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Biomedical subjects

S K Garg

Publications and source records attributed to S K Garg.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Oral contraceptives and renal and retinal complications in young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) as a possible risk factor for early diabetic renal and/or retinal complications. DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study. SETTING: A university hospital diabetes clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-three diabetic women who used OCs for 1 year or longer (mean, 3.4 years; range, 1.0 to 7.0 years) were compared with a computer-matched control group of 43 diabetic women who never used OCs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hemoglobin A1c levels, albumin excretion rates, and mean retinopathy scores. RESULTS: The mean +/- SEM age and duration of diabetes were 22.7 +/- 0.5 years (range, 17.1 to 30.5 years) and 13.8 +/- 0.8 years, respectively, for the study group. The mean longitudinal hemoglobin A1c values were similar for study subjects and control subjects. The final mean albumin excretion rates, reflecting diabetic renal damage, and the mean eye grades were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The use of OCs among young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus does not pose an additional risk for the development of early diabetic retinopathy and/or nephropathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effect of casitone and fructose on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus and its survival during storage.

Supplementation of milk with combination of casitone (0.5% (w/w)) and fructose (0.5% (w/w)) resulted in greater acid production, higher viable counts, increased sugar utilization and shorter generation time for the L. acidophilus strains tested. The experimental product prepared by using these additives contained 1.5-2.0-fold more viable L. acidophilus than the control (no additives) throughout 21 days of storage. Further, both control and experimental products remained acceptable throughout the storage period. However, the former was rated superior in flavor, whereas the latter exhibited better texture.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Evidence for the presence of plasmids in four therapeutically important strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Four therapeutically important strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus designated as R, 301, 1899 and NCFM were screened for the presence of plasmids. Two lysis methods were used for the isolation of plasmid DNA: an alkaline method and a more gentle technique. It was found that the gentle lysis method yielded better plasmid DNA both quantitatively and qualitatively. All four strains studied apparently possess plasmids. The strains 301 and NCFM possessed one plasmid each, with a size of 4.2 kb, whereas R possessed three plasmids (3.5, 2.4 and 2.1 kb) and 1899 possessed two plasmids (4.1 and 4.2 kb). Restriction analysis revealed that the plasmid DNA from strain R was cleaved by Bam HI but not by Hind III and Eco RI. The plasmid DNA from the remaining three strains was cleaved by all three restriction enzymes used.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1994

Serum disappearance and urinary excretion of sulfamethoxypyridazine in goats.

Pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of sulfamethoxypyridazine were determined in goats following single intravenous administration (100 mg/kg body weight). The disposition kinetics of sulfamethoxypyridazine could be best described by a 2-compartment open model. The distribution and elimination half life of the drug were 0.10 +/- 0.03 and 6.28 +/- 0.44 h, respectively. The values of apparent volume of distribution at steady state and total body clearance were found to be 0.39 +/- 0.02 l/kg and 0.73 +/- 0.06 ml/kg/min, respectively. The degree of acetylation was low as it ranged between 4.49 +/- 1.96 to 25.07 +/- 6.31% of the total drug in serum with an overall mean of 11.99 +/- 1.66%. Cumulative urinary excretion of sulfamethoxypyridazine was very low as only 2.97 +/- 0.50% of the total administered dose was excreted in urine during 24 h. The dosage regimen in goats would be 37.00 and 27.15 mg/kg body weight as the priming and maintenance doses respectively, to be repeated at 12 h intervals by intravenous route to achieve the bacteriostatic level of > or = 25 micrograms/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Factors influencing the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of diabetic retinopathy is poorly understood. In the current study, factor associated with the onset and the progression or regression of retinopathy are evaluated. METHODS: Two hundred seventy-seven subjects with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were evaluated longitudinally for retinal changes over a mean of 2.7 years. The multistate Markov model was used to analyze the influences of the duration of diabetes, a family history of hypertension, age, sex, cigarette smoking, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and longitudinal glycohemoglobin (GHb) values on the development and the progression or regression of retinopathy. RESULTS: Univariate analysis confirmed that four factors were significantly associated with the etiology and the progression or regression of diabetic retinopathy: age, duration of diabetes, mean longitudinal GHb levels (all at P < 0.01), and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.04). However, age was no longer significant when controlled by duration of diabetes. Cigarette smoking was only associated significantly with background retinopathy (stages 2 and 3). Systolic blood pressure, sex, a family history of hypertension, and cholesterol levels were not significantly associated with retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The onset of diabetic retinopathy is associated with the duration of diabetes, mean longitudinal GHb levels, smoking, and diastolic blood pressure. A longer duration of diabetes, higher GHb values, and higher diastolic blood pressure levels are associated with an increased risk of progression and a decreased chance of regression of diabetic retinopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Indirect excitatory actions of histamine on isolated chicken oesophagus.

