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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Dose reduction in patients undergoing chest imaging: digital amorphous silicon flat-panel detector radiography versus conventional film-screen radiography and phosphor-based computed radiography.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare the radiation dose delivered to patients undergoing clinical chest imaging on a full-field digital amorphous silicon flat-panel detector radiography system with the doses delivered by a state-of-the-art conventional film-screen radiography system and a storage phosphor-based computed radiography system. Image quality was evaluated to ensure that the potential reduction in radiation dose did not result in decreased image acuity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Three groups of 100 patients each were examined using the amorphous silicon flat-panel detector, film-screen, or computed radiography systems. All patient groups were matched for body mass index, sex, and age. To measure the entrance skin dose, we attached 24 calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters to every patient. The calculation of the effective dose, which represents the risk of late radiation-induced effects, was based on measurements on an anthropomorphic phantom. Image quality of all three systems was evaluated by five experienced radiologists, using the European Quality Criteria for Chest Radiology. In addition, a contrast-detail phantom study was set up to assess the low-contrast detection of all three systems. RESULTS: The amorphous silicon flat-panel detector radiography system allowed an important and significant reduction in both entrance skin dose and effective dose compared with the film-screen radiography (x 2.7 decrease) or computed radiography (x 1.7 decrease) system. In addition, image quality produced by the amorphous silicon flat-panel detector radiography system was significantly better than the image quality produced by the film-screen or computed radiography systems, confirming that the dose reduction was not detrimental to image quality. CONCLUSION: The introduction of digital flat-panel radiography systems based on amorphous silicon and cesium iodide is an important step forward in chest imaging that offers improved image quality combined with a significant reduction in the patient radiation dose.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of soft-tissue foreign bodies: comparing conventional plain film radiography, computed radiography printed on film, and computed radiography displayed on a computer workstation.

OBJECTIVE: The study was performed to evaluate detection of soft-tissue foreign bodies using conventional radiography (film-screen radiography), computed radiography printed on films (computed radiography-hard copy), and computed radiography displayed on a computer workstation (computed radiography-soft copy). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifteen foreign bodies of different size, shape, and composition were implanted at different locations in a fresh cadaveric hand, and images were obtained using three radiographic techniques. Images were evaluated by four board-certified radiologists to ascertain the conspicuity of the foreign bodies with the different techniques. A subjective grade was assigned to each image in an attempt to identify the relative conspicuity of foreign bodies when imaged with the three techniques. RESULTS: Computed radiography-soft copy is the preferred imaging technique for the detection of wood and plastic foreign bodies in soft tissue regardless of the size of the wood or the plastic. No significant differences in conspicuity among the three techniques were demonstrated with glass foreign bodies. CONCLUSION: Detection of soft-tissue foreign bodies is best done using computed radiography-soft copy instead of film-screen radiography and computed radiography-hard copy imaging.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of radiation doses to patients undergoing standard radiographic examinations with conventional screen-film radiography, computed radiography and direct digital radiography.

New flat-panel direct digital radiography equipment has recently been installed in our Accident and Emergency Department; its characteristics and versatility are well suited to the work undertaken in this environment. The aim of this study was to compare radiation doses to patients undergoing standard radiographic examinations using conventional screen-film radiography, computed radiography and direct digital radiography; entrance surface dose and effective dose were calculated for six standard examinations (a total of 10 projections) using standard patient exposure parameters for the three imaging modalities. It was found that doses for computed radiography (all examinations) were higher than the doses for the other two modalities; effective doses for direct digital radiography were approximately 29% and approximately 43% lower than those for screen-film radiography and computed radiography, respectively. The image quality met the criteria in the European guidelines for all modalities.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Direct detector radiography versus dual reading computed radiography: feasibility of dose reduction in chest radiography.

