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Biomedical subjects

S K Garg

Publications and source records attributed to S K Garg.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Disposition kinetics and dosage of cephalexin in cow calves following intramuscular administration.

Cephalexin was administered im to cow calves at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg bw. After im administration, the disposition kinetics of cephalexin followed a 1-compartment open model. The values of elimination half-life, volume of distribution and total body clearance were 2.00 +/- 0.13 h, 0.32 +/- 0.02 l/kg and 1.899 +/- 0.199 ml/kg/min, respectively. 58.8% of cephalexin administered was recovered in the urine within 24 h. A satisfactory intramuscular dosage regimen of cephalexin in cow calves would be 15 mg/kg administered at 9-h intervals.

Absorption↗
PubMed1992

Immunotoxic responses of cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide in rats.

The study was undertaken to evaluate immunotoxic effects of cypermethrin administered orally (in ground nut oil) to male albino rats at dose levels (mg/kg) of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20 and 40 once daily for 90 days. Cypermethrin administration produced a significant leucopenia at 40 mg/kg on day 90. A dose dependent decrease (P greater than 0.05) in delayed type hypersensitivity reaction was noticed on day 61 post treatment. Humoral response as evidenced by serum haemagglutinin and haemolysin titres did not show any definite pattern on day 90. However, a significant decrease in spleen weights and significant increase in adrenal weights was recorded in rats receiving the highest test level. Total body weights and liver weights did not show any significant change with any of the dose level studied. Results of the study reveal that low doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) did not have any adverse effect on the immuno-competence of rats.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Oak (Quercus incana) leaf poisoning in cattle.

Oak poisoning occurred in crossbred cattle due to eating immature tender oak (Quercus incana) leaves. Mortality was 70%. The animals exhibited anorexia, severe constipation and brisket edema. The feces were hard, pelleted and coated with blood and mucous. Significant reductions in blood hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and significant elevations in serum bilirubin were observed. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine were greatly increased. There was bilirubinuria, proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and hypocalcemia, and greatly increased activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. The levels of tannins and condensed tannins were 97.7 mg tannic acid equivalent and 5.8 mg catechin equivalent/g of dry leaves. There was extensive nephro- and hepatotoxicity in the affected cattle due to hydrolysable tannins and simple phenols in the oak leaves.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1992

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy and diabetic retinopathy.

This pilot project suggested that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may have an effect on delaying or reversing diabetic retinopathy. One patient who had Grade 5 (preproliferative) retinopathy improved to Grade 2 (microaneurysms only) after two years of treatment. Of the 450 patients followed in our eye and kidney clinic, no other patient showed a similar reversal from Grade 5 retinopathy without treatment. Improvement by one or more grades was seen in three other patients with variable grades of retinopathy after a mean of 3.3 years of treatment. Improvement was not related consistently to a decrease in blood pressure (0 of 4), better glycemic control (2 of 4), or reduction in albumin excretion rate (0 of 4). Proper double-blind controlled studies are needed to prove the effect of ACE inhibitors on diabetic microangiopathy of the eye.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Cigarette smoking increases the risk of albuminuria among subjects with type I diabetes.

The effect of cigarette smoking on diabetic renal and retinal complications was evaluated in 359 young subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of increased albumin excretion rates was 2.8 times higher in smokers than nonsmokers. Mean glycohemoglobin levels and duration of diabetes were also significant factors in the development of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in a logistic regression model. Smoking remained a significant factor in the logistic regression model for albuminuria (but not retinopathy) when controlled for glycohemoglobin level, duration of diabetes, age, gender, and blood pressure. The progression of albuminuria and of retinopathy was also greater in smokers. Albuminuria improved significantly when subjects ceased smoking. It is concluded that cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor and is associated with the development and progression of early diabetic renal damage (albuminuria) and with the worsening of retinal disease in young subjects with diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of gentamicin in Bubalus bubalis calves following intramuscular administration.

The pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of gentamicin was studied in buffalo calves after a single intramuscular administration (10 mg kg-1). Kinetic determinants were calculated by using a two compartment open model. The absorption (t1/2Ka) and biological half lives (t1/2 beta) were calculated to be 0.43 +/- 0.08 and 3.79 +/- 0.23 h, respectively. The value of the apparent volume of distribution (VdB) was found to be 0.38 +/- 0.07 litre kg-1. The satisfactory intramuscular dosage regimen of gentamicin for buffalo calves would be 3.23 mg kg-1 as priming dose and 2.88 mg kg-1 as maintenance dose to be repeated at 12 hour intervals to achieve and maintain the therapeutic plasma levels within safe limits. Urinary excretion of gentamicin was very rapid during the first 12 hours as 48.07 +/- 1.39 per cent of the total administered dose was excreted unchanged during this period.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Use of the pen delivery system for intensive insulin therapy in college-age students with type I diabetes.

