PubMed · 12309350
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A A Lumsdaine, E T Hilton, D L Kincaid. 1976. Evaluation research methods.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12309350/
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The present study was set up to determine vancomycin tolerance in Colombian, multiresistant, invasive, paediatric isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. A total of seven clinical isolates of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, serotype 14, corresponding to the Spain(9v)-3 clone, were studied. Isolates were grown in Todd Hewitt broth at 37 degrees C. Growth (A(595)) and cell viability (cfu/ml) were monitored hourly for 4 h after addition of vancomycin at 10x MIC. S. pneumoniae R6 was used as a control for growth. For R6, the mean decrease in A(595) and cell viability (log(10) cfu/ml) after 4 h of vancomycin treatment (in 10 independent experiments) was 95.1% and 4.2 log(10), respectively. Six out of seven isolates exhibited similar behaviour. In contrast, for S. pneumoniae E239, the mean decrease in A(595) and cell viability was 48.5% and 2.2 log(10) after 4 h of vancomycin exposure, which suggested the presence of tolerance to vancomycin. The emergence of vancomycin-tolerant strains is of great concern in Colombia, owing to the alarming increase in resistance to penicillin.
A protocol for surveillance of surgical site infections (SSIs) was established in a tertiary care center in 1991 in Bogota, Colombia and followed for 10 years. Wounds were classified according to the Centers for Disease Control guidelines. The National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance and Study of the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control scores for risk factors were included from June 1999. A total of 33027 surgical procedures were followed by the surveillance team. The overall infection rate was 2.6%. Most surgical procedures (70.6%) were classified as clean; 25.3%, 3.8%, and 0.26% were classified as clean/contaminated, contaminated, and dirty, respectively. Infection rates according to wound classification were 1.28%, 3.9%, 15.4%, and 38.4% for clean, clean/contaminated, contaminated, and dirty procedures, respectively. Escherichia coli and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequently isolated microorganisms from SSI: 23.9% and 22.8% of isolates, respectively. A program of surveillance of SSIs has been successfully implemented in a country with limited resources and has maintained the infection rate within international standards.
We report a comparative genetic characterization of two population isolates with parallel demographic histories: the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR) and Antioquia (in northwest Colombia). The analysis of mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal polymorphisms shows that Antioquia and the CVCR are genetically very similar, indicating that closely related parental populations founded these two isolates. In both populations, the male ancestry is predominantly European, whereas the female ancestry is mostly Amerind. In agreement with their isolation, the Amerindian mtDNA diversity of Antioquia and the CVCR is typical of ethnically-defined native populations and is markedly lower than in other Latin American populations. A comparison of linkage disequilibrium (LD) at 18 marker pairs in Antioquia and the CVCR shows that markers in LD in both populations are located at short genetic distances (<approximately 1 cM), whereas markers separated by greater distances are in LD only in the CVCR. This difference probably reflects stochastic variation of LD at the limited number of genome regions compared. The genetic similarity of the populations from Antioquia and the CVCR together with differences in LD between them should be exploitable for the identification and fine mapping of shared disease-related gene variants.