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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Psychoanalysis as a "non"-political science. The political consequences of the "world view" debate before 1933 for the behavior of some official representatives of German and international psychoanalysis at the time of the "Third Reich"].

The executive committee of the DPG (German Psychoanalytical Society) was "Aryanized" in 1933, and the integration of the DPG into the German Institute for Psychological Research and Psychotherapy took place in 1936, leading to a gradual adjustment of psychoanalysis at the organizational and ideological level to the dominant political conditions of National Socialism. Events between those years are seen here not as more or less chance moments but as the inevitable result of a strategy based on a "non"-political understanding of psychoanalysis and the desire to guarantee the survival of institutionalized psychoanalysis at the cost of individuals, dissenting political opinions, and even some of the essentials of psychoanalysis itself.

Germany↗
PubMed1992

Psychoanalysis, science and clinical practice.

The question of the relationship between psychoanalysis and science, and the place of psychoanalysis in clinical practice is reviewed. A commonly held view that the central question is whether or not psychoanalysis is scientific is challenged. It is argued instead that psychoanalysis, science and clinical practice are epistemologically independent fields and attempts to subsume one within the other are unproductive. Psychoanalysis may have as much to say concerning the epistemological basis of science as science has to say concerning the epistemological basis of psychoanalysis. Only a proper appreciation of this enables the question of the relationship between psychoanalysis and clinical practice to be adequately examined.

Australia↗
PubMed1992

Therapeutic technique in psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

As the distinctions between what we consider to be psychoanalysis and what we consider to be psychoanalytic psychotherapy have become more uncertain and more blurred, it follows that it is equally difficult to designate the techniques that would be appropriate and specific for each modality. The problem has been compounded by the fact that in recent years psychoanalysis in the United States has become considerably less homogeneous than in the past and the ego-psychological structural model is no longer the only point of view in the psychoanalytic marketplace. Further, with alterations in the criteria for analyzability, cases which, generally, had not been viewed as suitable for analysis, have been appearing with increasing frequency on psychoanalysts' couches. We have also recognized that the degree of congruence between our expectations from and the results of psychoanalytic treatment was often less than anticipated. It appears that analysts have become considerably less arbitrary about what psychoanalysis is and how a psychoanalysis can be carried out. The author is unable to delineate one technique that is intrinsic to and limited to psychoanalysis. There are, however, differences in degree and emphasis in the ways in which various techniques are applied in the therapy of psychoanalysis as compared to the therapy of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Special attention is given to the role of a psychoanalytic process and the central place the analysis of resistance plays in psychoanalytic therapy.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1992

The role of support in psychoanalysis.

A two-factor theory of clinical psychoanalysis is proposed. In accordance with the predominant position of the structural-adaptational ("classical") approach in psychoanalytic theory, the power of interpretation and insight in clinical psychoanalysis has received ample attention in psychoanalytic literature. There seems, however, to be a growing awareness among analysts that not all the facts of an analytic treatment can be accounted for by this approach alone. A second factor is increasingly recognized: the power of adequate support provided by the analyst and resulting in a specific experience by the analysand. In the application of the developmental ("postclassical") approach of psychoanalytic theory, the importance of this support-experience factor in the treatment of ordinary neurosis by means of ordinary psychoanalysis is emphasized. The relative neglect of this aspect of clinical psychoanalysis may be indicative of the present-day dilemma of how to translate advances in theoretical knowledge of mental development into the therapeutic praxis of psychoanalysis. There may, however, be another important reason. Support and experience are phenomena often occurring on the nonverbal level. In contrast to interpretation and insight, they are usually not voiced, let alone distinctly and loudly expressed. They are the silent power of psychoanalysis.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Psychoanalysis and cognitive science: contrasting models of the mind.

Although the relationship between psychoanalysis and cognitive science has begun to be addressed, theorists have not constructed a unifying conceptual framework from which to compare and contrast these disciplines. This paper begins by considering the models of mind of cognitive science, and of classical and contemporary psychoanalysis. It is argued that it is useful to reformulate psychoanalytic constructs in terms of cognitive science models. Psychoanalysts have therefore become, and will continue to be, more cognitivist in their work. Nevertheless, psychoanalytic theory and practice is so fundamental that it constitutes the only starting point for clinical cognitivists. The reformulation of psychoanalysis in cognitivist terms is beneficial for both psychoanalysis and cognitive science. The explanatory power of the cognitivist remodelling of psychoanalysis can, of course, be fully assessed only once it has taken place. This paper encourages that theoretical work to proceed.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychoanalysis and science-theoretical critique--new aspects of an old controversy].

Up to now, relations between psychoanalysis and philosophy of science have mainly been confined to controversies about the scientific status of psychoanalysis. Freud himself had tried to reject classifications of psychoanalysis as a non- or pseudoscience by maintaining a sort of foundationist empiricism, which is philosophically problematic in several respects. The discussion of one classical (Popper) and one recent (Grünbaum) critique of psychoanalysis shows that the arguments are still broadly determined by Freuds own philosophical prejudice. It is then argued that a coherentist philosophy of science would allow a more adequate discussion of the problem of the scientific status of psychoanalysis than did classical foundationism.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1992

[Psychiatry and psychoanalysis--Eugen Bleuler's "dementia praecox or group of schizophrenias" (1911)].

