[The past, present and future of environmental adaptation, a viewpoint from clinical medicine].
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Adaptation, Physiological↗
Biomedical subjects
Y Kodama
Publications and source records attributed to Y Kodama.
Novel glycosidase inhibitors, nojirimycin B and D-mannonic-delta-lactam. Isolation, structure determination and biological property.
A new aminosugar named nojirimycin B (1) has been isolated as its bisulfite adduct from the culture broth of Streptomyces lavendulae SF-425, together with nojirimycin. Microbiological oxidation of 1 with Gluconobacter suboxydans IAM 1829 gave a delta-lactam (2). The structures of 1 and 2 were determined to be 5-amino-5-deoxy-D-mannopyranose and D-mannonic-delta-lactam, respectively, on the basis of 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray structural analysis. Both 1 and 2 exhibited powerful inhibitory activity against rat epididymal alpha-mannosidase and apricot beta-glucosidase.
1-Deoxynojirimycin↗
[Study on penetration of cefotiam into the cerebrospinal fluid].
Cefotiam (CTM) is a new cephem antibiotic which has potent activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We investigated the prophylactic treatment of CTM in orthopedic surgery and the concentrations of CTM Gram-negative in cerebrospinal fluid. The mean serum concentration at 2 hours after the drip infusion of CTM (3 g) was 28.28 +/- 5.48 micrograms/ml, and the mean concentration of CTM in cerebrospinal fluid was 0.58 +/- 0.07 micrograms/ml. From the result of multi-regression analysis in group I (12 cases, over 40 years old) and group II (10 cases, below 39 years old), it was suggested that the factor of age had a marked effect on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of CTM. (Group I greater than Group II) High concentrations of CTM in cerebrospinal fluid after the 3 g-administration, exceeding the MIC80 for most causative organisms, suggested very useful prophylactic treatment of CTM in orthopedic surgery.
Adult↗
Corneal endothelial changes caused by ophthalmic drugs.
Morphological changes were examined in the corneal endothelium of rabbits after administration of several drugs widely used in ophthalmology. After administration of epinephrine and dipivalyl epinephrine eye drops, swelling of corneal endothelial cells developed; however, these changes were reversible. No pathological changes were observed in the corneal endothelial layer following the administration of timolol, betamethasone, and gentamicin eye drops. Morphological changes were observed in the corneal endothelial layer after the subconjunctival injection of timolol, betamethasone, and gentamicin.
Animals↗
A prospective study on primary gastric stump cancer following partial gastrectomy for benign gastroduodenal diseases.
A prospective study was made on 3827 Japanese patients who had undergone partial gastrectomy for benign gastroduodenal diseases to examine whether they are at a high risk of mortality from primary gastric stump cancer (PGSC) and whether the risk is determined by the surgical procedure. The patients were followed up from the time of surgery (from 1948 to 1970) to June 30, 1981. Of 3,701 patients (96.7%), the vital status at the end of observation was determined, the total person-years at risk being 62,286.33. The observed deaths were compared with the expected deaths calculated from the mortality rates of Japan. An elapsed time of 10 years from operation to death was set not only to exclude possible recurrent, remaining, or multiple cancers but also to allow a certain latency period for the development of PGSC. The observed and expected deaths from PGSC were 11 and 52.85, respectively, the ratio being 0.21 (p less than 0.01). The ratios were uniformly less than 1 for both sexes and across three operative groups: Billroth I, Billroth II with Braun's anastomosis; or Billroth II without Braun's anastomosis. No difference was observed between the death rates from PGSC by operation type. The possible role of the postoperative nonphysiological (pathological) environment or duodenogastric reflux in gastric stump carcinogenesis was not detected in the present study.
Adult↗
Pulmonary deposition of a fly ash aerosol by inhalation.
Disease-free Wistar male rats were exposed to fly ash at an average concentration of 73 mg/m3 for 23 hours per day, 5 days per week for one month. The aerosols were characterized with respect to both physical and chemical properties. The exposed rats were sacrificed to measure the lung burden of fly ash. The lung burden of fly ash was estimated by the measurement of aluminium content in the lung, the average being 9.4 mg in exposed rats. The apparant deposition fraction was 1.8%.