The image quality of dual-reading computed radiography and dose-reduced direct radiography of the chest was compared in a clinical setting. The study group consisted of 50 patients that underwent three posteroanterior chest radiographs within minutes, one image obtained with a dual read-out computed radiography system (CR; Fuji 5501) at regular dose and two images with a flat panel direct detector unit (DR; Diagnost, Philips). The DR images were obtained with the same and with 50% of the dose used for the CR images. Images were evaluated in a blinded side-by-side comparison. Eight radiologists ranked the visually perceivable difference in image quality using a three-point scale. Then, three radiologists scored the visibility of anatomic landmarks in low and high attenuation areas and image noise. Statistical analysis was based on Friedman tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests at a significance level of P<0.05. DR was judged superior to CR for the delineation of structures in high attenuation areas of the mediastinum even when obtained with 50% less dose (P<0.001). The visibility of most pulmonary structures was judged equivalent with both techniques, regardless of acquisition dose and speed level. Scores for image noise were lower for DR compared with CR, with the exception of DR obtained at a reduced dose. Thus, in this clinical preference study, DR was equivalent or even superior to the most modern dual read-out CR, even when obtained with 50% dose. A further dose reduction does not appear to be feasible for DR without significant loss of image quality.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Digital radiography: are the manufacturers' settings too high? Optimisation of the Kodak digital radiography system with aid of the computed radiography dose index.

Manufacturers offer exposure indices as a safeguard against overexposure in computed radiography, but the basis for recommended values is unclear. This study establishes an optimum exposure index to be used as a guideline for a specific CR system to minimise radiation exposures for computed mobile chest radiography, and compares this with manufacturer guidelines and current practice. An anthropomorphic phantom was employed to establish the minimum milliamperes consistent with acceptable image quality for mobile chest radiography images. This was found to be 2 mAs. Consecutively, 10 patients were exposed with this optimised milliampere value and 10 patients were exposed with the 3.2 mAs routinely used in the department of the study. Image quality was objectively assessed using anatomical criteria. Retrospective analyses of 717 exposure indices recorded over 2 months from mobile chest examinations were performed. The optimised milliampere value provided a significant reduction of the average exposure index from 1840 to 1570 ( p<0.0001). This new "optimum" exposure index is substantially lower than manufacturer guidelines of 2000 and significantly lower than exposure indices from the retrospective study (1890). Retrospective data showed a significant increase in exposure indices if the examination was performed out of hours. The data provided by this study emphasise the need for clinicians and personnel to consider establishing their own optimum exposure indices for digital investigations rather than simply accepting manufacturers' guidelines. Such an approach, along with regular monitoring of indices, may result in a substantial reduction in patient exposure.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Chest radiography: depiction of normal anatomy and pathologic structures with selenium-based digital radiography versus conventional screen-film radiography.

