Biomedical subjects

T Sano

Publications and source records attributed to T Sano.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

[Relationship of fundus oculi changes to declines in mental and physical health conditions among elderly living in a rural community].

The prevalence of fundus oculi changes among elderly persons living in a rural community was investigated and the relationship of those changes to the development of cerebrovascular diseases (C.V.D.), total mortality, declines in mental and physical functions was examined. The subjects consisted of 241 residents aged 70 to 75 years as of 1986, in a rural area of Yamagata prefecture, Japan. The baseline survey was carried out in 1986, and the follow-up survey was done in 1991. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The fundus oculi examination revealed that among changes observed, there were high prevalences of senile tigroid fundus, drusen, broadened light reflex, and crossing phenomenon. 2) Multivariate analysis by Hayashi's Quantification III showed that the findings of broadened light reflex, crossing phenomenon, blood pressure, and ECG were discriminated from those of senile tigroid fundus, drusen, mental function as measured by the Benton Visual Retention Test, and physical functions. It was suggested that the former fundus oculi changes were related to circulatory disease, while the latter were related to aging. 3) A severe broadened reflex predicted a high occurrence of C.V.D., and total mortality. In women, drusen had a significant direct relationship to a decline in score of the Benton Visual Retention Test. Retinal haemorrhage was related to higher total death rate in men, and women with crossing phenomenon tended to have strokes.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Recurrence of early gastric cancer. Follow-up of 1475 patients and review of the Japanese literature.

BACKGROUND: The outcome of surgical treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC) generally is considered to be satisfactory. Although a small percentage of patients experience disease recurrence, the absolute number of such instances is too small for assessment of risk factors. METHODS: The authors investigated the follow-up records of 1475 patients with EGC treated at the National Cancer Center, Tokyo, with special reference to cancer recurrence. In addition, 20 Japanese reports on this subject were reviewed. RESULTS: Excluding operative deaths and patients with noncurative operations, 20 (1.4%) patients died of recurrent disease. The death rate associated with other causes (6.6%), including other malignant diseases, surpassed that associated with disease recurrence. Late recurrence (after 5 years) was seen in seven patients. By combining the data of patients reported in 20 articles in the literature, the authors estimated a recurrence rate for EGC of at least 1.9%, exclusive of cancers arising in the gastric stump. The incidence of recurrence was significantly higher in submucosal (3.6%), node-positive (10.7%), and histologically differentiated carcinomas (2.3%) than in mucosal, node-negative, and undifferentiated groups, respectively. Analysis of 123 instances of recurrent disease, the details of which had been reported, revealed that hematogenous metastasis was the most common mode of recurrence. The mean survival period of patients with recurrent disease was 40 months, and 23% of patients died more than 5 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: It is rare for EGC to recur, even in patients with tumors with a comparatively high risk of recurrence. Long-term follow-up of patients with positive nodes for hematogenous spread might facilitate early detection of disease recurrence.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1993

An activation-associated ganglioside in rat thymocytes.

