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Biomedical subjects

W Raab

Publications and source records attributed to W Raab.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

[Comparative studies on the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics using renal enzyme elimination in rats as a model].

Determinations of renal enzyme excretion in rats inform on the relative nephrotoxicity of drugs. The data obtained in such studies are of clinical relevance. For the screening of new aminoglycosides, the renal enzyme excretion technique is a rather simple, but valuable model. New compounds can easily be compared to well-known ones about which clinical cata are available already.--Comparative investigations with netilmicin, a semi-synthetic sisomicin derivative, and with gentamicin are reported. Netilmicin in three different doses provoked significantly less increase in urinary alkaline phosphatase and "leucine aminopeptidase" activities.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1977

[Specific and unspecific immune stimulation in recurrent herpes simplex].

According to the present state of our knowledge the clinical picture of the recurrent herpes simplex and the recurrent stomatitis aphthosa is due to a weakness of the immune defense. It cannot be decided yet if it is but a quantitative weakness or if it is a special form of disturbance in the permeation, which allows the virus to remain alive and to reactivate after a short period of time. Injection of a specific herpes simplex vaccine (HVH-1 or HVH-2 strain) or administration of Levamisol are at present the most promising ways of treatment. Both kinds of treatment are well tolerated, they give the same results in herpes simplex recidivans labialis, and whilst in herpes simplex recidivans genitalis the vaccine should be preferred, Levamisol should be given preference in stomatitis aphthosa on account of its broad (less specific) range of action.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1977

[Incorporation of radioactive calcium and technetium pyrophosphate in to bones].

A method is given for simultaneous in vivo measurement of mineral and collagen metabolism of the bone. Accretion rates of 47-calcium as a chlorid into the bone are representative for bone mineralisation and of 99m-technetium labelled pyrophosphate for collagen metabolism. Compartmental models used for analysis are presented. Bone accretion rates are given in mg, or mMol respectively per unit time for the skeleton, by computation of the specific activity of 47-calcium and 99m-Technetium pyrophosphate and rational bone accretion as registered by total body profile scanning technique. The results obtained in five normal volunteers are presented.

Apatites↗
PubMed1977

[Acute side effects of erythromycin, lincomycin and clindamycin].

After some introductory remarks on the pathogenetic mechanisms of acute undesirable reactions following the administration of antibiotics, the incidence of vascular shock (anaphylactic shock, anaphylactoid shock) is discussed. Investigations were performed to obtain information on the sensitizing capacity of erythromycin and clindamycin in rats and guinea pigs. Although maximation procedures were used, no sensitization could be obtained, in contrast to similar series with penicillin and sulfonamides. In another experimental series, the anaphylactoid properties of erythromycin and clindamycin were studied in vitro. The dye-kick-off test and the mast-cell-degranulation test were used. No pronounced anaphylactoid activity, either of the cellular or of the humoral type, was found in the two antibiotics investigated. The results of the animal experiments and the experiments in vitro are in good accordance with clinical experience: erythromycin and clindamycin rank among the safest antibiotics with regard to the elicitation of acute undesirable actions.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1976

Dithranol (anthralin) versus triacetoxyanthracene. Investigations in vitro.

In two in vitro models for evaluating antipsoriatic activity, dithranol (anthralin) and triacetoxyanthracene were compared. Both compounds exhibited an about equal effect on oxygen consumption of surviving human skin. Dithranol, however, exerted a stronger inhibiting effect on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (-G-6-PDH) activity of human skin homogenates.

Anthracenes↗
PubMed1976

Interactions between econazole, a broad-spectrum antimicrobic substance, and topically active glucocorticoids.

Econazole is a broad-spectrum antimicrobic substance which acts by permeabilizing the cell membranes. Glucocorticoids by their surface activity may counteract this effect by protecting the cell membranes. In fact, a protective action of glucocorticoids in high concentrations against econazole nitrate could be demonstrated in yeasts, not in staphylococci. The techniques applied were the Warburg assays (resting yeasts, resting and proliferating bacteria). The elicitation of a blanching reaction on human skin by triamcinolone acetonide was not altered in the presence of econazole nitrate. The data collected in this study were discussed in regard to the combined use of antimicrobic drugs and glucocorticoids in topical therapy.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1976

The mechanism of photochemotherapy.

As a contribution to the mechanisms of photochemotherapy, human skin homogenates were irradiated in the presence or absence of methoxsalen. The changes induced in LDH-, G-6-PDH-, GAPDH-, and GOT-activities were registered. Methoxsalen (50 mug/ml) failed to produce any significant effect. On pure G-6-PDH, methoxsalen exhibited a photoprotective action.

Aspartate Aminotransferases↗
PubMed1976

Effects of local corticosteroids in skin infections.