PURPOSE: To compare the subjective visibility of normal anatomy and pathologic structures in the chest on conventional screen-film radiographs versus selenium-based digital radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screen-film and digital standard posteroanterior (PA) and lateral chest radiographs were obtained in 49 patients (32 men, 17 women; mean age, 60 years; range, 24-91 years) undergoing chest computed tomography (CT). Conventional images were phototimed at 115 kVp with use of a wide-latitude screen-film system and an antiscatter grid. Digital images were obtained at 150 kVp with use of a commercial system with a selenium detector and an air gap alone for scatter reduction. The image sets were independently compared by four radiologists, and the relative visibility of anatomic and pathologic features (proved at CT) was graded. Statistical significance (P < .0028) was evaluated with a one-tailed t test. RESULTS: Visibility with the digital images was statistically significantly increased for 11 of 13 normal anatomic features and for pathologic structures in the lung, soft tissue, and bone. CONCLUSION: Subjective visibility of pathologic structures and most normal anatomic features in the thorax was statistically significantly improved with selenium-based digital chest radiography compared with conventional screen-film chest radiography.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Comparing image quality of flat-panel chest radiography with storage phosphor radiography and film-screen radiography.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate image quality of a large-area direct-readout flat-panel detector system in chest radiography, we conducted an observer preference study. A clinical comparative study was conducted of the flat-panel system versus the storage phosphor and standard film-screen systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Routine chest radiographs (posteroanterior) of 30 patients that were obtained using flat-panel, storage phosphor, and film screen systems were compared. The visibility of 10 anatomic regions and the overall image quality criteria were rated independently by three radiologists using a 5-point scale. The significance of the differences in diagnostic performance was tested with a Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Dose measurements for the three modalities were performed. RESULTS: The flat-panel radiography system showed an improved visibility in most anatomic structures when compared with a state-of-the-art conventional film-screen system and an equal visibility when compared with a storage phosphor system. The flat-panel system showed the greatest enhancement in the depiction of small detailed structures (p < 0.05) and achieved this with a reduction in overall radiation dose of more than 50%. CONCLUSION: The visibility of anatomic structures provided by this flat-panel detector system is as good as if not better than that provided by conventional or storage phosphor systems while emitting a reduced radiation dose.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Sensitivity of CT scout radiography and abdominal radiography for revealing ureteral calculi on helical CT: implications for radiologic follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the sensitivity of CT scout radiography with that of abdominal radiography in revealing ureteral calculi on unenhanced helical CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 6-month period, patients presenting to the emergency department with acute flank pain were examined with standard abdominal radiography and unenhanced helical CT, which included CT scout radiography. In 60 patients in whom a diagnosis of ureteral calculus was made, CT scout radiographs and abdominal radiographs were examined by two interpreters who assessed whether stones could be visualized. All CT scout radiographs were viewed on a workstation using optimized window settings. RESULTS: CT scout radiography and abdominal radiography revealed 28 (47%) and 36 (60%) of 60 ureteral calculi, respectively. All ureteral calculi that appeared on CT scout radiography also appeared on abdominal radiography. However, eight calculi that were visible on abdominal radiography were not visible on CT scout radiography. CT scout radiography and abdominal radiography revealed 28% and 46% of 39 calculi less than or equal to 3 mm in diameter, respectively. For 21 calculi larger than 3 mm, the sensitivity of CT scout radiography and abdominal radiography was 81% and 86%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Abdominal radiography is more sensitive than CT scout radiography in revealing ureteral calculi; however, some calculi revealed on unenhanced helical CT cannot be seen on either abdominal radiography or CT scout radiography. Ureteral calculi not visible on either study can only be followed, when necessary, with unenhanced helical CT.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Digital slot-scan charge-coupled device radiography versus AMBER and Bucky screen-film radiography: comparison of image quality in a phantom study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the image quality and performance of a chest digital radiography system and to compare this with the image quality and performance of advanced multiple-beam equalization radiography (AMBER) and Bucky screen-film radiography systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chest digital radiography system is a digital charge-coupled device (CCD) chest imaging unit that uses slot-scan technology. A contrast-detail test object was used in combination with a phantom that simulates the primary and scatter transmission for the lungs and mediastinum. Twelve phantom images were obtained with each modality (ie, CCD digital radiography and AMBER and Bucky screen-film radiography) and were judged by six observers. CCD digital radiography soft-copy reading was compared with AMBER hard-copy reading. To measure image quality, contrast-detail curves were constructed from the observer data. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: For the lung configuration, contrast-detail curves showed lower threshold depth for hard-copy images obtained with CCD digital radiography than for those obtained with Bucky screen-film radiography. For hard-copy images, the difference between contrast-detail curves for CCD digital radiography and those for Bucky screen-film radiography was statistically significant (P < .006). No significant difference was found between CCD digital radiography and AMBER for hard-copy images obtained in either the lung or mediastinum configuration. For the lung configuration, a lower threshold depth was observed for CCD digital radiography soft-copy reading than for AMBER hard-copy reading, with significantly different contrast-detail curves for CCD digital radiography soft copy and AMBER hard copy (P < .006). No significant difference was found between either system for the mediastinum configuration. CONCLUSION: Contrast-detail curves indicate that image quality for the CCD chest system provides a digital alternative to AMBER and Bucky screen-film radiography.