During the activation of rat thymocytes elicited by stimulation with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and calcium ionophore A23187, the total amount of gangliosides per cell was demonstrated to increase, reaching a maximum level several times higher than that of resting cells at 48 h after activation when measured at 24-h intervals. The amount of the overwhelmingly predominant ganglioside in resting thymocytes, GD1c (NeuGc,NeuGc) (Nohara, K., Suzuki, M., Inagaki, F., and Kaya, K. (1991) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 110, 274-278), was found to increase further as a result of activation. Furthermore, another ganglioside, which was barely recognizable in resting thymocytes, was found to increase in activated and proliferating thymocytes to a level similar to that of GD1c. This activation-associated ganglioside was isolated and its structure examined. On the basis of the results of compositional analysis, methylation analysis, sialidase hydrolysis followed by detection with cholera toxin B subunit on TLC, and proton NMR spectroscopy, this ganglioside was clarified to be a rare species of GD1b containing two N-glycolylneuraminic acid residues. On the other hand, when the thymocytes were activated using concanavalin A (ConA) as a stimulant, the amount of gangliosides per cell was increased more strikingly than that in thymocytes activated with TPA and A23187. In the ConA-activated thymocytes, many other gangliosides, in addition to GD1c and GD1b-(NeuGc,NeuGc), were demonstrated to appear in large amounts. The cause of this difference in gangliosides between thymocytes activated with a combination of TPA and A23187 and those activated with ConA is also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Rare mutations of the Gs alpha subunit gene in human endocrine tumors. Mutation detection by polymerase chain reaction-primer-introduced restriction analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Gs alpha (Gs alpha) gene can be activated to the putative oncogene gsp by specific point mutations at codons 201 or 227. Such mutations have been reported in growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas and thyroid tumors. To clarify the role of Gs alpha gene in human endocrine tumors, 197 tumors were screened for point mutations at codons 201 or 227 of the Gs alpha gene. METHODS: Mutations were detected by primer-introduced restriction analysis (PIRA) of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of genomic DNA. RESULTS: These Gs alpha mutations were present in 4 of 53 pituitary adenomas (4 of 43 GH-secreting adenomas; 1 of these 4 was a GH- and prolactin-secreting adenoma from a patient with familial multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 1), 4 of 66 thyroid tumors (4 of 30 papillary carcinomas), and 1 of 19 adrenocortical adenomas (1 of 6 aldosterone-secreting adenomas). In contrast, none of these Gs alpha mutations were detected in parathyroid tumors, endocrine pancreatic tumors, or pheochromocytomas. CONCLUSIONS: Gs alpha mutations at these two loci may play a role in the pathogenesis of a small population of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas, papillary thyroid carcinomas, and adrenocortical adenomas, but that they are not involved in the pathogenesis of other types of endocrine tumors.

Acromegaly↗

PubMed1993

Thioic O-acid ester in sulfolipid isolated from freshwater picoplankton cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp.

A thioic O-acid ester-containing sulfolipid (thionsulfolipid) was isolated from cells of picoplankton cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. The lipid accounted for about 0.2% of the lyophilized cells. The lipid was subjected to mild alkaline hydrolysis, and the structures of the hydrolysis products were identified by infrared spectra, mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometries, as fatty acids and hexadecane-, hexadecene- and tetradecanethioic S-acids. Thioic S-acid was further confirmed by the synthesis of hexadecanethioic S-acid from palmitoylchloride and hydrogen sulfide. The positional distribution of the thioic acid ester in the lipid was determined by beta-galactosidase, sulphur-oxygen exchange reaction using silver nitrate, and lipase hydrolysis of the diacylglycerol derived from the lipid. The structure of the thionsulfolipid was identified as 6-sulfo-alpha-D-quinovopyranosyl(1-->1')-2'-O-acyl-3'-O-thioacy l -2-glycerol. When cells of HL 60, as a human lymphoma, were cultured with thionsulfolipid, 61% of the cell growth was inhibited at the concentration of 200 micrograms/ml. The lipid was toxic against minnows (Tanichtys albonubes). The LD50 was 20 ppm. Thioic O-acid ester-containing lipid (thionsulfolipid) has not been found in any other photosynthetic organisms.

Cyanobacteria↗

PubMed1993

Effect of ibuprofen on regional eicosanoid production and neuronal injury after forebrain ischemia in rats.

