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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Prospective study of manikin-only versus manikin and human subject endotracheal intubation training of paramedics.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of manikin-only training on field success of endotracheal intubation by paramedics. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of individual field endotracheal intubation success rates for paramedics after they participated in a manikin-only or a manikin-plus-cadaver training program. TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS: Paramedics responding to emergency calls involving adult medical or trauma victims. INTERVENTIONS: All participants were trained using a controlled manikin training program; then, half were randomly selected for additional instruction using fresh human cadavers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Individuals trained using only the manikin program had mean +/- SD individual success rates of 82 +/- 32%, and individuals who received additional cadaver training had mean individual success rates of 83 +/- 31%. Overall success rates for the two groups were 86% for the manikin-only group and 85% for the manikin-plus-cadaver-trained group. The sample size was not adequate to allow rejection of the null hypothesis. CONCLUSION: Paramedics trained in endotracheal intubation using a systematic manikin-only teaching program can attain acceptable individual success rates in the actual field setting.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of thermal manikins of different body shapes and size.

Differences between manikins may be present due to manikin body shapes (male versus female). In order to examine such differences a study was designed. Comparisons were carried out based on: (1) tight versus loose clothing; (2) serial versus parallel calculation models; (3) even versus uneven clothing (insulation) distribution; and (4) the effect of donning clothes. Differences were observed between female and male manikins depending on body shape. However, these differences were within the range that was observed in the Subzero project, and were comparable with differences between manikins of male body shapes. Manikins behaved differently according to clothing adjustments. Tight-fitting clothes resulted in smaller differences. The effects of donning clothes were more pronounced with the serial calculation model, while the results generated by the serial and parallel calculation models differed more if the insulation was unevenly distributed (24% and 12% respectively). In order to examine the effect of body size, two baby manikins were compared to an adult manikin. The experimental conditions involved air layer insulation measurements (AL), lying on the back on an insulating surface (OB), and lying on the back on an insulating surface, covered with a sheet (OBS, baby manikins only). The acquired AL insulation for all manikins were very similar. The insulation value of adult manikin tested under condition OB differed from the others. This was related to flexible joints allowing the arms and legs to be in contact with the insulating surface, while baby manikins retained their arms and legs in the air. The baby manikins performed similarly in OBS tests.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Development of a two-layer movable sweating thermal manikin.

A thermal manikin is a useful tool to evaluate thermal environments such as clothing, houses and others. A manikin needs to have the following properties: shape and size, heat production, skin temperature, sweat rate, physiological responses and others. So far, no manikin satisfying all these criteria has been available. In the present study, a two-layer movable sweating thermal manikin was newly developed as a trial to compensate for the differences between conventional thermal manikins and the human body. The manikin consisted of two layers, a core section in the trunk and a shell section divided into 17 parts over the whole body, the temperature and heat supply of which could be independently controlled. The manikin is possible to change the posture and to walk. The sweat rate from 180 pores on the skin was controlled by peristaltic pumps. The temperature performance of the manikin was investigated using thermograph. As a result, the surface temperature of the manikin decreased more in the extremities than in the trunk when the manikin was exposed to 18 degrees C after being exposed to 28 degrees C for 20 min. This is analogous to the skin temperature decline in the extremities of the human body.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2004

Dry heat loss in incubator: comparison of two premature newborn sized manikins.

Keeping premature newborns warm is crucial for their survival. Their ability to prevent excessive heat loss to the environment and to control their body temperature is limited. The risk of hypothermia is particularly important for low-birth-weight newborns with a large body surface area in relation to their mass of heat-producing tissues. The present study was performed to assess the body heat loss difference between small and large body-size premature newborns using two anthropomorphic thermal manikins of premature newborns of 900 g and 1,800 g (respective body surface areas of 0.086 and 0.150 m2). The dry heat loss from the six body segments of the small manikin (S) was measured and compared with that of the large manikin (L). The two manikins were exposed to five different environmental temperatures ranging between 29 and 35 degrees C in a single-walled, air-heated closed incubator. The magnitudes of heat loss decreased significantly by 20.4% between the two manikins [small manikin 110.1 (44.3) W/m2 vs large manikin 87.6 (25.8) W/m2, mean values with one standard deviation]. The results obtained from the comparison of the heat loss measures from the two manikins confirm the fact that the heat loss increases with an increase in the ratio of the body surface area to body mass. The thermal manikin appears to provide an accurate method for the assessment of thermal conditions in neonatal care.