Phantoms, Imaging↗
PubMed2004

Digital slot-scan charge-coupled device radiography versus AMBER and Bucky screen-film radiography for detection of simulated nodules and interstitial disease in a chest phantom.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of full-field slot-scan charge-coupled device (CCD)-based digital radiography in the detection of simulated chest diseases in clinical conditions versus that of two screen-film techniques: advanced multiple beam equalization radiography (AMBER) and Bucky radiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Simulated nodules and interstitial nodular and interstitial linear lesions were attached onto an anthropomorphic chest phantom. One hundred sixty-eight lesions were distributed over 25 configurations. A posteroanterior chest radiograph of each configuration was obtained with each technique. The images were presented to six observers. Each lesion was assigned one of two outcome scores: "detected" or "not detected." False-positive readings were evaluated. Differences between the imaging methods were analyzed by using a semiparametric logistic regression model. RESULTS: For simulated nodules and interstitial linear disease, no statistically significant difference was found in diagnostic performance between CCD digital radiography and AMBER. The detection of simulated interstitial nodular disease was better with CCD digital radiography than with AMBER: Sensitivity was 71% (77 of 108 interstitial nodular lesions) with CCD digital radiography but was 56% (60 of 108 lesions) with AMBER (P =.041). Better results for the detection of all lesion types in the mediastinum were observed with CCD digital radiography than with Bucky screen-film radiography: Sensitivity was 45% (227 of 504 total simulated lesions) with CCD digital radiography but was 24% (119 of 504 lesions) with Bucky radiography (P <.001). There were fewer false-positive observations with CCD digital radiography (35 [5.7%] of 609 observations) than with Bucky radiography (47 [9.5%] of 497 observations; P =.012). CONCLUSION: Differences were in favor of the full-field slot-scan CCD digital radiographic technique. This technique provides a digital alternative to AMBER and Bucky screen-film radiography.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed2002

[Comparison of flat-panel radiography and computed radiography in urography].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of digital flat-panel radiography in uroradiology the i. v. urograms of patients who had been examined with computed radiography and digital flat-panel radiography were compared regarding image quality. METHODS: 50 patients who underwent clinically indicated i. v. urography were examined with digital flat-panel radiography and computed radiography. In order to avoid unnecessary double exposure to X-rays, patients were examined either by flat-panel or computed radiography before injection of contrast media. Each further clinically indicated exposure after administration of contrast media was done by alternating the other examination technique. The digital images were compared by 4 radiologists regarding image quality for the detection of defined anatomic structures. RESULTS: Digital flat-panel radiography showed an image quality of the liver, spleen and both kidneys that was similar to computed radiography. The urinary tract, lumbar spine, pelvis and psoas muscle were significantly better visible on flat-panel radiography images. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to computed radiography there is no loss of image information by using digital flat-panel radiography in uroradiology. On the contrary, some anatomic structures on abdominal survey images show better image quality. In conclusion, digital flat-panel radiography has the potential to replace computed radiography in uroradiologic examinations.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed1995

Interpretation of subtle interstitial chest abnormalities: conventional radiography versus high-resolution storage-phosphor radiography--a preliminary study.

To evaluate the reliability of digital chest radiography in diagnosing subtle interstitial lung abnormalities, we performed several clinical studies including a comparison of conventional screen-film radiography and storage-phosphor radiography (2 K x 2 K pixels, 10 bit), and a comparison of conventional screen-film radiography and film-digitized radiography (2 K x 2 K pixels, 10 bit). From these previous studies, a spatial resolution of 0.2-mm pixel size was considered inadequate to diagnose subtle interstitial lung diseases. Under these circumstances, the newly developed Fuji Computed Radiography system (FCR 9000; Fuji Photo Film, Tokyo, Japan) has recently become available. This system provides 0.1-mm pixel size (4 K x 5 K pixels, 10-bit depth) and life-size hard copies (14 x 17 inches). To evaluate the reliability of new high-resolution storage-phosphor radiography (FCR 9000) in diagnosing simulated subtle interstitial abnormalities (including simulated lines, micronodules, and groundglass opacities), the differences among radiologists in interpreting conventional screen-film radiographs and life-size high-resolution storage-phosphor radiographs were studied. Observation was made by eight experienced chest radiologists and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed. There was no significant difference in detecting in subtle simulated interstitial abnormalities between conventional film-screen radiography and high-resolution storage-phosphor radiography. For all three types of abnormalities, there was no significant difference between conventional and storage-phosphor radiography. In conclusion, the high-resolution storage-phosphor chest radiography (0.1-mm pixel size, 10-bit depth) may be substituted for conventional chest radiography in the detection of subtle interstitial abnormalities.