Post-ischemic metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase results in the elaboration of numerous eicosanoids and in the generation of free radicals. Accordingly, the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition by ibuprofen on post-ischemic eicosanoid production and delayed neuronal death was evaluated in Wistar-Kyoto rats subjected to incomplete forebrain ischemia. In control (C) and ibuprofen-treated groups (n = 5 each), pre- and post-ischemic eicosanoid production in the caudate nucleus (CN) and dorsal hippocampus (HPC) were evaluated by microdialysis. The ibuprofen-treated animals were given ibuprofen, 15 mg/kg i.v., prior to insertion of microdialysis probes. Forebrain ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 10 min with simultaneous hypotension to 35 Torr. The concentrations of thromboxane B2 (TxB2), 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGF2 alpha in the microdialysate were measured by radioimmunoassay. In two additional concurrent groups of rats (n = 10 each), neuronal injury in the HPC, CN and cortex (parietal, temporal and entorhinal regions) was evaluated histologically three days after 10 min of forebrain ischemia with and without pre-ischemic ibuprofen administration. In the control microdialysis group, levels of TxB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGF2 alpha increased in both CN and HPC after probe insertion. These probe related increases were substantially reduced in the ibuprofen group. After ischemia and reperfusion in the control group, the levels of TxB2 and PGF2 alpha increased in both CN and HPC. Levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha increased in the CN but not in the HPC. The administration of ibuprofen substantially reduced post-ischemic TxB2 and PGF2 alpha levels in both CN and HPC and decreased 6-keto-PGF1 alpha levels in the CN. The results of these initial microdialysis studies left the possibility that, in the ibuprofen group, the reduction in eicosanoid levels after probe penetration might have influenced the subsequent post-ischemic eicosanoid production. Therefore, in an additional group of animals (n = 5), ibuprofen was administered after probe insertion. Only PGF2 alpha levels were measured in this group. Increased levels of PGF2 alpha comparable to the original control group were detected after probe penetration. Nonetheless, after ibuprofen administration, the pre- and post-ischemic levels of PGF2 alpha were again significantly reduced. In the histologic evaluation groups, overall neuronal injury was significantly less in the ibuprofen treated animals. This protective effect of ibuprofen was most clearly evident in the CA3 sector of the HPC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗

PubMed1993

Atomic force microscopy of biochemically tagged DNA.

Small fragments of DNA of known length were made with the polymerase chain reaction. These fragments had biotin molecules covalently attached at their ends. They were subsequently labeled with a chimeric protein fusion between streptavidin and two immunoglobulin G-binding domains of staphylococcal protein A. This tetrameric species was expected to bind up to four DNA molecules via their attached biotin moieties. The DNA-protein complex was deposited on mica and imaged with an atomic force microscope. The images revealed the protein chimera at the expected location at the ends of the strands of DNA as well as the expected dimers, trimers, and tetramers of DNA bound to a single protein.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1993

Expression of P-cadherin in gastric carcinomas and its reduction in tumor progression.

The expression of P-cadherin, one of the Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules, in human gastric carcinomas was examined by Northern blotting, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. P-cadherin mRNA was expressed in all the gastric carcinoma tissues examined, whereas no message was detected in non-neoplastic mucosa. By Western-blot analysis, P-cadherin protein was expressed in 83% and 29% of the well-differentiated and poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinomas, respectively, the incidence being significantly different. Immunohistochemically, P-cadherin immunoreactivity was localized on the cell surface or the cell-to-cell borders of well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. P-cadherin was not detected in Borrmann's type-4 or scirrhous carcinomas where the tumor cells proliferate diffusely with productive fibrosis. The level of P-cadherin expression in stage-2 carcinomas was significantly higher than in stage-I carcinomas. In the case of patients in stages 2 to 4, however, the level of P-cadherin expression decreased as the stage progressed, the difference between stages 2 and 3 and between stages 3 and 4 being significant. Our findings suggest that P-cadherin might play an important role in the development of well-differentiated gastric adenocarcinomas and the decreased expression of P-cadherin might be responsible for the infiltrative growth and progression of gastric carcinomas.

Cadherins↗

PubMed1993

Transforming growth factor alpha and CD68 immunoreactivity in giant cell tumours of bone: a study on the nature of stromal and giant cells, and their interrelations.