Body Size↗
PubMed2004

Effect of thermal manikin surface temperature on the performance of personal cooling systems.

Thermal manikin experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of manikin surface temperature on the performance of a personal cooling system (PCS), more specifically, a liquid circulating garment (LCG). Three manikin temperatures were tested using a dry thermal manikin torso: 38, 34, and 30 degrees C. Mean environmental temperature during experiments was 23.5+/-1 degrees C. Results show that more heat was extracted from the thermal manikin by the PCS as the manikin surface temperature was increased. This is due to the larger difference in temperature between the manikin and the chilled fluid flowing in the PCS when the manikin temperature is high. Finally, it was demonstrated that if insulating garments that reduce heat losses to the environment were worn over the PCS, the PCS efficiency increased.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed2004

Design and manufacturing of two thermal observation manikins for automobile applications.

Two state-of-the-art thermal observation manikins were designed and built for use in automobile applications. These manikins not only apply the latest data acquisition and control technology but also incorporate new manufacturing and sensor technology for improved performance. The manikins are equipped with 26 segments that can be easily removed for maintenance and replacement. Furthermore, their unique design offers an important and a major improvement over previous manikin designs by incorporating heat flux transducers (HFTs) to measure heat gain when exposed to external heating conditions. The HFTs provide these manikins the ability to measure heat flux to or from the environment, regardless of segment skin temperature. The end goal for these manikins is to incorporate a subjective model of thermal comfort along with a human thermal physiological model to produce a thermal sensation vote based on a combination of HFTs, temperature sensors, and heater power measurements. This paper discusses the need for two identical research quality thermal manikins and presents the details of the design and construction of two identical thermal manikins and the associated data acquisition and control software.

Automobiles↗
PubMed2002

Construction and evaluation of a manikin for perioperative heat exchange.

BACKGROUND: During surgery hypothermia can be avoided only if the heat exchange between the body surface and the environment can be controlled. To allow a systematic analysis of this heat exchange, we constructed and evaluated a copper manikin of the human body. METHODS: The manikin consists of six tubes (head, trunk, two arms and two legs) painted matt-black to simulate the emissivity of the human skin. Hot-water mattresses are bonded to the inner surface of the copper tubes to set the surface temperature. Calibrated heat flux transducers were placed on the following points to determine the heat exchange coefficient for radiation and convection (hRC) of the manikin: Forehead, chest, abdomen, upper arm, forearm, dorsal hand, anterior thigh, anterior leg and foot. Room temperature was set to 22 degrees C. Surface temperature of the manikin was set between 22 degrees C and 38 degrees C. The hRC was determined by linear regression analysis as the slope of the temperature gradient between the manikin and the room versus the measured heat flux. Subsequently we studied five minimally clothed volunteers in a climate chamber. Initial chamber temperature was set to 29 degrees C and was lowered slowly to 12 degrees C. The hRC was determined as described above for each volunteer. RESULTS: The hRC of the manikin was 11.0 W m(-2) degrees C(-1) and hRC of the volunteers was 10.8 W m(-2) degrees C(-1). CONCLUSION: The excellent correlation of hRC between the volunteers and the manikin will allow the manikin to be used for standardised studies of perioperative heat exchange.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Compression characteristics of CPR manikins.