The present report describes our experience with 16 adolescents and young adults with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM; Type I) who switched from two injections of insulin per day to the NovolinPen and four insulin injections a day. Their mean age at the initiation of therapy was 19.2 years with a duration of diabetes of 8.9 years. Sixteen random computer-matched (for age, sex, and duration of diabetes) controls who remained on two insulin injections a day were evaluated for comparison. Most subjects were preparing to leave home for college. After a minimum of 1 year of using the pen, the mean weight gain of the test subjects was significantly greater (P less than .05) than for the computer-matched controls. Glycemic control, as monitored by mean HbA1c values, were similar for the NovolinPen and the control groups (10.8 versus 10.9, respectively) after almost 2 years. The main advantage to the pen expressed by the users was a sense of freedom of lifestyle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Prediction of the course of pre-type I diabetes.

To increase knowledge on the predictability of the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM; type I), we followed 38 subjects less than 18 years of age who had positive results on two or more islet-cell antibody tests and one identical twin who had positive results on one islet-cell antibody test. All 39 patients had longitudinal intravenous glucose tolerance tests to determine the first-phase insulin response (FPIR). Insulin dependence has developed in 10 untreated subjects less than 18 years of age. Of the 10 subjects, insulin dependence developed in eight a mean of 4.6 months after their FPIR fell to less than 30 microU/ml and a mean of 14 months after it fell to less than 46 microU/ml. Nine of the untreated subjects had an FPIR less than 67 microU/ml on at least two occasions and became insulin dependent a mean of 19 months after the value first fell below this level (95% confidence limit = 66.4% to 100%). All but one of the 10 subjects in whom IDDM developed initially had islet-cell antibody levels of greater than 80 JDF units. Insulin autoantibody values at onset were available for 9 of the 10 subjects and were positive (greater than 39 nU/ml) in six. We conclude that the combination of positive results on two islet-cell antibody tests and two diminished FPIRs (less than 67 microU/ml) in subjects less than 18 years of age reliably predicts the onset of IDDM. These data should permit intervention studies to be planned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Retinal changes and alterations in blood pressure and albumin excretion rate (AER) during exercise in type 1 diabetes.

The association of retinal changes with exercise microalbuminuria and with changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were evaluated in 162 young subjects with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. Higher systolic and diastolic BPs at rest or after 10 or 20 min of exercise were significantly associated with more severe retinal changes in the subjects with diabetes compared to controls (P less than 0.02; global ANOVA). The mean (+/- SEM) exercise albumin excretion rate (AER) was 17.6 +/- 3.1 if there was no evidence of retinopathy compared to 81.5 +/- 23.5 when only microaneurysms were detected and 467.1 +/- 133.3 when more severe retinopathy was present. The percentage of subjects with abnormal AERs for these three retinal groups was 13, 30 and 60, respectively. (P less than 0.0001, chi-square test). It is clear that retinal changes relate to early renal changes, as monitored by exercise AERs and changes in resting and exercise BPs. It is concluded that the renal and retinal microvascular changes occur concurrently in young subjects with type 1 diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The effect of sugar cereal with and without a mixed meal on glycemic response in children with diabetes.

The effect of sucrose consumption on glycemic control in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is unclear. Eight young subjects, 7-16 years of age, with a duration of diabetes of 2-8 years participated in this study. All subjects consumed four different breakfasts--oatmeal (OM) alone, oatmeal-sucrose (OMS), oatmeal-protein (OMP), and oatmeal with protein and sucrose (OMPS)--on four different days. Addition of sucrose resulted in a slightly greater area under the tolerance curve in 50% of the subjects; however, in 38% of subjects, the area decreased. The peak glucose level was lowest for OM, but there was no statistical difference in the peak levels of the four test meals. The most significant effect on glucose response was a delay in the peak time when protein was added to the meals. Peak times for OM and OMS (mean of 38 min) when fed alone were significantly (p less than 0.05, ANOVA) shorter when compared to the peak time for OMP and OMPS (mean of 54 min). The average recovery time for OMP was longest. Other indices (tolerance index and change of rise in blood glucose) measured were not significantly different among the test meals. This study demonstrates that adding limited sucrose to OM cereal has little effect on the blood glucose response in children with diabetes. Addition of protein and fat clearly delays the glycemic response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Enterococci in milk and milk products.

