Biomedical subjects

Y Noguchi

Publications and source records attributed to Y Noguchi.

At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

CT and MR appearances of parotid pseudotumors in Sjögren syndrome.

The radiologic findings in eight patients with parotid pseudotumors associated with Sjögren syndrome (CT in eight; MRI in two) were retrospectively analyzed and compared with the findings in three cases with malignant lymphomas. Diagnosis of pseudotumor was obtained by surgery in six cases and by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and radiologic follow-up in the remaining cases. Six cases (75%) had advanced disease and the remaining had early disease. Both solid (75%) and cystic (38%) masses were seen in the patients with pseudotumors. The masses were solitary in 25%, multiple in 75%, unilateral in 25%, and bilateral in 75%. All three lymphomas were solid masses. The lymphomatous masses were not reliably distinguished from the solid pseudotumors.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cochlear microphonic potentials in patients with vestibular schwannomas.

We evaluated the cochlear function of 44 patients with unilateral vestibular schwannomas by measuring cochlear microphonic potentials (CM) in electrocochleography. We used short tone bursts with 0.5-, 1-, 2-, and 4-kHz frequencies as acoustic stimuli to evoke CMs, and determined CM detection thresholds. The CM detection thresholds in vestibular schwannomas ranged from normal to no response. Cochlear dysfunction was seen in 35 (79.5%) of the 44 cases; these patients had higher CM detection thresholds than normal subjects. Although a significant correlation was found between mean hearing level (0.5-4 kHz) and mean CM detection threshold (0.5-4 kHz), 20 patients had lower CM detection thresholds than were found using audiometry. This suggests that there is an additional retrocochlear component responsible for this hearing loss.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intraoperative measurements of auditory-evoked potentials in three patients with acoustic neuroma.

Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), electrocochleograms and the evoked potentials from the internal auditory canal were recorded simultaneously in 3 acoustic neuroma (AN) patients. The neural conduction in the internal auditory canal was examined by recording the compound action potentials of the cochlear nerve. In an AN patient with wave I only in the ABR, the neural conduction of the excitement in the cochlear nerve was blocked within the internal auditory canal. In 2 AN patients with elongated interpeak latency differences between waves I and V in ABRs, the neural conduction velocity of the cochlear nerve was lower than that of normal subjects. These results provide neurophysiological evidence that low neural conduction velocity in the cochlear nerve results in the abnormal ABR.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Insulin resistance and the alterations of glucose transporter-4 in adipose cells from cachectic tumor-bearing rats.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance may play an important role in cancer cachexia; however, its mechanisms remain to be clarified. METHODS: Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance in tumor-bearing rats (TBR) were investigated in isolated adipose cells by measuring 3-O-[14C]methyl glucose transport activity and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) protein in low-density microsomes at a basal state and in the plasma membrane at an insulin-stimulated state. RESULTS: The insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity in adipose cells from TBR was significantly lower than that of control rats (CTR) (0.51 +/- 0.25 and 2.27 +/- 0.11 fmol/cell/min, respectively). The amount of GLUT4 in low-density microsomes at a basal state and in plasma membrane at an insulin-stimulated state was less in TBR than in CTR. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the insulin resistance seen in the adipose cells of these tumor-bearing rats was caused in part by both a decreased amount of GLUT4 protein in a basal state and a decreased translocation of GLUT4 in response to insulin stimulation.

Adipocytes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Autoimmunity to heat shock protein 40 in ulcerative colitis.

Autoantibodies against heat shock protein 40 (HSP40) and their clinical significance in ulcerative colitis (UC) have not been evaluated before. Twenty-six tissue specimens of inflamed areas from patients with UC, 16 from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 16 endoscopically normal tissues were analysed for HSP40 expression. Sera from 47 patients with UC and 44 healthy volunteers were examined for the presence of autoantibodies against HSP40 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Immunohistochemistry showed that 17 out of 26 specimens from UC patients, one specimen from a CD patient and one normal tissue specimen were positive for HSP40. Most HSP40-positive cells expressed CD68. Higher titres of anti-HSP40 autoantibodies were detected in sera from UC patients compared with healthy volunteers. In patients with inactive disease, those with proctitis or left-sided colitis had higher titres of anti-HSP40 autoantibodies than those with total colitis. Our study suggests that autoimmunity against HSP40 may have a beneficial effect in UC patients by limiting the extent of the disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pathophysiology of cancer cachexia.