Aerosols↗
[Air pollution survey in Kitakyushu district].
Airborne particulate samples were collected on a glass fiber filter or quartz filter using Hi-volume air sampler from November, 1980 through February, 1983 at a west part of Yahata district, Japan. The concentrations of airborne particulates, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy metals and dustfall were determined, and mutagenic activities of tarry materials obtained from suspended particulates were also measured. The following results were obtained. (1) The airborne particulate contents were 22.1 - 188 mg/1000 m3 (mean : 74.6 mg/1000 m3), and the values were high in spring and low in summer. (2) PAH contents in airborne particulates were in the following order: benzo(ghi)perylene greater than benzo(a)pyrene greater than benz(a)anthracene greater than chrysene greater than benzo(k)fluoranthene greater than pyrene greater than perylene. PAH contents were higher in winter that in summer. The benzo(a)pyrene contents were 1.97 micrograms/1000 m3 in 1981 and 1.92 micrograms/1000 m3 in 1982. (3) Heavy metals content was about 2.1 - 3.6 higher in winter in comparison with that in summer time. (4) Mutagenic activity showed 90 - 11900 revertants/1000 m3 for TA 98 strain with S-9 mix and 50 - 7190 revertants/1000 m3 for TA 98 strain without S-9 mix. Mutagenic activities for TA 98 with S-9 mix were higher than those for TA 98 without S-9 mix. (5) As a result of the analysis of airborne particulate samples, a significant correlation was observed between mutagenic activities and the concentrations of PAH and heavy metals. These results indicated that the mutagenic survey may be useful as an index for air pollution study.
Air Pollutants↗
[Postgraduate education of occupational health in U.K. and U.S.A].
Postgraduate education systems for occupational health in U.K. and U.S.A. are explained through information obtained at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The University of Birmingham and University of Manchester in U.K., and NIOSH, University of Cincinnati, and University of California at Irvine in U.S.A. The obtained reference materials will be helpful to us in establishing a postgraduate education system for occupational health in Japan.
Curriculum↗
[A follow-up study on pulmonary functions of workers exposed to various forms of dust. Observation on the workers of pneumoconiosis in Kitakyushu].
Serial spirograms of 121 dust workers whose chest X-rays were found to be "class 1" of the diagnostic criteria for pneumoconiosis were obtained during 1978-80. Yearly changes of pulmonary function variables (%VC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC%,V25/H, and V50/V25) by age, smoking habit, total years of exposure to dust, and work history were evaluated. The average age of the dust workers was 48.0 +/- 5.5 years, and the average years of exposure to dust was 21.6 +/- 6.8 years in 1978. Eighty-two dust workers smoked with the mean smoking history of 24.7 pack-years. No significant differences of spirograms were found between the smoking and non-smoking groups. Among the smokers, however, linear regression of FEV1/FVC% by age gradually decreased during 1978-80. All the pulmonary function variables showed no correlation with smoking history as well as total years of dust exposure. All the dust workers were classified into eight types of work by their histories; crushing and quarrying operators, brick mason, foundry and grinding operators, asbestos workers, underground miners, refractory material workers, pyrites roasters, and welders. The underground miners showed lower FEV1/FVC% and V25 than the average. However, the difference of such pulmonary function variables by eight types of work was not significant by analysis of variance. Since aging is the most dominant factor for pulmonary dysfunction, a longer observation on this group will be needed.
Age Factors↗
Differentiation of growth patterns of early gastric carcinoma determined by cytophotometric DNA analysis.
