PubMed · 15387224
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Ming Lin, Kenneth Salisbury. Haptic rendering--beyond visual computing.. https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2004.1274057
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While computer use is considered to be a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity (MSD-UE), there is currently little information on how the fingers, hand and thumb are used during keyboarding, and no means to document their postures and motions. A computer keyboarding observational instrument, termed the Personal Computer Keyboarding Style (PeCKS), is being developed to meet this need. The goal of this paper is to describe the process by which the PeCKS was developed. Literature on MSD-UE was reviewed and discussions were held with content experts to develop criterion-based items considered to be potential risk factors for MSD-UE during keyboard use. These items were systematically reviewed and rated by seven experts using the Delphi technique. These ratings were used to determine which items to retain and which to discard, resulting in 19 items to define keyboarding style. The PeCKS, when further psychometric testing is completed, will be useful to document and assess keyboarding to identify those individuals who may be at risk for MSD-UE.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of the film transparency output of a printer and its potential use in dental radiography. STUDY DESIGN: A color printer (Sony UP-D70XR) was used to produce film transparencies of digital radiographs. A physical evaluation for the image quality was conducted including measurements of the image density reproducibility, the dose response function, the root mean square (RMS) granularity and the modulation transfer function (MTF). RESULTS: The characteristic curve of the hard copy image produced a nonlinear, sigmoid response for pixel value or x-ray absorbed dose. The RMS of the scan parallel direction was greater than that of the scan perpendicular direction in low density areas, but it reversed beyond density 1.3. The MTF of the scan perpendicular direction was superior to that of the scan parallel direction. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that further examination of the image qualities of this printer is worthwhile.
PURPOSE: To compare the image quality of digital X-ray mammographies obtained with wet imagers with that of standard dry imaging technology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Beginning 03/08/2003, 200 X-ray mammographies with a digital fullfield mammography system (Lorad Selenia, Lorad/Hologic) were prospectively and consecutively documented with a wet laser imager (Scopix LR 5200, Agfa), a dry infrared laser imager (DryView 8610, Kodak) and a dry imager using the principle of direct thermography (Drystar 4500M, Agfa, N = 166). One X-ray exposure was systematically chosen from each examination and was presented in an anonymous and randomized form to three radiologists who evaluated the films using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The visualization of normal anatomic structures was considered being good to excellent for all imagers with the mean assessments 1.0 - 2.4 for the Drystar 4500M, 1.0 - 2.1 for the DryView 8610 and 1.1 - 2.0 for the Scopix LR 5200. The mean assessments were 0.1 - 0.6 points lower in dense than in normal parenchyma, thus, the parenchymal density is the predominant factor for image quality. CONCLUSION: In view of the comparable image quality obtained with the different imagers used in the study, individual decisions to purchase a specific imager will be based on economics rather than on diagnostic points of view.