Data Display↗
PubMed2002

[Selenium-based digital radiography of the cervical spine: comparison with screen-film radiography for the depiction of anatomic details].

PURPOSE: To compare selenium-based digital radiography with conventional screen-film radiography of the cervical spine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective study X-ray images of the cervical spine were obtained in 25 patients using selenium- based digital radiography and conventional screen-film radiography. All images were clinically indicated. Selenium-based digital radiography and conventional screen-film radiography were used in a randomized order. Four radiologists independently evaluated all 50 examinations for the visibility of 76 anatomic details according to a five-level confidence scale (1 = not visible, 5 = very good visibility). From the evaluation of these anatomic details scores for the upper and middle cervical spine, the cervicothoracic junction and the cervical soft tissues were calculated. The scores for selenium-based digital radiography and conventional screen-film radiography were compared using Wilcoxon's signed rank test. RESULTS: From a total of 15,200 observations (608 per patient) the following scores were calculated for selenium-based digital radiography and for screen-film radiography, respectively: Upper cervical spine 3.88 and 3.94; middle cervical spine 4.60 and 4.48; cervico-thoracic junction 3.64 and 2.62; cervical soft tissue 4.47 and 3.46. The differences between the last two scores were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The use of selenium-based digital radiography is superior to conventional screen-film radiography in the depiction of anatomic details of the cervicothoracic junction and the cervical soft tissues.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMed2000

Diagnosis of gastric cancers: comparison of conventional radiography and digital radiography with a 4 million-pixel charge-coupled device.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the differences in accuracy and observer performance at conventional radiography and at digital radiography with a 4 million-pixel charge-coupled device (CCD) for the diagnosis of gastric cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was performed of 225 patients with suspected gastric cancer who were referred to our hospital from January 1997 through February 1997. One hundred twelve patients were examined at conventional radiography and 113 were examined at digital radiography, and 24 and 27 patients had gastric cancer, respectively. Six radiologists interpreted the images, with attention to tumor findings. They were blinded to the clinical details, and their interpretations were rated against those of three other radiologists who examined the patients and who were aware of the clinical information such as endoscopic features and/or histopathologic findings in biopsy specimens. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare the differences in observer performance for the diagnosis of gastric cancers at conventional radiography and at digital radiography. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity was 64.6% at conventional radiography versus 75.3% at digital radiography (P =. 287); specificities were 84.5% and 90.5%, respectively (P =.011); and the positive predictive values were 53.1% and 71.3%, respectively (P =.036). ROC analysis clearly showed higher diagnostic performance at digital radiography than at conventional radiography. CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate the high diagnostic value of digital radiography with a 4 million-pixel CCD for gastric cancers. The technique has considerable potential as an alternative to conventional gastrointestinal radiography.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2001