To clarify the nature of neoplastic cells, 17 giant cell tumours of bone were studied histologically and immunohistochemically. L1 antigen and S-100 protein were not detected in the tumour giant cells and stromal cells, although present in non-neoplastic macrophages. The giant cells in all the lesions, some stromal cells, and osteoclasts in the normal bone showed CD68 and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) immunoreactivity. Fibrohistiocytic antigen, factor XIIIa, was expressed in large numbers of stromal cells in all lesions. Some stromal cells expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin and osteocalcin. These immunohistochemical results suggested that the stromal cells of giant cell tumours of bone showed histiocytic and occasional myofibroblastic and osteoblastic differentiation. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was demonstrated in the nuclei of the stromal cells only, indicating that these were the sole proliferating elements. TGF alpha produced by the giant cells and some stromal cells may play a role as a mediator for the attraction and/or proliferation of the precursor cells, and may suppress the activity of osteoblastic stromal cells, resulting in restricted bone formation in giant cell tumours.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

emb-5, a gene required for the correct timing of gut precursor cell division during gastrulation in Caenorhabditis elegans, encodes a protein similar to the yeast nuclear protein SPT6.

The emb-5 gene is required for the correct timing of division of gut precursor cells during gastrulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. We have now characterized the molecular structure of emb-5. The predicted emb-5-encoded protein (EMB-5) possesses an extremely acidic amino-terminus and overall similarity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear protein SPT6, which has been shown to affect the transcription of a variety of genes and suggested to play a role in chromatin assembly or modification. EMB-5 may function in the control of cell cycle timing by modulating chromatin structure and consequently affects morphogenesis of C. elegans.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1993

A comparison between ultrasonography and mammography, computed tomography and digital subtraction angiography for the detection of breast cancers.

Ultrasound (US) was compared with mammography (MMG), computed tomography (CT), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in its effectiveness to detect breast cancer masses and metastatic axillary nodes. Forty-seven breast cancer patients who all underwent MMG, US, CT, and DSA preoperatively in our institution between 1986 and 1990 were studied. US was able to detect tumors in all cases regardless of tumor size, whereas DSA detected T1-size tumors and MMG detected T2-size tumors in 40% and 64.7% of cases, respectively, being specifically inferior to US. It was found that MMG was least likely to detect papillotubular carcinoma, although microcalcification alone without a tumor mass on MMG improved detectability from 46.2% to 76.9%, according to the histological type. CT was found to be most sensitive to axillary node metastases (81.8%), followed by US (72.7%), but DSA was significantly unfavorable (42.9%). Thus, we concluded that US was superior to MMG, CT, and DSA for detecting breast cancer masses, but that CT was more advantageous than US, while DSA was of little value for evaluating axillary nodal status.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Mixed type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with hemi-pulmonary vein atresia.

This reports a successfully corrected case of an 8-day-old baby who had a rare mixed type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in which the left pulmonary vein connected to the portal vein and the right one was atretic as demonstrated by pulmonary artery wedge angiography. The left common pulmonary vein and right pulmonary veins were anastomosed to the left atrium, separately. The patient tolerated the operation and has been well. Early total repair after accurate diagnosis was successful for this rare combination of anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗

PubMed1993

Is exercise training effective in preventing diabetes mellitus in the Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima fatty rat, a model of spontaneous non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

We determined whether exercise training is effective in preventing the development of diabetes mellitus in a model rat (Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty [OLETF]) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Thirty male OLETF rats aged 5 weeks were assigned to one of the following three groups: trained rats placed individually in an exercise wheel (EW) cage, EW-control rats housed in the same cages equipped with a fixed rotatory wheel, and sedentary rats maintained two or three to a conventional cage. Eight male diabetes-resistant Long-Evans rats were used as nondiabetic controls. At 24 weeks of age, the trained, EW-control, sedentary, and nondiabetic control rats weighed an average of 445, 559, 621 and 513 g and had abdominal fat deposits of 16, 55, 67, and 23 g, respectively. The mean amount of exercise of trained rats was 5,243 m/d. At 24 weeks of age, the cumulative incidences of diabetes mellitus in sedentary and EW-control rats were 78% and 50%, respectively, while neither trained nor nondiabetic control rats became diabetic. Fasting and 120-minute plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels after oral glucose administration were significantly lower in the trained group than in the other groups. In vivo insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as measured with a euglycemic clamp was reduced 37% in sedentary rats and increased 35% in trained rats compared with that in nondiabetic control rats. Morphological studies on the pancreas of sedentary and EW-control rats showed enlarged multilobulated fibrotic islets, whereas sections of islets from trained rats appeared normal but slightly enlarged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1993

Cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes in Long-Evans Tokushima Lean rats: influence of ovariectomy on the development of diabetes.

We studied the effect of treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY) on the incidence of diabetes in Long-Evans Tokushima Lean (LETL) rats, a newly established strain of spontaneously type I diabetic rats. The overall incidence of diabetes among 356 LETL rats treated with CY was 25.6%, which was significantly higher than the 10.5% among 857 untreated LETL rats at 27 weeks of age, and there was no significant sex difference. The incidence of CY-induced diabetes in adult (> 16 weeks of age) female LETL rats was 7.7% (10/130), which was significantly lower than that in other CY-treated groups of LETL rats. No diabetes mellitus was induced by administration of CY to 23 diabetes-resistant LETO rats. There were no significant differences in the degrees of hyperglycemia or hyperketonemia in spontaneously and CY-induced diabetic LETL rats, but the plasma glycated albumin level of CY-induced diabetic rats (10.3% +/- 2.1%) was significantly higher than that of spontaneously diabetic rats (8.2% +/- 1.3%), suggesting that plasma glucose levels increased more rapidly in the latter. More than half of the diabetic rats showed type C or D morphological changes of the islets, ie, atrophic change with little mononuclear cell infiltration or almost complete loss of the islets. However, distributions of various types of morphological changes in the islets were not significantly different in the two groups. Ovariectomy (OVX) significantly increased the incidence of CY-induced diabetes in adult female rats from 7.7% to 20.8%. The number of CD8+ cells was significantly increased in noncastrated adult female LETL rats and decreased to the level of other groups after OVX.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Aging and the human pituitary gland.

Pituitary glands obtained at autopsy from 41 men (90 to 97 years old) and 45 women (90 to 98 years old) were studied histologically and immunohistochemically to determine the age-related alterations. Pituitaries from patients 30 to 39 years old (48 cases) and 60 to 89 years old (187 cases) were also studied and served as controls. Interstitial, perivascular fibrosis was seen in 88% of the aged adenohypophyses and, although significantly more intense than that in those of the fourth decade of life (P < 0.001), was similar to that noted in those of the seventh to ninth decades. Pituitaries of men were significantly more fibrotic than were those of women (P < 0.05). In proportion to the extent of fibrosis, the number of somatotrophs decreased in the lateral wings, whereas other cell types did not change quantitatively. Small deposits of amyloid and of iron were detected in seven and three cases, respectively. Squamous metaplasia in cells of the pars tuberalis was noted in 29%. The incidence of "basophil invasion" (the presence of corticotrophs in the posterior lobe) was 30%, a figure similar to that in younger controls. Granular cell tumorlets were detected in four aged neurohypophyses (5%), a frequency similar to that in control glands. Pituitary adenomas (two null cell, two lactotroph, and one corticotroph adenomas) were found of three men and two women in the study group. This 9% incidence of adenomas did not differ from that observed in the fourth decade (8%) or seventh decade (10%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenoma↗

PubMed1993

A streptavidin mutant containing a cysteine stretch that facilitates production of a variety of specific streptavidin conjugates.