Cancer cachexia is a frequent complication observed in patients with malignant tumors. Although several decades have passed since the first focus on the metabolic dysfunction's associated with cancer, few effective therapeutic interventions have been successfully introduced into the medical armamentarium. The present study thoroughly reviews the basic pathophysiology of cancer cachexia and the treatment options already investigated in that field. Experimental and clinical studies were evaluated individually in order to clarify the intricate alterations observed in tumor-bearing patients. The difficulties in introducing sound and effective nutritional support or metabolic manipulation to reverse cancer cachexia are outlined in this review.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Electrocochleographic study in patients with vestibular schwannomas and U-shaped audiograms.

To determine the nature of sensorineural hearing loss in the middle-frequency range (U-shaped audiogram), we compared the differences in electrocochleographic findings for 15 ears with vestibular schwannomas and 10 ears without tumours. Short-tone bursts of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz were used to evoke cochlear microphonics (CM). Ears with tumours had normal or lower CM detection thresholds than ears without tumours. Input-output curves for 1-kHz frequency were normal in 10 ears with tumours and in 1 ear without tumours. These indicate that tumour ears have no or mild cochlear dysfunction. In addition, CM detection thresholds of ears with tumours were lower than audiometric thresholds, particularly at the 1- and 2-kHz region. These findings suggest that the loss seen by audiometry in ears with vestibular schwannomas was from a retrocochlear component.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A new electrode (HN-5) for CM measurement in extratympanic electrocochleography.

A new electrode (HN-5) for measuring cochlear microphonics (CMs) in extratympanic (ET) electrocochleography (ECochG) has been developed. The HN-5 electrode consists of a silver wire 2 mm in diameter and 5.0 cm in length connected to a low noise cable. The HN-5 electrode showed low impedance and excellent frequency characteristics. Using the dummy ear, artefact contamination tests, such as electromagnetic induction and mechanical vibration, were performed with the HN-5 electrode and various other electrodes. In the HN-5 electrode, artifact contaminations were kept within acceptable noise levels, whereas in the smaller electrodes, the measurable artifact contaminations were larger. The CMs were measured from subjects with normal hearing. CM findings obtained using the HN-5 electrode did not differ from those obtained by transtympanic (TT) ECochG, apart from their amplitude. HN-5 overcame the major disadvantage of the ET ECochG and provided a very favourable signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in repeatable response signals averaged from the same relatively small number of samples as those of TT ECochG. This resulted in successful CM measurements of ET ECochG.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of extratympanic versus transtympanic recordings in electrocochleography.

Detection thresholds, amplitudes and input output curves of cochlear microphonics (CMs), and action potentials (APs) determined by extratympanic electrocochleography (ET ECochG) were compared with those determined by transtympanic (TT) ECochG in the same ears. Two groups were studied: 12 ears in 9 volunteers with normal hearing, and 6 ears in 6 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. Short tone bursts with frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz were used as acoustic stimuli to evoke CMs, and a click was presented to measure the APs. In both groups, although the two approaches produced large differences in amplitudes, nearly identical values were obtained for the CM and AP detection thresholds. The CM and AP input-output curves obtained from mean amplitudes at each intensity in normally-hearing ears had similar slopes with the two approaches. These findings demonstrate the clinical usefulness of ET ECochG.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Direct fermentation of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid in recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans.

We isolated Gluconobacter oxydans T-100 that had an activity to produce 2-KLGA from D-sorbitol; however, the yield of 2-KLGA was quite insufficient. Therefore, enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of L-sorbosone and 2-KLGA, L-sorbose dehydrogenase (SDH) and L-sorbosone dehydrogenase (SNDH), respectively, were purified from G. oxydans T-100. A genomic library of G. oxydans T-100 was screened to clone both genes for SDH and SNDH based on their amino acid sequences. SNDH and SDH were encoded in sequential open reading frames with 1497 and 1596 nucleotides, respectively, which were verified by the expression in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence of SDH and SNDH showed close similarity with E. coli choline dehydrogenase (CDH) and betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), respectively, which cooperatively play a key role for conferring osmotic tolerance. Because the yield of 2-KLGA by G. oxydans introduced with the genes for SDH and SNDH were insufficient, replacement of the promoter with that of Escherichia coli tufB1 in combination with chemical mutagenesis by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine resulted in improvement of the production level.

Acetobacteraceae↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A case of primary adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma of gallbladder directly invaded duodenum.

