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Biomedical subjects

S Kopp

Publications and source records attributed to S Kopp.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Intra- and inter-observer variability and accuracy in the determination of linear and angular measurements in computed tomography. An in vitro and in situ study of human mandibles.

The observer variability and accuracy of linear and angular computed tomography (CT) software measurements in the transaxial plane were investigated for the temporomandibular joint with the General Electric 8800 CT/N Scanner. A dried and measured human mandible was embedded in plastic and scanned in vitro. Sixteen observers participated in the study. The following measurements were tested: inter- and extra-condylar distances, transverse condylar dimension, condylar angulation, and the plastic base of the specimen. Three frozen cadaveric heads were similarly scanned and measured in situ. Intra- and inter-observer variabilities were lowest for the specimen base and highest for condylar angulation. Neuroradiologists had the lowest variability as a group, and radiology residents and paramedical personnel had the highest, but the differences were small. No significant difference was found between CT and macroscopic measurement of the mandible. In situ measurement by CT of condyles with structural changes in the transaxial plane was, however, subject to substantial error. It was concluded that transaxial linear measurements of the condylar processes free of significant structural changes had an error and an accuracy well within acceptable limits. The error for angular measurements was significantly greater than the error for linear measurements.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Histological changes in temporomandibular joints from elderly individuals. An autopsy study.

Our aim was to study microscopically the disc position and structural tissue changes such as disc perforation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). An autopsy material comprising the right and left TMJ from 21 individuals with a mean age of 75 years was studied. Anterior disc position was found in 11 joints from 8 individuals. Discs in anterior position were most often of even thickness or convex, whereas most discs in normal position were concave. Perforation was found in the central dense part of the disc in one joint and in the posterior disc attachment of five joints. The latter five discs were in anterior position. Of the five joints with anterior disc position and perforation of the posterior attachment, four joints showed marked structural changes also in the condyle and temporal component. Such changes were found only in one of six joints with anterior disc position but without perforation. No signs of cellular inflammation were observed in any of the joints. Fibrous ankylosis was found in four joints from three individuals. Joints with anterior disc position comprised more than one fourth of the examined joints. In some of these joints there were no structural changes; in other of these joints disc perforation was combined with convex disc form and marked structural changes of the condyle and temporal component.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Tomography as an aid to detect macroscopic changes of the temporomandibular joint. An autopsy study of the aged.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of detecting macroscopic changes of the temporomandibular joint with the aid of tomographic examination. Forty-four autopsy specimens were examined with corrected sagittal and frontal tomography. The tomograms were evaluated without comparative assessment of the macroscopic appearance. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated. Diagnostic accuracy depends on the severity, extent, and localization of the macroscopic changes. All joints with severe and extensive macroscopic changes were identified on tomograms; two thirds of the joints with moderate changes were correctly diagnosed. Macroscopic changes of the condyle were more frequently detected than those of the temporal component. The specificity for single areas of the joints was higher than the sensitivity--that is, normal areas were more easily assessed than areas with changes.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Anterior repositioning splint in the treatment of temporomandibular joints with reciprocal clicking: comparison with a flat occlusal splint and an untreated control group.

The anterior repositioning splint is widely used to treat temporomandibular joints with reciprocal clicking. This treatment was compared to a flat occlusal splint and to an untreated control group. The anterior repositioning splint decreased joint pain at rest, during chewing, and during protrusion. Reciprocal clicking was eliminated and palpatory tenderness of the joint and muscles was reduced. This favorable effect was of short duration. The majority of the patients reported pain and clicking and demonstrated tenderness following removal of the splint after 6 weeks' treatment. The flat occlusal splint decreased joint tenderness but did not affect clicking or muscle tenderness. In the control group the clicking remained and the frequency of muscle tenderness increased. The results indicate that temporomandibular joints with reciprocal clicking can be successfully treated by positioning the mandible anteriorly. Since the symptoms returned when the splint was removed a more permanent change of mandibular position seems necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The short-term effect of intra-articular injections of sodium hyaluronate and corticosteroid on temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction.

The short-term effect of intra-articular injections of sodium hyaluronate and a corticosteroid (betamethasone) was compared in a sample of 33 patients who had pain and tenderness to palpation in the temporomandibular joint of at least six months duration that had not responded to previous conservative treatment. The two drugs were randomly allocated to the patients. A volume of 0.5 ml of the drug was injected twice into the superior joint compartment of the TMJ with a two-week interval between injections. The effect on subjective symptoms, clinical signs, and bite force was assessed. Both drugs reduced the symptoms and signs significantly, and no statistically significant difference in effect could be found between drugs in this regard. The results indicate that the difference between the drugs in terms of short-term therapeutic effects is small, and that sodium hyaluronate could be used as an alternative to corticosteroid for patients who have signs of TMJ inflammation, especially for those who have symptomatic osteoarthrosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Reproducibility and variation of skin surface temperature over the temporomandibular joint and masseter muscle in normal individuals.