Selenium-based digital radiography versus high-resolution storage phosphor radiography in the detection of solitary pulmonary nodules without calcification: receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare selenium-based digital radiography with high-resolution storage phosphor radiography for the detection of solitary pulmonary nodules without calcification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty-four patients underwent selenium-based digital radiography, high-resolution storage phosphor radiography, and chest CT for evaluation of pulmonary nodules. Thirty-one patients with pulmonary nodules smaller than 3 cm in diameter and 40 patients with normal lungs were selected for receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Five board-certified radiologists who were unaware of the CT results independently reviewed each of the hard copies of selenium-based digital radiography and storage phosphor radiography, identified pulmonary nodules, and graded their confidence for the presence of each nodule. For each radiologist, we calculated the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for selenium-based digital radiography and storage phosphor radiography. RESULTS: The average performance of selenium-based digital radiography (AUC = 0.72) was higher than that of high-resolution storage phosphor radiography (AUC = 0.64), which is statistically significant (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that selenium-based digital radiography is superior to high-resolution storage phosphor radiography for detecting solitary pulmonary nodules without calcification.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Artificial bone erosions: detection with magnification radiography versus conventional high-resolution radiography.

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic performance of direct magnification radiography with computed radiography versus that of conventional radiography in detection of artificial bone erosions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one paws from German shepherd dogs were embedded in paraffin and examined with x6 magnification radiography and conventional radiography before and after creation of artificial bone erosions. A microfocal x-ray unit with a focal spot of 20-130 microns was used for magnification radiography. All 210 images were analyzed by five radiologists, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed. Interobserver analysis in evaluation of anatomic structures was also performed. RESULTS: ROC analysis of pooled data from all readers showed a larger area under the ROC curve for magnification radiography (0.88) than for conventional radiography (0.72). Magnification radiography produced higher scores in interobserver analysis as well. CONCLUSION: Magnification radiography is superior to conventional radiography in detection of small bone erosions.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of CT localization radiography and high-kilovoltage chest radiography.

Twenty-five patients had localization radiography before chest computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of pulmonary nodules, staging of lung carcinoma, or suspected metastatic disease. Evaluation of the localization radiograph and the 140 k Vp frontal chest radiograph were performed independently and without history by a CT and chest radiologist, respectively. These interpretations were compared to a reference standard compiled from the full CT and chest radiographic reports. Significant abnormalities in the soft tissues, bones, mediastinum, hila, and pleura were detected with about equal frequency by chest and localization radiography. Chest radiography detected all 16 of the lung nodules greater than 1 cm in diameter, while localization radiography detected 12; however, this was not statistically significant. Both the sensitivity and specificity of nodule detection by chest radiography exceeded that of localization radiography. The performance of localization radiography in the detection of chest abnormalities in this and other studies encourages further development of computed chest radiography.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Detection of microcalcifications in breast specimens by 4-fold DIMA direct magnification radiography compared to 1.5-fold conventional magnification radiography].

AIMS OF STUDY: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of 4-fold magnification breast specimen radiography (direct magnification, DIMA) compared to conventional 1.5-fold magnification radiography in evaluating the presence or absence of carcinoma at the surgical margins by detection of microcalcification. METHODS: Fifty breast specimens with non-palpable microcalcifications were examined during surgical biopsy using both DIMA (4-fold) and conventional (1.5-fold) magnification specimen radiography. The number of detected microcalcifications of the whole specimen, of an area of 5 mm distance to the margins and of the area of the suspicious cluster of microcalcifications was counted and the results compared with the histological examination as a gold standard. RESULTS: In 50 specimen 2821 (1305 within 3 mm distance to the margins) microcalcifications were detected with the DIMA mammography technique compared to 1608 (446) microcalcifications with the conventional technique. This increased detection rate by DIMA-magnification radiography was accompanied by a decreased specificity in comparison to the conventional magnification radiography (33.3% DIMA versus 83.3% conventional) regarding the evaluation of presence or absence of carcinoma at the surgical margins. Differentiating the microcalcifications into calcifications belonging to the suspicious cluster and those that are located outside the cluster led to an increase in specificity (83.3% DIMA versus 100% conventional). CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of breast specimen radiography in evaluating the presence or absence of carcinoma at the surgical margins by detection of microcalcification is not improved by 4-fold magnification radiography (direct magnification, DIMA) compared to conventional 1.5-fold magnification radiography due to an increase in false-positive results. Analysis of the attachment of the microcalcifications to the cluster can improve the specificity.

Biopsy↗