Unlike many psychiatrists around 1900, Eugen Bleuler had a friendly, even partly affirmative attitude towards psychoanalysis. In his famous book "Dementia Praecox or Group of Schizophrenias" (1911) he emphasized the influence of psychoanalysis on his theory about schizophrenia. In this article we describe Bleuler's fundamental thoughts on psychology and psychotherapy in order to look for a special disposition to accept psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis seemed to him to be one of the most promising attempts to develop a systematic psychotherapy founded on a scientific psychology. In particular, Freud's hypothesis about the wish-fulfilling character of dreams influenced Bleuler's understanding of delusion and other symptoms of schizophrenia.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1992

The three modes of the science of psychoanalysis.

Three modes of the science of psychoanalysis are identified: (1) the domain mode is established when claim is laid for investigation of a distinctive area of nature for investigation. For psychoanalysis, this territory involves human adaptation, mentation, and communication in the emotional arena. This mode essentially is one in which a scientific spirit is central and gross, qualitative observation the source of data and theory; (2) the statistical mode is characterized by quantification (measurement), prediction, controlled study, and global correlational or probability methods. In general, this mode of science serves to confirm, refute, or revise postulates derived from domain-mode observations. An advanced aspect of this mode is termed stochastics, a form of science that deals with events that are both random and deterministic, and which introduces post hoc mathematical equations that are probabilistic in nature. (3) the formal mode is grounded in moment-to-moment observations (time-series data); its results are defined entirely through mathematical treatments of quantified data. The unique quest in this mode is for laws of nature. Each mode of the science of psychoanalysis is discussed for its actual and potential contributions to the field and for its limitations and pitfalls. Finally, the paper discusses aspects of recent research that has, we believe, established a heretofore absent formal mode of science for the field of psychoanalysis.

Female↗
PubMed1991

[Psychoanalytic therapy. An orientation on Freudian psychoanalysis].

About a century after the creation of psychoanalysis and more than 35 years after the first, and only, article about psychoanalysis in this journal, the author gives a review of contemporary theory and practice. The meta-scientific position of psychoanalysis is mentioned briefly and it is emphasized that Freudian psychoanalysis is simultaneously an investigation of the mind and a treatment. It is described how contemporary members of The International Psycho-Analytical Association (i.a. The Danish Psychoanalytical Society) practise. New psychoanalytical theory and its clinical impact is reviewed. The rules for the long psychoanalytic training are stated. Finally, it is described how psychoanalytic knowledge is applied technically on a large scale particularly in the form of psychotherapy.

Austria↗
PubMed1992

The return of the repressed. Psychology's problematic relations with psychoanalysis, 1909-1960.

When psychoanalysis first arrived in the United States, most psychologists ignored it. By the 1920s, however, psychoanalysis had so captured the public imagination that it threatened to eclipse experimental psychology entirely. This article analyzes the complex nature of this threat and the myriad ways that psychologists responded to it. Because psychoanalysis entailed precisely the sort of radical subjectivity that psychologists had renounced as unscientific, core assumptions about the meaning of science were at stake. Psychologists' initial response was to retreat into positivism, thereby further limiting psychology's relevance and scope. By the 1950s, a new strategy had emerged: Psychoanalytic concepts would be put to experimental test, and those that qualified as "scientific" would be retained. This reinstated psychologists as arbiters of the mental world and restored "objective" criteria as the basis for making claims. A later tactic--co-opting psychoanalytic concepts into mainstream psychology--had the ironic effect of helping make psychology a more flexible and broad-based discipline.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1991

On the efficacy of psychoanalysis.

In this study we critically review the formal research literature pertinent to the outcomes of psychoanalysis and the factors influencing these outcomes. Our inquiry was conducted from a psychoanalytic perspective. We found the research yield consistent with the accumulated body of clinically derived psychoanalytic knowledge, e.g., patients suitable for psychoanalysis derive substantial therapeutic benefit; analyzability and therapeutic benefit are relatively separate dimensions and their extent is relatively unpredictable from the perspective of initial evaluation among seemingly suitable cases. The studies all contain clinical and methodological limitations which are no more substantial than in other forms of psychotherapy research, but they have not substantially advanced psychoanalytic knowledge. This raises challenges for the further development of formal research strategies native to psychoanalysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Does psychoanalysis heal? A contribution to the theory of psychoanalytic technique.

Beginning with Freud's controversial admonition to psychoanalysts to model themselves on the surgeon who 'dresses the wound, but does not heal it', the author attempts to explore the limits of the therapeutic effect of psychoanalysis. After briefly reviewing the role of projective identification in the transference, and the origin of the analyst's need to be a healer in his anxieties about the strength of his own destructive impulses, he describes certain emotional difficulties that arise in the analyst when he accepts the fact that he can only do analysis. He goes on to suggest that, while psychoanalysis is able to reduce the psychic distance between parts of the patient's mind that have been separated by splitting, this in itself does not provide the patient with a corrective emotional experience, mitigate the severity of his superego, or guide him along the correct developmental path. He further suggests that the analyst's acknowledgement of this limitation--which is equivalent to acknowledging that he can help the patient to grow, but he cannot 'grow' him--is part of a state of mind that the analyst must have to do analysis, and that this state of mind helps to distinguish the practice of psychoanalysis from that of other psychotherapies.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Personal recollections of the revival of psychoanalysis in West Germany during the first post-war decades].

National Socialism destroyed the integrity and substance of Psychoanalysis in Germany for a long time to come. The author was among those responsible for the reintroduction of psychoanalytic knowledge and in the organization of psychoanalytic institutions. In this article she tells about the difficulties in reestablishing psychoanalysis in the new Federal Republic, where it met considerable resistance and obstacles. In particular the author gives credit to the significant contribution of German and Austrian emigrants as well as that of psychoanalysis in Anglosaxon countries, especially the London "Schools" of Anna Freud and Melanie Klein.

Germany↗