had a 64-fold increased odds of home delivery by a family member or neighbour (95% CI: 8.4, 982.2), and a 13-fold increased odds of home delivery by a traditional birth attendant (95% CI: 1.6, 322.6). CONCLUSIONS: Improved access to clean deliveries in high-risk areas is critically needed in China. Nonetheless, targeted TT vaccination appears to have helped reduce NT incidence in China.

China↗
PubMed1998

Differential north to south gastric cancer-duodenal ulcer gradient in China. China Ulcer Study Group.

There are suggestions that duodenal ulcer protects individuals from gastric cancer and that rice is ulcerogenic while wheat is gastro-protective. We aimed to examine the relationship of gastric cancer, duodenal and gastric ulcers in different geographical regions in China and identified dietary risk factors for duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. The prevalence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer among symptomatic patients in eight major cities, four each from the north and the south representing all the six defined regions of China were studied. Endoscopy and case records over a 10 year period were reviewed and cases of confirmed duodenal and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer, together with the total number of endoscopies performed per year, were recorded. Rates were expressed as cases/1000 endoscopies. Results were compared to another epidemiological study on diet and mortality in the same regions in China conducted at the same time. Duodenal ulcer rates were 2.4-fold higher in southern China than northern China, whereas gastric cancer rates were 1.6-fold higher in the north than in the south. Correlation studies showed for the first time an inverse linear relationship between the gastric cancer rates and the duodenal ulcer rates (r=-0.8076, P=0.015), as well as the duodenal ulcer: gastric ulcer ratios (r=-0.9133, P=0.002). Gastric ulcer rates were higher in southern China but did not correlate with the gastric cancer rates (r=0.1455, P=0.731). Duodenal ulcer rates were found to be related to daily rice intake (r=0.8554, P=0.029) and inversely related to daily wheat flour intake (r=-0.8472, P=0.033). Gastric cancer rates were not related to any dietary risk factors tested. We concluded there was an inverse relationship between gastric cancer rates and duodenal ulcer rates. Although duodenal ulceration and gastric cancer are both linked to Helicobacter pylori infection, the findings of this study indicate independent additional aetiological factors for the pathogenesis of these conditions. Dietary factors such as rice or wheat intake may play a role.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

AIDS, policy and bioethics: ethical dilemmas facing China in HIV prevention: a report from China.

The present situation of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is very grim in China. The probability of China becoming a country with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS cannot be excluded because there have been factors which promote the wide spread of HIV if we fail to take timely action to prevent it at the opportune moment. However, China's HIV prevention policy is inadequate. Health professionals and programmers believed that they could take a conventional public health approach to cope with the HIV epidemic. They simply ignored the fact that HIV infection is an epidemic so special that their approach is not effective to deter the epidemic. Many health professionals and programmers bypassed ethical issues that had emerged in the prevention of the HIV epidemic. Even some health educators, sexologists and officials believe that 'AIDS is the punishment for promiscuity', and this belief has led to discrimination and stigmatization of AIDS patients, HIV positive people, their family members and high risk groups. Although homosexuality is not illegal, the police can always find any reason to detain homosexuals. A difficult ethical issue is about the laws prohibiting prostitution and drug use in China which force prostitutes and intravenous drug users underground, giving them no chance to access information, education and the services needed to protect them. The dilemma facing China is whether to stay with a restrictive policy for the reason of ideology cleansing or to turn to a more supportive policy. It is necessary to have some change in the ethical framework to evaluate the action in HIV prevention. Tolerance should be the first ethical principle.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

[Comparative study of brain tumors treated at China Medical University, China and Kyushu University, Japan].

We have re-examined histopathological specimens of brain tumors extirpated at China Medical University from May, 1990 to June, 1992. During the last 2 years, about 400 cases of brain tumors were operated and 349 cases were histopathologically diagnosed and classified by one of the authors (T. I). The most common tumor was meningioma, 97 cases, followed by gliomas, 87 case and neurinoma, 71 cases. The sex and age distributions of these three tumor types were compared to those of Kyushu University Hospital, Japan. The most striking difference was age of meningioma and neurinoma patients, and Chinese patients were 10 years younger than Japanese patients. The incidence of 30th age group of meningioma was 25% in China and 10% in Japan. Thirty percent of neurinoma patients were operated at 30th and 40th age in China and Japan, respectively. The sex and ages of astrocytoma patients were almost the same frequencies in China and Japan. Among 22 cases of congenital tumors, 11 cases of epidermoid tumor in cerebello-pontine cistern was included. Cerebral tuberculoma, although rarely encountered in Japan, was 2 cases in China.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Chinese trial on isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China) Collaborative Group.