We evaluated the force-depth compression characteristics of 8 different CPR manikins during mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation by a thumper. The force required to compress the manikin's thorax of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm was measured. It ranged between 6.3 and 14 kp at a depth of 1 cm, 11.6-30 kp at 2 cm, 17-38 kp at 3 cm, 22.5-54 kp at 4 cm and 28.5-69 kp at 5 cm. The manikins with a spring in the thorax (Ambu Man, Ambu MultiMan, Dräger CPR-Max, Laerdal Resusci Anne) as well as one without (Ambu CPR Pal) showed a rather linear relationship between depth and force required to compress the chest. Ambu Man, set at 'High', Laerdal Resusci Anne and Dräger CPR-Max revealed a slight increase in resistance, whereas 2 manikins without a spring (Laerdal Little Anne, Laerdal Family Trainer) and 1 manikin with a plastic spring-like construction (Actar 911) exhibited less resistance with increasing depth. According to our results, the manikins are not uniform in their compression characteristics; some become nonlinear when 3 cm of compression is exceeded. For correct CPR it is of utmost importance that the CPR trainee learns to compress in a sufficiently strong manner, but simultaneously to avoid an exceedingly high depth of compression irrespective of the thorax resistance. In order to prepare the CPR student for the varying chest resistances of the human body, we recommend to train CPR on manikins with different chest resistances.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed2002

Newborn resuscitation training--which manikin.

Newborn Life Support (NLS) courses use manikins for demonstration and practise of skills required for newborn resuscitation. The aim of this study was to compare currently available manikins for physical characteristics and feedback during psychomotor tasks. Four testers reached a consensus opinion about these features for each of four manikins. Although Laerdal manikins were considered to provide the most realistic airway patency, feedback during mask ventilation and chest compressions, none of the manikins were individually considered to have ideal physical characteristics. Features of the 'ideal' manikin are proposed. Manufacturers should consider these features when developing manikins for training in newborn resuscitation.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed2004

Manikin measurements versus wear trials of cold protective clothing (Subzero project).

The thermal insulation properties of clothing systems can be defined through physical measurements using thermal manikins or through wear trials using human test subjects. One objective of the European Subzero project was to define the relationship between physically measured thermal insulation values of cold-protective clothing and the corresponding physiological reactions on human test subjects. Four cold-protective clothing ensembles, intended for use in temperatures between 0 and -50 degrees C, were measured with manikins in eight European laboratories and on human test subjects in four of these laboratories. The results showed that reasonably good reproducible values from the manikin tests can be achieved (CV < 8%); however, the fit of the clothing on the manikin is a critical factor. There were greater individual differences in the wear trial results. Comparing the results from the manikin and the wear trials, good agreement in the thermal insulation values was shown if the amount of accumulated sweat was low. In these situations, which are normal when using cold protective clothing, the thermal comfort can also be determined with good accuracy by means of mathematical models based on manikin results. Special situations, e.g. for highly perspiring wearers, strong wind, or high friction between garment layers, need specific modelling; some suggestions have been made as a result of the Subzero project, but further research is required.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1997

Intubation with laryngoscope versus transillumination performed by paramedic students on manikins and cadavers.

Seventeen paramedic students, all of whom are novice intubators, performed laryngoscopic and Trachlight intubation after supervised training for 90 min on two manikins (Laerdal, AMBU) and 30 min on cadavers. A maximum of two intubation attempts lasting a maximum 30 s each were permitted on each manikin and the cadaver. The time for confirming tube placement by auscultation and securing the tube was added. Laryngoscopic intubation was successful on cadavers and both manikins in 94-100% of the trials. Intubation with the Trachlight was 100% successful in the Laerdal manikin, but significantly lower than with the laryngoscope in the AMBU manikin (65%), and in cadavers (50%). The mean intubation time was significantly longer (30-44 s) with the Trachlight compared with laryngoscopic intubation (10-23 s) in both manikins and cadavers. The present results do not indicate that intubation with the Trachlight is an improvement upon laryngoscopic intubation for novices.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

A virtual reality dental simulator predicts performance in an operative dentistry manikin course.