Temperature, temperature differences between right and left sides, temperature variation with time, and temperature measurement reproducibility were investigated in 42 normal individuals over the origin of the superficial portion of the masseter muscle and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with fast- and slow-reacting thermistors. The average temperature was higher with the fast-reacting thermistor than with the slow-reacting thermistor for all measured locations. The temperature difference between the left and right side was in about 90% of the performed measurements less than or equal to 1 degree C in both locations. The temperature also differed between the two locations and was highest at the skin surface over the TMJ. The reproducibility of the method according to the standard deviation of a single measurement was satisfactory.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Dermatoses in the metallurgy industry].

The authors proceeded to a skin examination of 1,194 consecutive workers in a cutlery industry with 3,692 employees, in order to detect any cutaneous alterations among them. Only 223 (18.7%) had no skin pathology. Most of them, 971 (81.3%) presented some cutaneous disorder, related or not with their work. Hyperkeratosis of the fingers and hands (262 cases) caused by repeated traumas due to the manipulation of the instruments of work were the most noticeable and specific occupational skin alteration. In second place in order of frequency were the intertriginous mycotic inflammation of the toes: 255 cases. The authors call attention to the low incidence of the sexually transmitted diseases as well as of scabies, pediculosis and impetigo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The temporomandibular joint in ankylosing spondylitis. Correlations between subjective, clinical, and radiographic features in the stomatognathic system and effects of treatment.

One hundred individuals with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and a comparison group comprising 57 individuals without joint symptoms or disease were studied for correlations between subjective, clinical, and radiographic features in the stomatognathic system and the short-term effect of occlusal splint therapy. There was a correlation between radiographic findings in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and subjective and clinical symptoms from the stomatognathic system in individuals with AS but not in the comparison group. There were also more and stronger correlations between clinical signs of TMJ involvement and subjective and other clinical symptoms from the stomatognathic system in the individuals with AS than in the comparison group. There are thus strong indications that the subjective symptoms, the clinical signs, and the radiographic findings in the TMJ of the individuals with AS were caused mainly by this joint disease. The short-term effect of treatment with occlusal splints was investigated in seven of the individuals with AS, who had clinical dysfunction index II or more in accordance with Helkimo. No statistically significant improvement of the subjective or clinical symptoms from the stomatognathic system was found, although a reduction of clinical symptoms was noted in five of the seven individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Bilateral degenerative changes and deviation in form of temporomandibular joints. An autopsy study of elderly individuals.

The right and left temporomandibular joints were removed as blocks from the skulls of 22 individuals in the 60-89-year-old age group at autopsy. The skulls were examined to determine the number and position of teeth and dentures. The articular surfaces of the joints were examined macroscopically for topographical distribution and degree of degenerative changes and topographical distribution of deviation in form. Indices of degenerative changes and of deviation in form were proposed. Correlations were found between the right and left joints with respect to both indices for degenerative changes and deviation in form. The indices were also correlated with each other within the same joint. A sex difference was found for degenerative changes and deviation in form, with the most advanced changes in the joints of women. It was concluded that degenerative changes and deviation in form in this age group were correlated between right and left joints and within the same joint.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Induction of osteoarthrosis in the guinea pig knee by papain.

The main purpose of this investigation was to develop a model for experimental induction of osteoarthrosis. A previously described method using papain was tried on guinea pig knee joints. Eighteen adult guinea pigs were given papain intra-articularly in the right joints; the left joints were used as controls. The animals were killed after 6 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 8 months, and 10 months. Specimens of the articular cartilage were removed for histologic and histochemical investigation. Microscopic surface irregularities could be observed in the animals after 6 hours, 1 week, and 2 weeks, and again after 8 and 10 months. Histochemical examination of the sections from the experimental joints indicated a loss and degradation of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans. This loss was evident after 6 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 8 months. The first osteoarthrotic changes were observed macroscopically after 8 months. Radiographic changes in the experimental joints could be observed in all animals killed after 10 months. It was concluded that osteoarthrosis similar to that occurring in humans can be induced by this method.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Clinical, microscopical and biochemical investigation of synovial fluid from temporomandibular joints.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between pain and tenderness to palpation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), radiographic changes of the joint and signs of inflammation in the synovial fluid. Saline was injected into and aspirated from the TMJ of 29 patients with painful and tender TM joints and from five individuals with healthy joints. In another two patients synovial fluid could be aspirated without saline. The aspirated fluid was analyzed for inflammatory cells and for plasma proteins. A clinical examination of the stomatognathic system and a radiographic examination of the TMJ were performed before the aspiration. Besides tenderness to palpation of the TMJ, pain on mandibular movement and tenderness to palpation of the masticatory muscles were common. Erosion of the cortical outline of the joint surfaces was the most common radiographic finding. Inflammatory cells were present in the fluid of three patients but in none of the healthy individuals. Plasma proteins of inflammatory type could be detected in the fluid from seven of the patients. The results show that radiographic, cellular or biochemical signs of inflammation can frequently be found in the TMJ of patients with longstanding pain and tenderness of this joint.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Normal variation in skin surface temperature over the temporomandibular joint and masseter muscle.