BACKGROUND: In 1988, the Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China) Collaborative Group initiated the placebo-controlled Syst-China trial to investigate whether antihypertensive drug treatment could reduce the incidence of fatal and nonfatal stroke in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. OBJECTIVES: To explore (1) whether the benefits of active treatment were evenly distributed across 4 strata, prospectively defined according to sex and previous cardiovascular complications, and (2) whether the morbidity and mortality results were influenced by age, level of systolic or diastolic blood pressure (BP), smoking or drinking habits, or diabetes mellitus at enrollment. METHODS: Eligible patients had to be 60 years or older with a sitting systolic BP of 160 to 219 mm Hg and diastolic BP less than 95 mm Hg. After stratification for center, sex, and previous cardiovascular complications, 1253 patients were assigned to active treatment starting with nitrendipine (10-40 mg/d), with the possible addition of captopril (12.5-50.0 mg/d), and/or hydrochlorothiazide (12.5-50 mg/d). In the 1141 control patients, matching placebos were used similarly. RESULTS: Male sex, previous cardiovascular complications, older age, higher systolic BP or lower diastolic BP, living in northern China, smoking, and diabetes mellitus significantly and independently increased the risk of 1 or more of the following end points: total or cardiovascular mortality, all fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular end points, all strokes, and all cardiac end points. In the placebo-control group diabetes raised the risk of all end points 2- to 3-fold (P< or =.05). However, active treatment reduced the excess risk associated with diabetes to a nonsignificant level (P values ranging from .12-.86) except for cardiovascular mortality (P = .04). Cox regression with adjustments applied for significant covariates suggested that active treatment may reduce total mortality more (P = .06) in women and stroke more (P = .07) in men and that it may provide better protection against cardiac end points in nonsmokers than smokers (P = .04). Otherwise, the benefits of active treatment were equally manifest, regardless of the enrollment characteristics of the patients, and regardless of whether active treatment consisted of only nitrendipine or of nitrendipine associated with other active drugs. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension, stepwise antihypertensive drug treatment, starting with the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker nitrendipine, improved prognosis. The benefit was particularly evident in diabetic patients; for cardiac end points it tended to be larger in nonsmokers. Otherwise, the benefit of active treatment was not significantly influenced by the characteristics of the patients at enrollment in the trial.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Lead distribution in Permo-Carboniferous coal from the North China Plate, China.

The content and distribution of the lead in coal, gangue and the sulfur ball and the pyritic gangue of the Permo-Carboniferous in the North China Plate have been systematically studied (nearly 300 samples) in this paper. The Permo-Carboniferous coals in the North China Plate account for nearly 44.45% of total Chinese coal resources, and most of the steam coals in China come from the Permo-Carboniferous coals in the North China Plate. The result shows that lead content in the coal varied from 1.45 to 63.60 mg kg(-1), averaging 23.95 mg kg(-1); the lead content of the sulfur ball and the pyritic gangue in the coal seam ranges from 70.26-1060 mg kg(-1), with an average of 271.28 mg kg(-1); the lead content of the gangue is from 29.5 to 77.81 mg kg(-1), averaging at 40.77 mg kg(-1). The lead in the coal seam is mainly concentrated in the pyrite, such as sulfur ball, pyritic gangue or pyrite, and is the least concentrated in the organic of coal. The content of the lead has a direct ratio with the ash and the pyretic sulfur. Coal washing can reduce the content of the pyretic sulfur and the lead.

China↗
PubMed2006

Tobacco use among youth and adults in Mainland China: the China Seven Cities Study.

OBJECTIVE: The China Seven Cities Study (CSCS) monitors geographic and temporal trends in tobacco use among adolescents and adults in seven cities throughout Mainland China: Harbin, Shenyang, Wuhan, Chengdu, Kunming, Hangzhou, and Qingdao. This article presents the methodology and prevalence data from the baseline survey of the CSCS, conducted in 2002. METHODS: Stratified random samples of middle schools, high schools, and colleges were selected within each city. Students and their parents completed self-report surveys of their tobacco use. Data were obtained from 6138 middle school students, 5848 academic high school students, 2448 vocational high school students, 2556 college students, and 25 697 parents. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence varied across age groups, school types, genders, and cities. Past-month smoking prevalence was 9% among middle school students, 8% among academic high school students, 26% among vocational high school students, 21% among college students, and 40% among parents. Smoking prevalence was higher among males than among females, with larger gender disparities among adults than among youth. Smoking also varied across cities, with higher smoking prevalence in southwestern cities and lower prevalence in coastal cities. Intraclass correlations of students within schools are presented to inform statistical power estimates for further research in China. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide a baseline for future longitudinal studies of smoking in these cities and identify demographic groups at risk for tobacco-related disease. Effective smoking prevention programmes for youth and smoking cessation programmes for adults are needed in China, especially in the lower-income southwestern cities and in vocational high schools throughout the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Building community health nursing in the People's Republic of China: a partnership between schools of nursing in Ottawa, Canada, and Tianjin, China.