Cell nuclear DNA content was microspectrophotometrically measured in 60 cases of early and six of advanced gastric carcinoma. DNA distribution pattern was classified into Types I, II and III, according to the degree of dispersion on the DNA histogram. Five of 6 cases of the advanced carcinomas were Type III. In early carcinoma, the majority of Super (superficially spreading) type were Type II, while all of Pen A (expansively penetrating growth) type were Type III. In Pen B (infiltratively penetrating growth) type, six of ten cases were Type II and the other four were Type III. Thus, there was a distinct difference in the DNA pattern between Super and Pen Types, i.e., the DNA analysis reflected these growth types. Since about 20% of those with small mucosal carcinomas, not classifiable into the Super or the Pen types presented Type III, the cytophotometric DNA analysis should be useful in the detection of Pen A like carcinoma, in its early stage. The development from early to advanced carcinoma was discussed in terms of the similarity of the DNA histogram patterns.
Bone Neoplasms↗
Growth patterns and prognosis in early gastric carcinoma. Superficially spreading and penetrating growth types.
One hundred and sixty-seven cases of early gastric cancer were analyzed in terms of growth patterns and were then classified into the Small mucosal type, the superficially spreading (Super) type and the penetrating growth (Pen) type, the latter further subdivided into the Pen A type growing expansively and the Pen B type deepening infiltratively. The Small mucosal, Super, and Pen B types are characterized by a tendency toward dominant depressed lesions, a low incidence of vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis, and a good prognosis after surgery (about 90% of the patients survived for ten years). In contrast, the Pen A type is characterized by dominant elevated lesions usually comprised of well differentiated carcinoma, a relatively high incidence of vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis and a poor prognosis after surgery (64.8% five-year survival), due to early recurrence in the form of liver metastasis. Some attention is given to the related surgical approaches.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma: correlation to reactive hyperplasia in regional lymph nodes and prognosis.
The pathological changes of regional lymph nodes in cases of gastric carcinomas with lymphoid stroma (LS group) and the prognostic significance of the findings were studied in comparison with those in cases of ordinary stroma (OS group). The purpose of this study was to elucidate the immune responses of regional lymph nodes, histologically, in patients with gastric carcinoma and lymphoid stroma. In the LS group, the incidence of paracortical hyperplasia (PH) was high, irrespective of lymph node metastasis, while that of germinal center hyperplasia (GH) was high in the absence of lymph node metastasis but tended to be low in the presence of metastasis. In the OS group, the incidences of PH and GH were low, particularly in the presence of lymph node metastasis. The five year survival rate in those with no lymph node metastasis was as favorable as that of patients with lymph node metastasis in the LS group, the latter being significantly higher than the rate in the OS group. These results indicate that gastric carcinomas with lymphoid stroma are closely related to reactive hyperplasias of the regional lymph nodes, particularly paracortical hyperplasia, and in such cases, there is a favorable prognosis, regardless of the lymph node metastasis.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Lymphoepithelial cyst of oral cavity. Report of a case and review of the literature.
A rare case of the oral lymphoepithelial cyst in the ventral surface of the tongue is reported. Histological findings show the same appearance as reported previously, and the continuity of the cyst wall to the oral mucosa in the specimen is suspected. Some aspects of the lesion are reviewed, and its pathogenesis, as reported in the literature, is discussed.
Adult↗
C-band patterns of chromosomes in 17 strains of mice.
Differences in the size and distribution of chromosomal C-bands were investigated in 17 strains of Mus musculus. Each strain was found to have a characteristic C-band pattern. Closely related strains, substrains, and congenic strains, e.g., DDD and DRC, BALB/c and BALB/cAn, and CBA/J and CBA/H-T6, showed a similar C-band pattern, whereas striking dissimilarities in the C-band pattern was observed between the related strains, DDD and DHS, and SJL and SWJ, which were established independently from noninbred stocks of dd and Swiss mice, respectively. Virtually every autosome except for 1 and 2 showed C-band variation among the strains. The size of the C-band on 1, 2, and the X appeared to be fairly constant among the strains. All chromosome pairs were homomorphic in each inbred animal; the between-strain difference in the C-band size was most easily observed in F1 hybrids which showed the heteromorphic C-band patterns, expected from the parents. Measurements of the chromosome lengths of the heteromorphic pairs in a (C57BL/6J X DDD) F1 hybrid disclosed that homologues which had different size C-band had significantly different lengths, and homologues, one of which lacked C-band material, were the same length. Heteromorphism in the length of Y chromosome was also found; BALB/cAn had a Y smaller than the 19. These chromosome markers appear to be useful for characterizing each strain as well as for monitoring inbred stocks.
