OBJECTIVE: Dependency is frequently mentioned in the literature as a response of patients with cardiac disease. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a measure of dependency occurring in response to a cardiac illness. Illness dependency is defined as the need for emotional protection and social support after a significant change in health. DESIGN: Instrument development study. SAMPLE: Convenience sample of 311 patients with cardiac disease. RESULTS: The final version of the instrument has 25 items, each of which is measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Content validity was demonstrated using a panel of experts. Internal consistency of the total scale was 0.90; subscale alpha coefficients ranged from 0.64 to 0.81. Exploratory factor analysis supported a four factor solution: Attention, Reassurance, Concern, and Assistance, which accounted for 57.4% of the variance in scores. Discriminant validity was demonstrated by a low correlation with neuroticism. Social desirability of responses was minimal. CONCLUSION: Internal consistency reliability, content validity, and discriminant validity of the Illness Dependency Scale have initial support. This instrument is ready for use in research in which the investigator wishes to measure dependency associated with cardiac illness.

Aged↗

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"You're a what? What's a Dolphin?".

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental basis for use of fluconazole for preventive or early treatment of disseminated candidiasis in granulocytopenic hosts.

To determine the potential for the use of fluconazole for prevention and treatment of disseminated candidiasis in granulocytopenic patients, we investigated its activity and pharmacokinetics in models of acute, subacute, and chronic forms of disseminated candidiasis in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits. Fluconazole was administered for systemic prophylaxis, early treatment, and delayed treatment. Single-dose and steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue penetration, and dose-response studies of the investigational compound were studied in subacutely infected granulocytopenic rabbits. Fluconazole was more effective when used for systemic prophylaxis or early treatment of disseminated candidiasis than for delayed treatment. Fluconazole was as effective as amphotericin B plus flucytosine in preventive and early treatment of disseminated candidiasis but was significantly less effective than amphotericin plus flucytosine in the treatment of chronic candidiasis. Dose-response studies demonstrated that the antifungal effect of fluconazole was dose- and time-dependent. Studies of the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in rabbits demonstrated a long half-life in plasma and a large volume of distribution, properties that correspond to the attainment of high levels of penetration into tissues at multiple organ sites. We conclude that fluconazole is effective for prevention and early treatment of disseminated candidiasis in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits and that the evaluation of its use in preventive or early treatment of disseminated candidiasis in carefully designed clinical trials is warranted.

Acute Disease↗

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Rectal varices in extrahepatic portal hypertension.

Rectal varices, as distinct from haemorrhoids, occur due to high pressure in the inferior mesenteric venous system in patients with portal hypertension. The exact prevalence of rectal varices in extrahepatic portal hypertension is unknown. To determine this, 116 patients with extrahepatic portal hypertension were studied for the presence of rectal varices. These lesions were found in 103 (88.8%) patients. Bleeding from rectal varices occurred in 14.6% of patients. Massive bleeding requiring hospitalization and blood transfusion was not encountered. It is concluded that rectal varices are common in extrahepatic portal hypertension. Bleeding from them is uncommon, and often mild and self-limiting. The available literature is reviewed and the importance of recognizing the condition stressed.

Adolescent↗

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Effect of normal aging and of Alzheimer's disease on, episodic memory.

Performances of 12 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 15 healthy elderly subjects and 20 young healthy volunteers were compared on two episodic memory tests. The first, a learning test of semantically related words, enabled an assessment of the effect of semantic relationships on word learning by controlling the encoding and retrieval processes. The second, a dual coding test, is about the assessment of automatic processes operating during drawings encoding. The results obtained demonstrated quantitative and qualitative differences between the population. Manifestations of episodic memory deficit in AD patients were shown not only by lower performance scores than in elderly controls, but also by the lack of any effect of semantic cues and the production of a large number of extra-list intrusions. Automatic processes underlying dual coding appear to be spared in AD, although more time is needed to process information than in young or elderly subjects. These findings confirm former data and emphasize the preservation of certain memory processes (dual coding) in AD which could be used in future therapeutic approaches.

Aged↗

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Procedural memory and Parkinson's disease.

A detailed analysis of the mnestic deficits associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) contributes to explaining the cognitive disorders and their well documented consequences. This study was designed to show that, in PD declarative as well as procedural memory is severely impaired. Three tests designed to explore this aspect of mnestic functioning were proposed to a group of 16 parkinsonian patients whose motoricity was controlled: inverted reading, braille reading, sound form association. The results obtained, compared with those of young and aged controls, show that PD is associated with marked deficits in both declarative and procedural memory. Declarative memory impairment was similar to that observed in the control population (healthy elderly subjects, age-matched with the PD patients) but more marked in PD subjects. The procedural memory deficit was linked with age and pathology. Procedural memory involves a variety of processing modules dedicated to the type of information (visual, auditive, tactile codes). The deficits observed were more like a loss of automatism than procedural impairment stricto sensu ('knowing how'). It would be worth pursuing research by studying akinesia and motor disorders from the angle of automatic memory impairment.

Adult↗