PubMed · 11697591
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P Ziar. 2001-10-13. Endocarditis risks.. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4801183a
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A recurrent doubt that occurs to the enzyme-kinetics modeler is, When should I stop adding parameters to my mechanistic model in order to fit a non-conventional behavior? This problem becomes more and more involving when the complexity of the reaction network increases. This work intends to show how the use of artificial neural networks may circumvent the need of including an overwhelming number of parameters in the rate equations obtained through the classical, mechanistic approach. We focus on the synthesis of amoxicillin by the reaction of p-OH-phenylglycine methyl ester and 6-aminopenicillanic acid, catalyzed by penicillin G acylase immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose, at 25 degrees C and pH 6.5. The reaction was carried on a batch reactor. Three kinetic models of this system were compared: a mechanistic, a semi-empiric, and a hybrid-neural network (NN). A semi-empiric, simplified model with a reasonable number of parameters was initially built-up. It was able to portray many typical process conditions. However, it either underestimated or overestimated the rate of synthesis of amoxicillin when substrates' concentrations were low. A more complex, full-scale mechanistic model that could span all operational conditions was intractable for all practical purposes. Finally, a hybrid model, that coupled artificial neural networks (NN) to mass-balance equations was established, that succeeded in representing all situations of interest. Particularly, the NN could predict with accuracy reaction rates for conditions where the semi-empiric model failed, namely, at low substrate concentrations, a situation that would occur, for instance, at the end of a fed-batch industrial process.
In this paper, the feasibility of precipitation driven synthesis of acidic and zwitterionic beta-lactam antibiotics is studied. As an example of the first type, penicillin G was produced in good yield (160 mmol kg(-1)) directly from the free acid and amine aqueous substrate suspension, where the synthesis product precipitated. Such a precipitation driven synthesis via direct reversal of the hydrolytic reaction is thermodynamically unfavourable for zwitterionic beta-lactam antibiotics, such as amoxicillin. In this paper, a novel method is suggested to help favour precipitation of (poorly soluble) product salts by deliberate addition of certain counter-ions. After screening a number of different counter-ions, it was found that the amoxicillin anion forms a poorly soluble salt with Zn(2+). Despite increased beta-lactam degradation due to the presence of zinc ions, in a synthetic reaction with 0.1 M ZnSO(4) present the synthetic yield could be increased at least 30-fold.
A simple and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection at 220 nm has been validated for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in human plasma. Plasma samples were pretreated by direct deproteinization with methanol. A good chromatographic separation between both compounds was achieved using a reversed phase C8 column and a mobile phase, consisting of acetonitrile-phosphate solution-tetramethyl ammonium chloride solution. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.625-20 mg l(-1) for amoxicillin and 0.3125-10 mg l(-1) for clavulanic acid with determination coefficients > 0.998. The method is accurate (bias < 7%) and reproducible (intra- and inter-day R.S.D. < 15%), with a quantitation limit of 0.625 and 0.3125 mg l(-1) for amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, respectively. Analytical recoveries from human plasma ranged from 91 to 102% for both components. This fully validated method, which allows the simultaneous measurement of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in biological samples, is rapid (total run time < 10 min) and requires only a 100 microl sample. This assay is suitable for biomedical applications and was successfully applied to a pilot pharmacokinetics study in healthy volunteers after a single-oral administration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination (500/125 mg).