PubMed · 10889965
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
G C Bates. 2000. Affect regulation.. https://doi.org/10.1516/0020757001599591
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
CONTEXT: Despite recent studies that failed to show catastrophic effects of prenatal cocaine exposure, popular attitudes and public policies still reflect the belief that cocaine is a uniquely dangerous teratogen. OBJECTIVE: To critically review outcomes in early childhood after prenatal cocaine exposure in 5 domains: physical growth; cognition; language skills; motor skills; and behavior, attention, affect, and neurophysiology. DATA SOURCES: Search of MEDLINE and Psychological Abstracts from 1984 to October 2000. STUDY SELECTION: Studies selected for detailed review (1) were published in a peer-reviewed English-language journal; (2) included a comparison group; (3) recruited samples prospectively in the perinatal period; (4) used masked assessment; and (5) did not include a substantial proportion of subjects exposed in utero to opiates, amphetamines, phencyclidine, or maternal human immunodeficiency virus infection. DATA EXTRACTION: Thirty-six of 74 articles met criteria and were reviewed by 3 authors. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. DATA SYNTHESIS: After controlling for confounders, there was no consistent negative association between prenatal cocaine exposure and physical growth, developmental test scores, or receptive or expressive language. Less optimal motor scores have been found up to age 7 months but not thereafter, and may reflect heavy tobacco exposure. No independent cocaine effects have been shown on standardized parent and teacher reports of child behavior scored by accepted criteria. Experimental paradigms and novel statistical manipulations of standard instruments suggest an association between prenatal cocaine exposure and decreased attentiveness and emotional expressivity, as well as differences on neurophysiologic and attentional/affective findings. CONCLUSIONS: Among children aged 6 years or younger, there is no convincing evidence that prenatal cocaine exposure is associated with developmental toxic effects that are different in severity, scope, or kind from the sequelae of multiple other risk factors. Many findings once thought to be specific effects of in utero cocaine exposure are correlated with other factors, including prenatal exposure to tobacco, marijuana, or alcohol, and the quality of the child's environment. Further replication is required of preliminary neurologic findings.
THE ADVENT OF DRUG THERAPY: In 1957, the advent of two compounds caught the attention of clinicians and psychopharmacologist: G 22355 or Tofranil, the leading drug in the tricyclic family, and iproniazid or Marsilid, a non-sedative monoamine oxidase inhibitor. WHAT IS AN ANTIDEPRESSOR DRUG?: Antidepressor drugs are not effective in all domains simultaneously: it takes 7 to 10 days before an effective equilibrium of mood is reached. Adverse effects often occur earlier, but generally fade out or are well tolerated when the antidepressor effect becomes patent. CASE-BY-CASE PRESCRIPTION: Twenty-four different antidepressor drugs are available in France, classed among imipramines, non-imipramines and non IMAO, serotonine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Each class has its own contraindications, adverse effects and precautions for use. Normothymic drugs and mood' regulators are a separate category that constitute considerable progress for the treatment of relapse and recurrent depression.