PubMed · 16679681
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A K Saxena, S Choudhary. Rectal ears.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16679681/
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of changing sphericity filter values on performance of a computer assisted detection (CAD) system for CT colonography for data with and without fecal tagging. Colonography data from 138 patients with 317 validated polyps were divided into those with (86) and without (52) fecal tagging. Polyp coordinates were established by three observers and datasets analysed subsequently by a proprietary CAD system used at four discrete sphericity filter settings. Prompts were compared with the known coordinates in order to determine sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity was highest at low sphericity; of 164 polyps 6 mm or more, 144 (87.8%) were detected at sphericity 0.3, and 132 (80.1%) at sphericity 0.9. Of 42 polyps measuring 10 mm or more, 40 (95.2%) were detected at sphericity 0.3, and 36 (85.7%) at sphericity 0.9. There was no significant difference in sensitivity for tagged and un-tagged data but specificity was reduced in tagged data at low sphericity and significantly reduced in untagged data at high sphericity. CAD had a sensitivity of 95.2% for polyps measuring 1 cm or more and 87.8% for polyps 6 mm or more when used at a sphericity setting of 0.3. Higher sphericity settings increased specificity while reducing sensitivity. The bowel preparation used significantly impacts on specificity.
Achalasia is a rare motility disorder of the distal esophagus, showing reduced or absent swallow induced relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter region. The onset of the disease can be very slow and correct diagnosis might be delayed over years. Using exact medical history, upper GI endoscopy and barium swallow X-ray the achalasia can be suspected and can be confirmed by esophageal manometry. Other especially malignant diseases, which can imitate the clinical symptoms, have to be ruled out. Pneumatic balloon dilatation is therapy of first choice in achalasia. Especially in younger patients laparoscopic fundoplication with subsequent antireflux procedure should be offered early in the therapeutic algorithm when dilatation therapy fails. Medical therapy or intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin is only an alternative treatment for high risk patients, treatment failures or residual symptoms.
This paper describes the in vitro photoprotection in the UV-A range, i.e. 320-400 nm obtained by the use of carnauba wax-decyl oleate nanoparticles either as encapsulation systems or as accompanying vehicles for inorganic sunscreens such as barium sulfate, strontium carbonate and titanium dioxide. Lipid-free inorganic sunscreen nanosuspensions, inorganic sunscreen-free wax-oil nanoparticle suspensions and wax-oil nanoparticle suspensions containing inorganic sunscreens dispersed either in their oil phase or their aqueous phase were prepared by high pressure homogenization. The in vitro erythemal UV-A protection factors (EUV-A PFs) of the nanosuspensions were calculated by means of a sun protection analyzer. EUV-A PFs being no higher than 4 were obtained by the encapsulation of barium sulfate and strontium carbonate, meanwhile by the distribution of titanium dioxide in presence of wax-oil nanoparticles, the EUV-A PFs varied between 2 and 19. The increase in the EUV-A PFs of the titanium dioxide obtained by the use of wax-oil nanoparticles demonstrated a better performance of the sun protection properties of this pigment in the UV-A region.