Enterococci are widely distributed in nature. They gain entry into milk and milk products through the water supply, equipment, and insanitary and unhygienic conditions of production and handling. They have been incriminated as direct or indirect agents of disease. The evidence concerning their involvement is only circumstantial. These reports are also disputed as the disease symptoms have not been experimentally induced in animal models. However, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that prolific growth of enterococci in foods may lead to formation of clinically significant levels of pressor amines. These amines are very thermostable and therefore remain active even after heat processing, which eliminates all viable streptococci. These pressor amines may be involved in the onset of migraine attacks and produce hypersensitive crises in psychiatric patients who are being treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression.

Amines↗
PubMed1991

Borderline increases in albumin excretion rate and the relation to glycemic control in subjects with type I diabetes.

We evaluated "borderline" increases in overnight albumin excretion rates (AERs)----i.e., those between the upper 95th percentile of normal (7.6 micrograms/min) and the lowest value currently considered predictive of nephropathy (30 micrograms/min)----to determine their importance and to see whether glucose control influenced subsequent changes in the "borderline" AER values. Between 1985 and 1990, we studied 190 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type I), analyzing a mean of 6.5 timed overnight urine samples collected per subject. Above-normal AERs were associated with a significantly (by ANOVA) higher mean age (P = 0.03), longer duration of diabetes (P = 0.0002), and greater mean glycohemoglobin values (P = 0.002). The transition rate between borderline and abnormal AERs was significantly higher (P less than 0.0001, chi-square test) than the direct transition rate between normal and abnormal AERs, thus showing the borderline AER to be a definite intermediate stage. Good and poor glucose control were clearly associated with improvement and worsening, respectively, of the borderline AER values (P = 0.032, chi-square test of trend). More attention to borderline AER values is clearly indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A study on bioavailability of theophylline in rabbits as influenced by fatty diet.

The influence of fatty diet and standard diet on the bioavailability and plasma half life of conventional theophylline was studied in the rabbit. It was found that standard diet had significantly reduced the extent of oral bioavailability (AUC0-alpha) of theophylline compared to the fasting state. The fatty diet resulted in a significantly increased extent of oral bioavailability (AUC0-alpha and Cmax) and significantly decreased rate of bioavailability (tmax and t1/2a) of theophylline compared to the standard diet group. The plasma half life was unaffected by either standard diet or the fatty diet. Therefore, dietary composition should be actively considered while titrating the dose of theophylline since theophylline is a drug of narrow therapeutic range and requires close monitoring of therapeutic plasma level.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A study on the chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline in rabbits.

The Chronopharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of theophylline was studied in rabbits. It was observed that morning (06.00 hr) dosing was characterized by significantly low rate of absorption (t 1/2a and Tmax) but higher extent of absorption (AUC0-alpha) compared to that after nocturnal dosing (22.00 hr). The plasma half life (t1/2el) was significantly less at night compared to that in daytime. The data may have considerable clinical relevance.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Effect of fatty diet on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a liquid theophylline preparation in volunteers.

The effect of a standard breakfast and a fatty breakfast on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a theophylline liquid preparation (160 mg-single dose) was examined in 6 healthy, non-smoking male volunteers. The plasma theophylline concentrations after both standard and fatty diet were found to be comparable at each point of time and pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, T1/2a, T1/2 beta and AUC0-alpha, were also comparable. However, the time taken to attain the therapeutic plasma concentration was earlier and sustained along with the standard breakfast in comparison to that with fatty breakfast. Peak change in PEFR and pulse rate was also observed earlier with the standard diet than with fatty diet. The plasma theophylline concentrations produced after both diets were insufficient to produce any detectable change in subjective symptoms like tremor palpitation, heart burn, nausea, restlessness and tenseness. However, theophylline after fatty breakfast was better tolerated than that after a standard breakfast.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The use of the Markov process in describing the natural course of diabetic retinopathy.

The natural course of early diabetic retinopathy in young subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was evaluated during 693 patient visits for 259 subjects during a mean of 2.4 years. Diabetic retinopathy is considered a progressive disease among people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type I). Improvement of early retinopathy has not been recognized as a part of the natural course. In our experience, 25% of observations in subjects with early diabetic retinopathy (grades 2 and 3) showed improvement. Thus, 28 of 174 observations of diabetic retinopathy improved from grade 2 to grade 1, and 34 of 79 observations improved from grade 3 to grades 2 or 1. Markov chains indicate that 25% of observations of diabetic retinopathy will change from grade 1 to grade 5 or 6 in 17.0 years and 25% will change from grade 2 to grade 5 or 6 in 16.0 years. Future studies of diabetic retinopathy should consider a matrix of estimated transition probabilities, depending on the population, to judge probabilities of transition between states of retinopathy.

Adolescent↗