The range of the temperature at the skin surface overlying the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the origin of the superficial belly of the masseter muscle was investigated in 35 individuals with normal TM joints and 29 individuals with normal masseter muscles. The temperature was measured by a thermistor in contact with the skin. The temperature over the TMJ varied between 32.1 degrees C and 35.5 degrees C (average 34.3 degrees C). The difference in temperature between right and left sides was to an average 0.3 degrees C. The temperature over the masseter muscle ranged from 30.9 degrees C to 35.7 degrees C (average 33.2 degrees C). The difference in temperature between right and left sides was an average 0.4 degrees C. It was concluded that there is a fairly wide range of skin temperature over the normal TMJ and origin of the masseter muscle under the experimental conditions prevailing in this study but that the differences between right and left sides are fairly small. It therefore seems possible to use this thermometric method to assess inflammatory processes and/or changed metabolic activity in the TMJ and masticatory muscles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Distribution by age and sex of functional disturbances and diseases of the stomatognathic system in 7-18 year olds.

The investigation consisted of 749 randomly selected subjects between 7-18 years of age. The subjects were interviewed for symptoms and oral parafunctions and examined clinically for occlusal interferences, malocclusions and signs of functional disturbances and diseases in the stomatognathic system. The group with one or more symptoms indicated no sex difference but the symptoms showed a gradual increase with age. Recurrent headaches were evenly distributed between the ages, but more commonly reported among girls in the age range 7-14 years. Clickings increased by age and some sex differences were found in the age distribution. Grinding and clenching showed a negative correlation with age. Boys reported clenching more often than girls between 7-14 years of age. Lip-cheek-biting and nailbiting were frequently reported in all ages. Girls in the age group of 15-18 years reported lip-cheek-biting more often than boys of the same age group; who on the other hand reported nailbiting more often. A correlation was found between thumbsucking and anterior open bite.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Intra- and interobserver variability in the assessment of signs of disorder in the stomatognathic system.

The observer variability in the assessment of signs of disorder in the stomatognathic system within a 3-hour period was investigated in 19 subjects. The clinical examination comprised measurement of maximal mouth opening capacity, sagittal distance between the retruded position (RP) and the intercuspal position (IP), vertical overbite, horizontal overjet and palpation for tenderness of masticatory muscles. The clinical dysfunction score and index (Helkimo 1974) were also calculated. The observer variability in the measurement of maximal mouth opening was quite low, while the relative variability in the measurement of the sagittal distance between RP and IP was high. The intra-observer variability of the nonparametric variables clinical dysfunction score and clinical dysfunction index was within accept able limits, while the interobserver variability was unacceptably high for all the non-parametric variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Analysis of background variables in 350 patients with TMJ disorders as reported in self administered questionnaire.

All 350 patients referred to the Department of Stomatognathic Physiology during a 4-month period were given a self-administered questionnaire intended to give a review of the patients' history. The questions concerning general somatic and psychic health, education and social conditions are dealt with in this article. Twenty-five percent of the patients, more women than men, considered their general state of health to be impaired or poor. Seventy-two percent of the patients denied having had nervous or psychic disorders while 9% were currently being treated for such symptoms. Patients who had answered with alternatives indicating a "poor social situation" had, for instance, more pain in the face and jaws, poorer general health, more nervous or psychic disorders and more symptoms of TMJ disorders than the other patients. When the influence of education was considered, the patients with low education reported more severe symptoms of TMJ disorders than those with higher education. The general level of somatic and psychic health of the patients in this study did not differ markedly from that of the general population, but a negative influence on the health of the masticatory system of poor social conditions and low educational level could be demonstrated.

Adolescent↗