This study was designed to test the ability of a virtual reality dental simulator to predict the performance of students in a traditional operative dentistry manikin course. Twenty-six dental students were pre-tested on the simulator, prior to the course. They were briefly instructed and asked to prepare 12 class I cavities which were automatically graded by the simulator. The instructors in the manikin course that followed were unaware of the students' performances in the simulator pre-test. The scores achieved by each student in the last six simulator cavities were compared to their final comprehensive grades in the manikin course. Class standing of the students in the simulator pre-test positively correlated with their achievements in the manikin course with a correlation coefficient of 0.49 (P = 0.012). Eighty-nine percent of the students in the lower third of the class in the pre-test remained in the low performing half of the class in the manikin course. These results indicate that testing students in a dental simulator, prior to a manikin course, may be an efficient way to allow early identification of those who are likely to perform poorly. This in turn could enable early allocation of personal tutors to these students in order to improve their chances of success.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

A cervical manikin procedure for chiropractic skills development.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether chiropractic students can effectively acquire adjustive skills for the cervical spine by utilizing a Thrust in Motion Cervical (TMC) manikin and to evaluate its value as a teaching aid. A pilot study was formulated and incorporated into the skills tutorial program at Macquarie University. Centre for Chiropractic in Sydney, Australia. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective study was performed on chiropractic students with no prior experience in performing spinal adjustments. SUBJECTS: Twenty subjects were selected randomly from a population of 75 students about to commence their 4th-yr Master's of Chiropractic program. INTERVENTION: Students who formed the experimental group (n = 6) did not perform any thrusting maneuvers on human subjects while practicing Diversified chiropractic cervical spinal techniques. They practiced the adjustive thrust only on the TMC manikin. The control group (n = 14) learned in the established "hands-on" approach, performing thrusting maneuvers on fellow student subjects. Both groups were supervised, taught and examined in an otherwise identical fashion. RESULTS: The data indicate there is no significant difference between the examination scores of the student group that practiced on the TMC manikin (average, 2.17 points) compared with the controls (2.13 points), with a confidence interval at p = .985, assuming that 0.5 marks is clinically important in these examination results. Interexam reliability was acceptable (Pearson's r = .73) for both experimental and control examination performances. CONCLUSION: The null hypothesis is accepted, and no significant difference in student examination performance was found between those who learned thrusting on the manikin alone and those who learned on fellow students. Further, for the first time, a manikin has been shown to be effective in teaching chiropractic skills. The implications of the TMC manikin procedure will revolutionize the acquisition of motor learning skills that are essential for chiropractic skills training.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMed1996

The effect of water leakage on the results obtained from human and thermal manikin tests of immersion protective clothing.

The effect of both the volume and location of water leakage on the protection provided by an uninsulated immersion suit was investigated using human subjects and, in corresponding experiments, an immersion thermal manikin. Three volumes of "leakage" to the torso (200, 500 and 1000 ml) were examined, as were two conditions in which no leakage was simulated and one condition in which a 500-ml leak to the limbs was simulated. All leakages were introduced in a standardised way before immersion. The measurements of clothing insulation obtained, both from the manikin and the humans, were in general agreement. The human experimentation provided some support for a 200-ml limit to water leakage in tests of immersion suits. Rectal and aural temperatures remained significantly (P < 0.05) higher when a 500-ml leak was applied to the limbs rather than the torso; this was primarily due to greater heat flow through and from the torso (back) during the immersions with torso wetting. The physiological responses and anthropometric characteristics which determine this response are not present in manikins; the implications of this for the application and design of immersion thermal manikins, as well as the protection of those at risk of immersion in cold water, are discussed. It is concluded that using immersion thermal manikins to provide a single overall measure of clothing insulation will not necessarily distinguish between suits which provide quite different levels of protection for humans.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1983

A hypochlorite solution for removing bacteria from CPR manikins.

To study the effectiveness of a dilute hypochlorite solution in removing bacteria from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) manikins, cultures from several areas of manikins disinfected with hypochlorite were compared with those from manikins disinfected with another protocol, and bacteria which grew were counted and identified. The use of dilute hypochlorite resulted in significant reduction of bacterial numbers (P less than .0005), without damaging manikin components or provoking unpleasant reaction from trainees. Dilute hypochlorite disinfection of CPR training manikins after each class session might greatly reduce the possibility of transmitting pathogenic bacteria or other microorganisms between participants in resuscitation practice.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2007

Predictive measures of directional benefit part 1: estimating the directivity index on a manikin.