Animals↗
The usefulness of Holter monitoring in the evaluation of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy for tachycardia.
Using Holter monitoring tachycardia was found in 145 out of 2058 patients suffering from various underlying diseases. Three thousand seven hundred and forty monitorings were performed. The mean age of patients was 54.5 years with a range of 19 to 83 years. The observed tachycardia was classified into three types: tachycardia with short duration, tachycardia with long duration and tachycardia with complex form. The attacks of tachycardia were more frequently observed during periods of physical activity than during sleeping periods. The relationship of the number of tachycardia with short duration between 24-hour Holter monitorings was examined in order to establish day to day variability of the attacks. The 95% confidence interval about the resultant regression line was calculated and the percent reduction required for the evaluation of drug efficacy to avoid the chances of interference of spontaneous variation was found to be about 44.0, 55.0 and 82% when the total number of attacks during a 24-hour period were 50, 100 and 1,000, respectively. Holter monitoring showed higher positive results as compared to exercise testing for detection of tachycardia. Higher correlation coefficients between numbers of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and the plasma concentrations of procainamide or N-acetylprocainamide were observed in 3 or more successive PVCs than in individually occurring PVCs. Using repeated 24-hour Holter monitorings a significant reduction in the number of tachycardia was observed when the therapeutic concentration was reached after the combined or single administration of the drug. These results suggest that repeated Holter monitorings, exercise testing and determination of plasma level of the drug may be useful for the evaluation of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy for tachycardia.
Adult↗
[Determination of organic solvent vapors by a gas monitoring badge. An experimental study on the response time].
New passive personal monitors for organic vapors in work places: the New Du Pont PRO-TEKTM G-AA Organic Vapor Air Monitoring Badge (A) and the 3M Brand Organic Vapor Monitor (B), were tested under certain experimental conditions. Organic solvents adsorbed on activated carbon strip through the diffusion paths of badges were determined by means of gas chromatography and the results were compared with theoretical values. The experimental results well agreed with the theoretical values and the diffusion of organic vapors through the diffusion paths of these passive personal monitors could be estimated theoretically by the Fick's second law of diffusion. If the "relative response time" is defined as the value of Dt/L2 and C/C0 = 0.632, the relative response time of these samplers is 1.3. The response time of the two badges for organic vapors for toluene, ethylbenzene and ethyl acetate were calculated from the above mentioned Dt/L2 = 1.3, that is, 2.1, 2.2 and 1.9 seconds for A badge and 13.4, 14.0 and 12.3 seconds for B badge to each solvent respectively. From the results of this experiment, it was found that the response time of A badge was remarkably faster than that of B badge, and even A badge needed 7-10 seconds exposure to reflect the environmental concentration.
Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
[Field tests of a new passive personal monitor for organic vapors].
The method making use of a New Du Pont PRO-TEKTM G-AA Organic Vapor Air Monitoring Badge, was applied to evaluate the concentration of organic vapor in a working atmosphere. Other methods such as the direct air sampling method and the method of adsorption on charcoal tube were compared with the above mentioned method. In the comparative study of these methods in working places, similar results were obtained by the new badge method and the charcoal tube method, though different results were obtained between the direct air sampling method and the mentioned two methods. The differences may have resulted from the period needed for the sampling, that is, an intermittent sampling was generally used for the direct sampling method. In a study of personal exposure monitoring by the badge method and the tube method, the results obtained by the badge method were lower than those obtained by the latter method suggesting the effects of the response of the badge on organic vapor in working places. The relationships between the instantaneous changes of the concentration of organic vapor in the atmosphere and the response time of the badge will be discussed elsewhere.
Air Pollutants↗