Community health nursing in China is an emerging specialty. A multi-component collaborative endeavor between the Schools of Nursing of Tianjin Medical University, China, and the University of Ottawa, Canada is described. This project, funded by the Canadian International Development Agency, commenced in 1989. It has laid the groundwork for an expanded role for community health nurses in Tianjin, a municipality of 11 million people located in Northeast China. The historical context for the evolution of community health nursing in China and the emergence of community health nursing as a priority area within the project are described. Major project activities are highlighted, illustrating several underlying principles for strengthening the educational preparation of baccalaureate nurses who can apply community health skills. These include creating a critical mass of faculty who can teach community health nursing, modelling classroom and clinical teaching of community health nursing, bridging the gap between nursing in the community and nursing, in the hospital, and developing a prototype for baccalaureate community health nursing experience. Lessons learned from this initiative are summarized.

China↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Suicide in contemporary China: a review of China's distinctive suicide demographics in their sociocultural context.

Suicide is a complex phenomenon--arguably a social and a moral deed--occurring within associated psychological, biological, and cultural contexts. We present data on suicide rates in China for 1988, 1990, and 1992 and provide an analysis of their social context. These figures, from the Chinese Public Health Annuals, have never before been publicly reported. These and other recent data indicate that suicide rates in China, although reportedly low in the past, are by global standards alarmingly high among certain demographic groups. They also reveal distinctive epidemiological patterns of suicide in China that contrast with the patterns characteristic of Western societies-for example, higher rates in rural than in urban areas and, among some demographic groups, higher among women than among men. As in the West, however, suicide among the elderly is a major problem in China. The sociocultural context of these data is examined as a means toward understanding their distinctive patterning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to eight antimalarials in China-Myanmar and China-Lao PDR border areas.

In 1991-1995 by using the Rieckmann in vitro micro-method, susceptibilities of Plasmodium falciparum to eight antimalarials in the China-Lao PDR and China-Myanmar border areas were tested. The resistant rates of P. falciparum to chloroquinine were 95.0%-100%; IC50 114-240nmol/l. P. falciparum resistant rates to amodiaquine resistance accounted for 83.5%-100%, IC50 52-72nmol/l. All cases were sensitive to quinine, IC50 470-608nmol/l. P. falciparum isolates from the Lao PDR frontier were highly sensitive to artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, and arteether. Resistant rates from other areas were 0-11%. P. falciparum from China-Myanmar and Lao PDR border areas were also sensitive to mefloquine, IC50 68-88nmol/l. A longitudinal survey of the sensitivity of P. falciparum in vivo on the China-Lao PDR border showed that the average defervescent time of falciparum malaria was treated by pyronaridine increased from 32.7 +/- 16.0 hours during 1984-85 to 56.2 +/- 27.4 hours in 1995; the recrudescence rate rose up from 15.2% to 37.5%. The results monitored in vitro showed that all cases assessed in 1988 for response to pyronaridine were sensitive, but 36.4% of cases had emerging resistance, IC50 increased from 13nmol/l to 40 nmol/l. The above results suggested that P. falciparum in these areas has expressed resistance to chloroquine and amodiaquine. However, the parasites are still sensitive to artemisinin, pyronaridine, mefloquine, quinine, but with a declining sensitivities.

Amodiaquine↗
PubMed2006

Social, economic, and ecological impacts of the "Grain for Green" project in China: a preliminary case in Zhangye, Northwest China.