Glucocorticoids exert valuable therapeutic activities in skin infections, although their use is limited by the occurrence of undesiderable effects: glucocorticoids depress the local defense mechanisms and in low concentrations, stimulate microbiol metabolism. For these reasons, combined preparations containing an antimicrobiol substance besides the glucocorticoid are recommended. However, interactions between the steroids and the antimicrobiols must be ruled out beforehand, i.e. the unimpaired activity of both steroid and antimicrobial must be assured. Examples of such investigations are reported for the most widely used compounds for topical therapy. The simultaneous use of a glucocorticoid and an antimicrobial is not recommended in only a few instances.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1976

An experimental study of acute and chronic effects of phenacetin on the rat kidney, using clinical-chemical and biochemical methods.

In rats, changes in urinary enzymatic activities (AP, SP, LAP, beta-GLU, MUR) were recorded following the administration of phenacetin in acute doses (4.75 and 7.15 mmol/kg). Urinary AP and LAP activities were measured over 77 days in which 3.35 mmol phenacetin/kg were given daily. The results revealed immediate and delayed effects of phenacetin, depending upon the quality of the drug used. In the chronic series, changes in urinary enzymatic activities were less pronounced. Concomitant biochemical investigations of kidney cell fractions revealed the occurrence of mitochondrial damage under the influence of chronic phenacetin administration. Following acute doses of phenacetin, destructive alterations in the plasma membrane of kidney cells were encountered. Investigations of serum enzymatic activities 24 h after phenacetin administration did not reveal any significant changes.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1976

Phenacetin and the liver. The influence of phenacetin in acute and chronic doses on membrane-bound mitochondrial enzymes in the rat.

Following the administration of phenacetin in single and in multiple high doses, enzymes bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane of the liver were determined. Acute doses of phenacetin (75% of oral LD50) failed to produce any effect. The chronic administration of phenacetin provoked a small but statistically significant decrease in the TD-trnashydrogenase activity. This observation indicates that liver damage may occur in patients with phenacetin abuse.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Kallikrein and renal enzyme excretion in rats.

Using the model of renal enzyme excretion in rats it was investigated whether a chemically defined kininogenase (kallikrein) exerts shock-inducing activity. Following i.p. injections of kallikrein in doses of 1000 or 7000 KU/kg body weight, an increase in urinary AP- and LAP-activities was encountered as well as an increase in creatinine excretion. These effects were attributable to increased diuresis and could not be related to any anaphylactoid activity (elicitation of vascular shock) of the injected enzyme preparation. According to these experimental results, kallikrein may not be considered as anaphylactoid drug, at least not in the rat.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1976

Renal effects of gentamicin and cephaloridine. Evaluation by renal enzyme excretion studies in rats and comparison with other antibiotics.

The renal effects of gentamicin and cephaloridine were investigated by determining the changes in renal enzyme excretion. Both drugs provoked significant elevations or urinary AP-, LAP-, or LDH-activities. This result permits the conclusion that both drugs take influence on the kidney. The exact pathomechanism leading to this increased renal enzyme excretion was not elucidated. The fact that gentamicin in the applied dosage (about 30% of LD50) provoked more pronounced changes than cephaloridine (about 20% of LD50) could be explained by an in-vitro interference of cephaloridine with the enzymatic activities investigated in this study. In the discussion, the changes elicited in the same model by other antibacterial compounds were compared with the data obtained with gentamicin and cephaloridine. In closing, implications, restrictions, and validity of renal enzyme excretion studies in rats for screening nephrotoxic properties of a drug for human use are briefly discussed.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1975

D-penicillamine in dermatology: influence on enzymatic activities of human skin in vitro.

By in vitro assay, 6 important enzymatic activities of human skin homogenates were determined following an incubation with D-penicillamine in concentrations between 10(-4) and 10 mg/ml, i.e. 67 X 10(-5) and 67 mM/l. The following enzymatic activities were recorded: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), acid phosphatase (AcP), and "leucine aminopeptidase" (LAP). A dose-dependent activation by D-penicillamine occurred in the case of G-6-PDH- and AcP-activities, a dose-dependent inhibition by D-penicillamine was found with AP- and GAPDH-activities. LDH- and LAP-activities remained unchanged in the presence of D-penicillamine in concentrations up to 10 mg/ml (67 mM/l). From the data of pharmacokinetic studies in rats it may be concluded that concentrations of D-penicillamine which influence enzymatic activities may easily be reached in vivo, under the conditions of treating rheumatoid arthritis and Morbus Wilson. The biochemical actions of D-penicillamine are briefly discussed with secial regard to dermatological therapy and dermatological unwanted side-effects.

Acid Phosphatase↗