The histamine-induced contraction on chicken oesophagus was antagonised non-competitively by atropine, hexamethonium, cocaine, methysergide, indomethacin, theophylline and verapamil. Physostigmine slightly potentiated the excitatory action of histamine. These results indicate that histamine excreted its excitatory action by involving a number of mechanisms as suggested in guinea pig oesophagus.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Neonatal mortality in Meerut district.

A study of neonatal mortality in Meerut district revealed an infant mortality rate of 50.1 per 1000 live births. Neonatal mortality accounted for 37.8% of infant mortality with a neonatal mortality rate of 19.0 per 1000 live births. 90.5% of these neonates were delivered at home largely by untrained personnel (57.2%). Only 28.6% of these neonates were treated by qualified doctors and only 30.9% of their mothers were fully immunized against tetanus. At least 2/3rd of neonatal mortality was due to exogenous factors with tetanus neonatorum and septicaemia being the principal causes of mortality each accounting for a mortality rate of 4.7 per 1000 live births.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1993

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment for young normotensive diabetic subjects: a two-year trial.

Microangiopathy characterizes both diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. It is currently unclear which diabetic subjects should be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. A double-blind, placebo-controlled protocol was implemented using captopril to treat subjects with Type I diabetes, early diabetic nephropathy (albumin excretion rates, 20-200 micrograms/min), and normal blood pressures. After two years, the final eye grades were improved in two treated subjects but not in any of the controls. Three control and one treated subject showed worsening of their eye grade after two years (P < .001, by chi-square test). Significant differences in renal albumin excretion were not seen between the two groups. The distribution of changes in retinal grades in the treatment group compared with the placebo group was improved after two years. Studies of larger numbers of patients will be necessary to determine if ACE inhibitors should be used routinely in subjects with diabetic retinopathy and to determine which subjects are most likely to respond.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Comparative bioavailability of two enteric-coated capsules of omeprazole in healthy volunteers.

A comparative bioavailability study was carried out on two enteric-coated capsules (20 mg each) of omeprazole (omeprazole, Alembic: "A" and Losec, Astra, England: "B"). The in-vitro dissolution of both products "A" and "B" met the prescribed USP standard. The bioavailability of single dose (20 mg) and multiple doses (20 mg once daily for 7 days) of both products "A" and "B" were carried out in eight healthy male volunteers in a crossover design. The rate and extent of bioavailability of omeprazole was higher in product "A" following a single oral dose, suggesting its therapeutic advantage over the product "B" in the prevention of acid aspiration during surgery. In multiple dose study, the two products were found bioequivalent as assessed by AUC0-infinity, Cmax, tmax and t1/2 elimination.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Parathyroid adenoma in northern Nigeria.

A middle-aged farmer and a female student presented with osteitis fibrosa cystica with nephrocalcinosis in the former and nephrolithiasis in the latter due to primary hyperparathyroidism. Hypercalcaemia was present in both cases and neck exploration revealed a large solitary parathyroid adenoma which was excised. Because primary hyperparathyroidism is less common in tropical countries doctors may be less familiar with the early manifestations of the disease. The number of patients thus undiagnosed and untreated is unknown.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1992

Biotransformation of sterols: selective cleavage of the side chain.

This review elaborates on the recent development of microbial sterol biotransformation systems. Particular emphasis is laid on the new enzymatic approach investigating the cleavage of sterol side chain. New developments in the area of immobilized cell system and use of organic media along with recent reviews on side chain cleavage are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Limited joint mobility in subjects with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: relationship with eye and kidney complications.