This paper provides applications of the integrated assessment (IA) approach in a case study in the Heihe River Basin of Northwest China. Some socio-economic and ecological impact results of forestry land use scenarios are presented in the paper. While seven types of land use scenarios for carbon sequestration purposes were considered for the IA applications, this paper mainly presents impacts of land use scenarios within the Grain for Green (GFG) category [see Yin et al., this volume]. China's national Grain for Green Project was implemented in order to protect and improve ecosystems, while allowing an evolution of agricultural management practices compatible with raising peasants' incomes. Zhangye Prefecture, located in the Heihe River Basin of an arid area in Northwest China, was chosen as the investigation site of the IA case study. Based on fundamental orientation theory, the social sustainability impacts of GFG land use options were assessed. Between 2002 and 2004, the GFG project brought US$23.56 million yuan in net income to the prefecture's peasants. Project implementation resulted in a 1.71 Gg increase in net primary productivity (NPP), as well as a 44.36 Gg rise in net ecosystem productivity (NEP). This suggested that, in Zhangye Prefecture, the Grain for Green Project could enhance the sustainability and stability of the local society, increase peasants' net income, as well as protect and remediate local ecosystems.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Is China facing an obesity epidemic and the consequences? The trends in obesity and chronic disease in China.

BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades, China has enjoyed impressive economic development, and her citizens have experienced many remarked changes in their lifestyle. These changes are often associated with an increase in obesity and chronic disease. METHODS: In this meta-analysis, based on nationally representative data, we studied the current prevalence of obesity and the trends in obesity, mortality and morbidity in China. RESULTS: Between 1992 and 2002, the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased in all gender and age groups and in all geographic areas. Using the World Health Organization body mass index cut points, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 14.6 to 21.8%. The Chinese obesity standard shows an increase from 20.0 to 29.9%. The annual increase rate was highest in men aged 18-44 years and women aged 45-59 years (approximately 1.6 and 1.0% points, respectively). In general, male subjects, urban residents, and high-income groups had a greater increase. With the increase in overweight and obesity, obesity-, and diet-related chronic diseases (e.g., hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and type 2 diabetes) also increased over the past decade and became a more important preventable cause of death. Hypertension increased from 14.4% in 1991 to 18.8% in 2002 in adults; in older adults aged 35-74 years, it increased from 19.7 to 28.6%. Between 1993 and 2003, the prevalence of CVD increased from 31.4 to 50.0%; diabetes increased from 1.9 to 5.6%. During 1990-2003, although total mortality rate (per 100 000) decreased, overall the mortality rate and contribution (as percentages) to total death of obesity-related chronic disease increased, in particular, in rural areas. Mortality rate (per 100 000) of CVD increased from 128 to 145 and its contribution to total death, 27 to 32%, in rural areas; the figures decreased slightly in urban areas. The mortality rate of 'nutrition, endocrinology and metabolism-related disease' (NEMD) increased in both rural and urban areas between 1990 and 2000, 8.0 to 10.6 and 4.9 to 5.3, respectively. The current prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes among Chinese adults is approximately 20, 20, 15, and 3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases have increased in China in the past decade. Our findings provide useful information for the projection of future trends and the formulation of national strategies and programmes that can address the challenges of the growing obesity and chronic disease epidemic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Can China's health care be transplanted without China's economic policies?

China's economic policies of the past 25 years have shaped its present health-care system. China's leadership has decided to have neither a national health-insurance system nor a national health service. Instead, it decided that its health system would mirror the workings of its industrial and agricultural system. Decisions to minimize imports, ban private economic activity, assign university graduates on a compulsory basis, control wages, maintain a large domestic standing army and prevent professions or universities from acquiring independent status led directly to the present system of medical care. Consequently, transplantation of China's striking achievements in health-care delivery to the United States or other countries is unlikely to occur in the absence of transfer of the underlying economic policies.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Infectious bronchitis virus: S1 gene characteristics of vaccines used in China and efficacy of vaccination against heterologous strains from China.

The entire S1 protein genes of eight infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine strains used in China were compared with those of the IB virus isolates present in the field in China. The nucleotide and amino acid similarities between the eight IB vaccine strains and the field strain, tl/CH/LDT3/03, which was isolated from a teal (Anas sp.), were not more than 81.1% and 79.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 genes showed that the vaccines and field strains belonged to different clusters and showed larger evolutionary distances, and indicated that they were of different genotypes. Four out of the eight vaccines, in addition to the Massachusetts type vaccine H120, were used for protection tests against challenge by the IB virus isolate tl/CH/LDT3/03. This revealed that each of the five IB vaccines induced poor protection against the teal isolate, as assessed by respiratory protection, clinical signs and mortality, indicating the necessity of developing vaccines from local strains for IB control in China.

Animals↗