The ability to produce specific streptavidin conjugates has been considerably enhanced by using a streptavidin mutant containing a cysteine stretch, in which sulfhydryl groups serve as unique conjugation sites. A streptavidin molecule containing five cysteine residues at its C-terminus, referred to as Stv-28, was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified to homogeneity. Purified Stv-28 had full biotin-binding ability and formed a subunit tetramer. Reactive sulfhydryl groups of Stv-28, derived solely from the cysteine stretch, greatly facilitate the specific conjugation of partner molecules to streptavidin by simple sulfhydryl chemistry. In this manner, S-[14C]carboxymethylated streptavidin and a streptavidin-fluorescein conjugate were prepared. These conjugates contain almost twenty [14C]carboxymethyl groups and fluorescein molecules, respectively, per subunit tetramer, indicating that the sulfhydryl groups of the cysteine stretch are fully reactive. More importantly, these conjugates retain full biotin-binding ability and form subunit tetramers, suggesting that the fundamental properties of streptavidin would be unaffected by the conjugation of other partner molecules to the C-terminal cysteine stretch.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1993

Combined therapy with dizocilpine and levemopamil does not reduce ischemic neuronal injury in rats.

Excessive intracellular accumulation of calcium has been postulated to result in ischemic neuronal death. Reduction of intracellular calcium entry should therefore be expected to reduce ischemic neuronal injury. Two pathways through which extracellular calcium ions can enter neurons are voltage-sensitive and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-linked cation pores. Combined blockade of both these types of channels might be more effective in reducing intracellular calcium accumulation than the blockade of either channel alone. We therefore evaluated the cerebroprotective effects of dizocilpine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, and levemopamil, a phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocker, administered singly or in combination, in a model of forebrain ischemia in the rat. Four groups of rats (n = 8 each) were studied. In the first group, dizocilpine, 5 mg/kg, was administered before ischemia. In the second group, levemopamil, 5 mg/kg, was given both preischemia and 2 h postischemia. In the third group, both dizocilpine (5 mg/kg) and levemopamil (5 mg/kg) were given preischemia and levemopamil (5 mg/kg) was given postischemia. The control group received saline placebo. The rats were subjected to forebrain ischemia by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10 min with simultaneous hypotension to 35 mm Hg. Neuronal injury was evaluated 3 days after ischemia. Dizocilpine reduced postischemia neuronal injury in the ventral hippocampus (p = 0.045). Levemopamil and the combination of levemopamil and dizocilpine did not protect neurons from ischemic injury. The present study does not provide support for the strategy of combined therapy with dizocilpine (administered before ischemia) and levemopamil (administered before and after ischemia) to protect neurons from injury produced by severe incomplete forebrain ischemia.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effect of experimental hypochlorhydria on the histological differentiation of adenocarcinomas in the canine stomach.

Hypochlorhydria is considered to be a risk factor for gastric cancer, both clinically and experimentally. In humans, the hypo-acidic condition appears to be closely associated with the development of differentiated-type gastric carcinomas. We investigated relationships between antral pH and histological types of gastric cancer using an animal model. A total of 7.65 g of N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) was orally administered to male beagle dogs. Subsequently, the dogs were divided into four groups and underwent four surgical interventions designed to create various conditions in the antrum. Antral pH was recorded at the time of killing after an observation period ranging from 16 to 33 months. The number of gastrin-secreting cells (G-cells) was counted after immunohistochemical staining. Carcinomas were found in the antrum of 12 of the 21 dogs that had survived. Although limited doses of ENNG, such as those used in this study, have been reported to produce only undifferentiated adenocarcinomas, differentiated adenocarcinomas were found in seven of these 12 dogs. Antral pH and the number of G-cells were significantly higher in these seven dogs than in the other five dogs, which had developed only undifferentiated adenocarcinomas. Bile inflow showed no significant effect on the development of differentiated adenocarcinomas. Neither atrophic gastritis nor intestinal metaplasia was seen in any of the dogs. These results suggest that the hypo-acidic condition itself may play a role in the development of differentiated adenocarcinomas.

Achlorhydria↗