A rare case of primary gallbladder carcinoma is reported. A 67 year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for treatment of suspected duodenal carcinoma. A series of radiographic examinations demonstrated a giant tumor involving the duodenum, gallbladder, pancreatic head, and transverse colon. These extensions made it difficult to identify the primary origin of the carcinoma. Pancreatoduodenectomy, cholecystectomy, and resection of the transverse colon were performed. Macroscopically, ulcerative lesions were seen in both the gallbladder and the duodenum. Microscopic examination revealed adenosquamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder, invasive of the adjacent organs, including circumferential invasion of the second portion of the duodenum. The patient tolerated the operation well and was discharged 28 days post-operatively, but died of liver metastasis 4 months after surgery. Local invasion of the surrounding tissues is characteristic of adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder. Although surgery for cure is deemed possible, the rapid growth rate of this type of tumor may cast doubt on the value of extensive radical surgery.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Tumor-associated metabolic alterations in patients with gastric and esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study was conducted to elucidate tumor-induced alterations in pace maker enzymes and possible effects of pre-operative nutritional support on those enzymes in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients. METHODOLOGY: Three pacemaker enzymes; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPck) for gluconeogenesis, malic enzyme for de novo fatty acid synthesis, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) for triglyceride clearance in liver and adipose tissues were examined in 22 patients with gastrointestinal cancers, both with or without pre-operative total parenteral nutritional support. Five patients with normal nutrition and liver function but undergoing cholecystectomy were used as controls. RESULTS: Activity of hepatic malic enzyme was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and activity of hepatic PEPck was slightly elevated in patients with advanced stage cancer. LPL activity in the abdominal subcutaneous tissue was increased by advanced tumor bearing (p < 0.05). Pre-operative total parenteral nutrition for 1 week resulted in significant stimulation of LPL activity in adipose tissue from patients with advanced cancer compared to that from controls (6.53 +/- 4.99 U/g tissue and 1.32 +/- 0.18 U/g tissue, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Effects of tumor bearing on key regulatory enzymes were evident only at the advanced stages. Pre-operative hyperalimentation may increase fat storage at the peripheral tissue by stimulating tissue LPL activity even at the advanced stage disease.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Expression of facilitative glucose transporters in gastric tumors.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although cancer cells are known to have an increased rate of glucose metabolism, the complete mechanism for increased glucose uptake in tumor cells is unknown. METHODOLOGY: The presence of mRNA for 5 facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) isoforms was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in paired samples of normal gastric mucosa and gastric tumor from 20 individuals. Expression of GLUT proteins was immunohistochemically determined in 70 resected gastric cancer specimens. RESULTS: By using RT-PCR, GLUT2 mRNA was detected in 80% of normal gastric mucosal samples, while GLUT4 mRNA was seen in only 40%, GLUT1 mRNA was not detected in normal gastric mucosa. In gastric carcinoma samples, GLUT1 mRNA was detected in 19 out of 20 cases (95%) and GLUT2, GLUT3, and GLUT4 mRNAs in all samples. By immunohistochemistry, GLUT1 protein was detected in 19% of the tumors. A majority of tumors (61%) expressed 1 or more transporter protein. The presence of GLUT1 protein in a tumor was positively correlated with the tumor's invasion into the gastric wall, lymphatics or blood vessels and with lymph node metastases. The post-operative survival of patients with tumor expressing GLUT1 protein was significantly worse than those with tumor without GLUT1 protein. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric cancer cells may acquire the ability to produce GLUT1 mRNA by malignant transformation. Increased expression of the high-affinity glucose transporters, GLUT1 and/or GLUT4, in tumor cells may drain glucose preferentially to the tumor at the expense of the tumor-bearing host.

Gastric Mucosa↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Insulin resistance and tissue glycogen content in the tumor-bearing state.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Insulin resistance in cancer patients may play an important role in post-operative outcomes. METHODOLOGY: In an effort to understand the mechanism responsible, we measured glucose uptake by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp, glycogen content in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue by an enzymatic method, and facilitative glucose transporter mRNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in 10 patients with gastrointestinal cancers. Glucose uptake was also examined in 5 volunteers. RESULTS: The M value was significantly smaller in cancer patients (6.11 +/- 2.49 mg/kg/min) than in controls (8.55 +/- 0.91 mg/kg/min). A significant decrease in glucose storage was also observed in cancer patients compared with that of controls, 3.18 +/- 2.46 and 4.95 +/- 0.55 mg/kg/min, respectively. The glycogen content of skeletal muscle from cancer patients averaged 12.1 +/- 2.7 micrograms/mg tissue and was correlated with the M value (r = 0.75, p < 0.05). Muscle glycogen had an even stronger correlation to glucose storage (r = 0.964, p < 0.05). The glycogen content of liver averaged 105.4 +/- 79.0 micrograms/mg tissue but was not related to the M value. Glycogen in adipose tissue was not measurable by this method. Muscle and liver samples were positive for periodic and Schiff (PAS) stain, while the stain in adipose tissue was very weak. Glucose transporter 4 mRNA was the dominant facilitative glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer and insulin resistance have decreased glycogen storage in skeletal muscle. These may be the patients who are in need of pre-operative nutritional support.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470, suppresses growth of peritoneal disseminating foci.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Angiogenesis is critical not only for growth of primary tumors but also for cells established at distant organs. We investigated the effects of angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470, on the establishment and growth of intraperitoneally inoculated human gastric cancer cell line, MKN-45, and survival of nude mice with this tumor. METHODOLOGY: Human gastric cancer cell line, MKN-45, were injected into the peritoneal cavity of an ICR nude mouse and a model of peritoneal dissemination was developed. TNP-470 was injected subcutaneously every other day from day 1 until sacrifice or death. The effects of TNP-470 on MKN-45 cells were also examined in vitro. RESULTS: Although the number of disseminated foci was not significantly different, the maximum size was significantly smaller in a TNP-treated group than those of a control. Survival time was significantly longer in a TNP-treated group. TNP-470 demonstrated no growth inhibition of MKN45 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Those results suggested that anti-angiogenic agent, TNP-470, might be effective in treating peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer by inhibiting growth of the seeded tumor cells on the peritoneum.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a combination of irinotecan and cisplatin in advanced gastric cancer--a case report.