Three hundred and fifty seven subjects (178 males and 179 females) with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus were evaluated for the presence of limited joint mobility of the interphalangeal joints. Sixty six subjects (19%) had stage 1 and 26 subjects (7%) had stage 2 involvement of their interphalangeal joints. The presence of contractures was significantly related to mean longitudinal glycated haemoglobin (HbA1) concentrations, duration of diabetes, age of onset, mean longitudinal cholesterol concentrations and blood pressure. Limited joint mobility was also significantly associated with early diabetic retinopathy and raised albumin excretion rates. Limited joint mobility remained a significant factor in the logistic regression model for albuminuria and grade of retinopathy when controlled for smoking, cholesterol concentrations, duration of diabetes, age, gender, and blood pressure. However, limited joint mobility was only significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy when the effect of HbA1 concentrations was included in the multivariate model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Antioxidant-influenced alterations in glutathione reductase activity in different age groups of male mice.

The glutathione reductase activity was estimated in brain and liver of male mice of different age groups fed on butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), propyl gallate (PG) and alpha-tocopherol (TP). A significant increase in glutathione reductase activity was observed with TP during all the phases (pre-reproductive, reproductive and post-reproductive). Antioxidants enhanced the enzyme activity in both the tissues with the exception of BHA in brain during reproductive and PG in liver during pre-reproductive phases respectively. The enhanced reducing potential of the cell in terms of added bioconversion of GSSG to GSH may account for increase in longevity on antioxidant treatment.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Effect of propyl gallate feeding on glutathione content in ageing Zaprionus paravittiger (Diptera).

Glutathione content increased during the reproductive period and decreased thereafter up to the 43rd day of age in whole body as well as mitochondrial homogenates of ageing Zaprionus paravittiger. However, females exhibited higher levels of glutathione as compared to males. In whole body homogenates, propyl gallate (PG; 25 micrograms/ml) increased the glutathione content significantly up to the 22nd day of life whereas in mitochondria it increased during all age intervals in the two sexes with the exception of the 36th and 43rd day of survival in males. In conclusion, the higher level of glutathione on PG feeding might be one of the factors leading to the prolonged life span of flies.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Disposition kinetics of gentamicin following repeated parenteral administration in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis).

Disposition kinetics of gentamicin was determined in buffalo calves following repeated parenteral administration of 5 mg/kg body weight. The absorption (t1/2 Ka) and elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) were found to be 0.40 +/- 0.12 and 4.33 +/- 0.39 h, respectively. Statistical comparison of the values of pharmacokinetic determinants generated in this study with the corresponding values following single intramuscular injection at the same dose level as reported earlier by GARG and GARG, 1990, revealed that the consecutive administration of drug influenced the pharmacokinetics profile of gentamicin. Elimination half-life was significantly longer (P < 0.05). Since elimination rate constant value was significantly reduced, the subsequent dosage will have to be reduced particularly if kidney functions are not normal. Otherwise, dosage regimen need not be changed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of antioxidants on adenosine triphosphatase activity of brain and heart in male mice during ageing.

The present study deals with the effect of butylated hydroxy anisole, propyl gallate and alpha-tocopherol on ATPase activity of brain and heart in ageing male mice. The activity of both the tissues significantly increased during pre-reproductive and reproductive phases. However, during the post-reproductive phase, ATPase activity of heart increased while that of the brain remained unaltered. The enhanced activity could be attributed to interference by the antioxidants in cellular metabolism and/or their free radical scavenging effect.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1992

A preliminary study on the interaction between ethanol and propranolol in normal human subjects.

Ethanol significantly increased the steady-state peak concentration of propranolol while propranolol significantly reduced the total body clearance of ethanol in healthy human volunteers. Ethanol per se caused tachycardia and rise in systolic blood pressure while propranolol administration resulted in bradycardia. In combinations, ethanol and propranolol caused significant fall in diastolic blood pressure without any significant changes in the heart rate and systolic blood pressure compared to the control readings of four healthy male volunteers. The kinetic and haemodynamic interactions observed between ethanol and propranolol in the preliminary study are of clinical relevance and need further exploration.

Adult↗