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Biomedical subjects

R Phillips

Publications and source records attributed to R Phillips.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Exercise after myocardial infarction: a controlled trial.

Six weeks after acute myocardial infarction, 303 men were randomly divided into exercise and control groups. The exercise group attended the hospital gymnasium twice weekly for a three-month supervised exercise course. Both groups were exercise tested before and after the course and at subsequent follow-up. The exercise group increased their physical fitness greatly compared with the control group. Eight per cent of the exercise group died during the period of follow-up, compared with 14 per cent of the control group; this difference is not significant. There was an apparent improvement in mortality in those with inferior MI who completed the exercise course, which was not seen in those with MI in other sites. For many patients after MI progressive exercise is safe, improves physical fitness and may reduce mortality for those after inferior MI.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1981

Risk factors for fatal heart attack in young women.

Deaths of 338 women at ages 15-44 years attributed to myocardial infarction (MI) on death certificates during an 18-month period in five metropolitan areas were investigated. Evidence of recent MI or evidence that death occurred suddenly was obtained for about half (163) from records of hospitals or medical examiners or from relatives. A case-control study (involving one deceased control, and one hospitalized living control) of risk factors for heart attack was then conducted using interviews with relatives and abstracts of records of hospitals and physicians identified by the relatives as sources of medical care. Information was obtained on history of prior MI, other heart disease, diabetes, thromboembolism, stroke, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, oophorectomy, oral contraception and cigarette smoking. Data are presented on the prevalence of these potential risk factors for the case group and each control group, and for subsets of cases consisting of those without prior heart disease, definite MI only, sudden death only, and white women only. Multivariate analyses identify somewhat different sets of risk factors and different levels of risk for the various subgroups. In general, the risk factors are those that have been reported for men, despite the major difference in level of mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The effects of ethyleneglycoltetra-acetic acid on bactericidal activity of human serum against Escherichia coli.

The effects of ethyleneglycoltetra-acetic acid (EGTA) and EGTA + magnesium (MgEGTA) on the viable counts of 10 strains of Escherichia coli O6 have been studied in normal human serum (NHS), heat-inactivated serum (HIS) and in culture media with and without the addition of a beta-lactam antibiotic. The addition of EGTA to NHS largely prevented bactericidal activity against serum-sensitive strains while, in contrast, it reduced the growth of a serum-resistant strain. These apparently paradoxical effects are due to the lower growth rate permitted by the reduced amount of available magnesium in the presence of EGTA. Experiments with equimolar concentrations of EGTA and magnesium indicated that whilst MgEGTA is a reagent allowing alternative complement-pathway activity, such activity must be determined by comparison with results in HIS + MgEGTA rather than in HIS alone, classical-pathway activity being taken as the difference between the results in NHS and in NHS + MgEGTA. By these criteria, prompt killing by serum was found to occur via the classical pathway while delayed serum bactericidal activity occurred by the alternative pathway in some strains and by the classical pathway in others.

Blood Bactericidal Activity↗
PubMed1981

Biliary excretion of diazepam in rats: influence of the route of administration and dosage.

The biliary excretion of diazepam metabolites was found in rats. Equivalent dosages of diazepam were administered orally and intraperitoneally. The biliary excretion was dose-dependent and was greater following intraperitoneal administration. After intravenous administration, a greater percentage of the diazepam dosage administered was excreted into the bile. Repetitive intravenous administrations yielded results which approached those observed after intraperitoneally administered dosages given as a bolus.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of flunitrazepam and thiopentone for induction of general anaesthesia.

Forty female out-patients undergoing therapeutic abortion participated in a double-blind study comparing flunitrazepam 0.05 mg . kg-1 with thiopentone 6.0 mg . kg-1 as induction agents for general anaesthesia. Induction time, as measured by the time to loss of lid reflex and voluntary speech, was not only significantly longer in patients receiving flunitrazepam, but also much more variable and imprecise than with thiopentone. The Steward recovery room scores and psychomotor drawing test results revealed that recovery was significantly slower in the flunitrazepam group. Anterograde amnesia was observed in all patients who had received flunitrazepam and in one patient who had received thiopentone. No retrograde amnesia was found in either group. Flunitrazepam produced postoperative drowsiness, sedation, ataxia and nausea while with thiopentone discomfort from surgery and discomfort at the intravenous injection site were the main complaints. Because of the slowness of induction with flunitrazepam and marked individual variation, we do not feel that this drug can be considered a suitable agent for routine induction of general anaesthesia.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1980

Fatal myocardial infarction and the role of oral contraceptives.

The association between use of oral contraceptives (OC) and death from myocardial infarction (MI) in young women was investigated in a collaborative case-control study conducted in the five largest metropolitan areas in the US. Potential cases were identified from computer tapes of the National Center for Health Statistics. Controls were selected from among women who died from, or were hospitalized for, acute conditions other than heart disease or from accidents, and were matched to cases on age, geographic area, and year of death. Information on cause of death, personal characteristics, OC use, and the presence of conditions predisposing to MI was obtained from interviews with relatives and abstracts of hospital, clinic and physician records. Odds ratios as approximations to relative risks for fatal MI in relation to OC use, and the associated 95% confidence limits, were calculated overall and for subgroups determined by demographic and health history characteristics. Odds ratios in the total study population were not significantly different from one. However, odds ratios significantly different from one were found when attention was restricted to white subjects without contraindications to OC use, andincluding only those cases whose deaths were attributed to MI with the greatest degree of certainty. Smoking was found to be a significant risk factor for fatal MI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

The sensitivity of urinary isolates to cefuroxime, a new beta-lactamase stable cephalosporin.