We report a case of advanced gastric carcinoma successfully treated with a combination of irinotecan and cisplatin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The patient, a 78-year-old man, had type 2 gastric cancer, which had metastasized to the paraaortic lymph nodes. He was treated with irinotecan, 70 mg on day 1 and day 15, and cisplatin, 80 mg on day 1. The course was repeated every 4 weeks. Two courses of treatment resulted in a marked reduction of both the primary tumor and lymph nodes. Subsequently, the patient underwent curative surgery consisting of total gastrectomy, splenectomy, and D3 lymph node dissection. No surgical complications were observed. On microscopic examination, only a few tumor cells were detected in the granulation tissues of the resected stomach and in the lymph nodes. This would be the first case to demonstrate the effectiveness and the safety of irinotecan and cisplatin used in the neoadjuvant setting for treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gastrectomized patients are in a state of chronic protein malnutrition analyses of 23 amino acids.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Malnutrition is one of the major postoperative complications of radical subtotal or total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. This study was conducted to clarify the nutritional consequences of radical gastrectomy with respect to protein metabolism. METHODOLOGY: To evaluate the nutritional status and the abnormalities in protein metabolism in such cases, serum concentrations of 23 amino acids were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in 40 patients who had undergone either subtotal (n = 20) or total (n = 20) gastrectomy more than 6 months prior to this analysis. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of total amino acids and nonessential amino acids were the same between gastrectomized patients and healthy controls (n = 50). However, concentrations of essential amino acids, essential amino acid/nonessential amino acid and branched-chain amino acid/total amino acid ratios were significantly lower in patient groups than in normal controls. Each essential amino acid was decreased and concentrations of glutamate and citrulline were increased in both patient groups compared with controls. The major differences between patients with subtotal and total gastrectomies included an increased ornithine and a decreased arginine concentration in patients with subtotal gastrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: These changes suggest that malabsorption of protein from the intestinal tract causes persistent proteolysis in the skeletal muscle for long periods of time after surgery in these patients and that changes in ornithine and citrulline levels may reflect more severe alterations in those with total gastrectomy.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Should scirrhous gastric carcinoma be treated surgically? Clinical experiences with 233 cases and a retrospective analysis of prognosticators.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The prognosis of patients with scirrhous gastric carcinoma has been poorest. METHODOLOGY: To clarify the role of surgical treatment, 233 patients with a primary scirrhous gastric carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 233 patients, 182 underwent surgical resection, while the other 51 did not. The median survival time of those with unresectable tumors was 88.0 +/- 15.3 days and that of those who underwent resection was 380.0 +/- 41.8 days. In the 182 patients who underwent resection, multivariate analysis revealed four significant factors; lymphatic invasion, serosal invasion, curability, and lymph node dissection. Of these, curability was the most significant. The median survival time of patients whose tumor were curatively resected was 727.0 +/- 116.3 days, significantly longer than 272 +/- 34.9 days for those whose resection ended noncuratively. In 65 patients whose tumor was curatively resected, subset analyses of factors by multivariate analyses revealed an absence of serosal invasion as the single significant prognosticator. The 5-year survival rate was 55.6% in patients with scirrhous cancer without serosal invasion. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with scirrhous gastric carcinoma, palliative resection should not be attempted for poor outcome. However, if curative resection seems feasible, radical surgery would be justified, especially for tumors without serosal exposure.

Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous↗