OBJECTIVE: In this investigation, a method for computing a directivity index (DI) on a manikin for directional microphones in hearing aids was proposed and evaluated comparatively to other conventional methods. DESIGN: Test devices included first- and second-order directional microphones. Signal presentation, implemented in an anechoic chamber, involved a single noise source rotated completely around the directional microphone in a hearing aid, in free field and on a manikin, at a defined radius. The area covered was equivalent to the approximate surface area of a sphere. It was anticipated that an equal angular resolution of 10 degrees (elevation and azimuth) would effectively estimate the DI of first-, second-, and higher-order directional microphone systems located in a hearing aid on a manikin. A total of 450 spatially varied presentation points were analyzed, each weighted in reference to direction of arrival on the directional microphone. RESULTS: Empiric differences between the DI derived from the 3D-DI method proposed in this investigation and the conventionally derived 2D-DI method DI on a manikin were as large as 3.8 dB in the higher frequencies, depending on the device under test. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of these differences was dependent on the device under test microphone location. The further the microphone was placed into the ear of the manikin, the larger the empiric differences.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of four airway training manikins as simulators for inserting the LMA Classic*.

Airway manikins have traditionally been used for teaching mask ventilation and tracheal intubation. There is an increasing need to use manikins for training in procedures such as insertion of the laryngeal mask airway. We have assessed four new airway training manikins (latest versions of the Airway Trainer (Laerdal, Norway), Airway Management Trainer (Ambu, UK), 'Bill 1' (VBM, Germany) and Airsim (Trucorp, Ireland)) as simulators for insertion of the LMA Classic laryngeal mask airway. Twenty volunteer anaesthetists inserted a size-4 laryngeal mask airway five times into each of the four manikins, in random order. Each insertion was assessed using objective and subjective tests. Subjective assessment varied widely but overall assessment indicated that the Airway Management Trainer was the poorest simulator for insertion of the laryngeal mask airway. The 'Bill 1' and Airsim manikins performed best as simulators for insertion of the laryngeal mask airway, although realistic ventilation with 'Bill 1' was not possible.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2006

Training for neonatal resuscitation with the laryngeal mask airway: a comparison of the LMA-ProSeal and the LMA-Classic in an airway management manikin.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal resuscitation is a mandatory skill for healthcare professionals involved in maternity suites. For ethical reasons, it is impossible to teach and practice airway management skills on neonates, and manikins are used for this purpose. The Classic Laryngeal Mask Airway TM (cLMA) is accepted as an effective device for airway management during neonatal resuscitation. A neonatal size of the LMA-ProSeal (PLMA) was recently produced, but there are no comparative data on its performance. We describe the comparison of the performances of the neonatal cLMA and the neonatal PLMA when used by different healthcare professionals in a dedicated airway management manikin. METHODS: Thirty-five healthcare professionals, were given a brief description of the two devices followed by 15 min of supervised insertions on a single manikin. Every trainee was then instructed to insert both devices four times. The time from insertion to the first inflation of the artificial lungs (insertion time, IT) was recorded by a single unblinded observer. RESULTS: No failed insertions were recorded. The success rates of the first attempt were higher with the PLMA than the cLMA (97.1% vs 92.1%; P<0.01). The mean+/-sd (range) IT was significantly lower with the cLMA compared with the PLMA [10.47+/-2.85 (6-22) s vs 11.34+/-2.5 (7-18) s; P<0.01]. The mean+/-sd (range) IT of the cLMA was 12.31+/-3.54 (7-22) s for the first positioning and 9.2+/-2.34 (6-16) s for the fourth (P<0.01). The mean+/-sd (range) IT of the PLMA was 12.71+/-2.52 (8-18) s for the first positioning and 10.17+/-2.28 (7-14) s for the fourth (P<0.01). There were no significant differences among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both LMAs are easy to insert by different delivery-room workers. PLMA (with the introducer tool) has a higher success rate at first attempt than cLMA. Manikin ventilation was established equally without difference in performance among doctors, nurses, midwives. A brief manikin-training reduces the IT significantly. The longer IT of PLMA vs cLMA is without clinical relevance.

Anesthesiology↗