The sensitivities to cefuroxime and cephaloridine were compared in 500 bacterial isolates from consecutive cases of urinary tract infection. In the first 200 organisms there was generally good correlation between the diameters of the zone of inhibition around a 30 microgram cefuroxime disc and the MICs. Correlation was poorest with streptococci. From the preliminary observations, criteria were derived to relate the disc sensitivities to MICs for all 500 strains. Neither cephalosporin had significant activity against Pseudomonas spp. but, apart from one strain of Klebsiella and one methicillin-resistant staphylococcus, the only bacteria sensitive to cephaloridine but resistant to cefuroxime were Str. faecalis. Of the 500 organisms, 45% were beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacilli and, overall, cefuroxime was more active than cephaloridine against them. The greater stability of cefuroxime to the beta-lactamases from these bacilli were also supported by a smaller increase in MIC when the inoculum size was increased. On the basis of these results, cefuroxime should prove an effective choice for the treatment of most urinary tract infections.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1979

Bacteria causing symptomatic urinary tract infection or asymptomatic bacteriuria.

One thousand bacterial isolates from consecutive suprapublic aspirations of urine in two groups of patients with symptomatic urinary tract infection and two groups with asymptomatic bacteriuria were studied. Staphylococci accounted for 13 and 27% of the isolates from symptomatic patients but for only 3 and 4% of strains from asymptomatic bacteriuria. Conversely, 18 and 30% of Escherichia coli isolates from asymptomatic bacteriuria were auto-agglutinable when tested with antisera to the common urinary O-serogroups, whereas such strains accounted for only 5 and 7% of the E. coli from symptomatic patients. The high prevalence of auto-agglutinable E. coli in asymptomatic bacteriuria was accompanied by a reduction in the frequency of the common uninary O-serogroups rather than other smooth strains.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Further studies of the frequency and significance of the Tgamma-chain of human fetal hemoglobin.

A further study of the Tgamma-chain in a variety of conditions has revealed its presence in the cord bloods of ethnic groups previously unstudied. Heterozygous newborn average 17-19% Tgamma-chain while the mean value in four presumed homozygotes was 31%. The Tgamma-chain is readily detectable in beta-thalassemia of various ethnic groups (although infrequent in Blacks) as well as in deltabeta-thalassemia. Studies of a few families have provided an opportunity to determine whether or not certain individuals are heterozygous or homozygous for the Tgamma-gene. The Tgamma-chain has not been detected in the human fetal hemoglobin that is synthesized in increased amounts in persons with the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Although the Tgamma-chain is detectable in sickle cell anemia, its frequency appears to be lower than in normal individuals. By focusing upon the relationship of the percentage of Tgamma-chain to the sources of human fetal globulin from determinants in cis and in trans, the conclusion has been reached that the Tgamma-chain is the product of a mutant Agamma-locus which should be named the TAgamma-chain.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

An analysis of the aggregation and morphogenesis of area opaca endoderm cells from the primitive-streak chick embryo.

The aggregative behaviour and subsequent morphogenesis of extra-embryonic endoderm cells from primitive-streak chick embryos have been investigated. A relatively pure population of area opaca endoderm cells was obtained by differential dissociation, which involves partial separation of epiblast and endoderm cell clumps by sieving through Nitex mesh. For aggregation studies cells were cultured in rotating flasks in Leibovitz (L-15) medium, in saline or in saline supplemented with glucose (1 mg/ml). Aggregation was monitored using the Coulter Counter. In these three media aggregation is rapid; by 10 min an average of 61% of the population had aggregated, to reach a plateau at 30 min when an average percent adhesion value of 83% was obtained. The aggregates in L-15 medium were large and compact. After several days in culture, they cavitated and formed smooth hollow vesicles with thin walls composed of one or a few cell layers. Aggregates formed in PCS were smaller and looser in appearance; the addition of glucose resulted in a certain degree of compaction. Some morphogenesis occurred under these conditions with the aggregates developing numerous irregular cavities. These experiments suggest that some of the factors that affect cell adhesion in early embryonic cells can be studied in vitro. The results also indicate that the ability to cavitate is an intrinsic property of the endoderm cells of the area opaca since this occurs in the absence of epiblast or mesoderm.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Assessing the psychological effects of an exercise training programme for patients following myocardial infarction: a pilot study.

During a study investigating physiological and other effects of an exercise programme for coronary patients, a questionnaire was administered. Preliminary analysis had suggested some improvement in the patients' morale, but in view of the possible relevance of a number of psychological variables it was decided to carry out further analysis on the available data. The coefficient of discrimination was computed for 32 patients. For 19 patients correlations were computed between scores on subjective fitness, symptoms, anxiety, interest in sex, if at work, age, weight, and workload achieved at a given heart rate. The questionnaire appeared to have satisfactorily high internal and external validity. Patients with a high 'morale' score tended to achieve a greater increase in workload over the course. Although cause and effect cannot be unequivocally assigned, the association is felt to be important, and research is continuing.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1978

Combined chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

One hundred sixty-seven patients with extensive well-differentiated and 120 patients with extensive poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung received chemotherapy as part of a randomized study by the Veterans Administration Lung Group. Chemotherapy was administration at random using one of the following four regimens: (1) cyclophosphamide alone; (2) cyclophosphamide plus 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU); (3) doxorubicin (adriamycin) plus cyclophosphamide; and (4) doxorubicin plus CCNU. With data on survival as the criteria for evaluation, it has been shown that combined chemotherapy using doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide achieves greater median survival for patients with squamous cell cancer of the lung than single-drug chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide, under the conditions of this study; however, prolongation of life is still minimal, and better treatment is required. About 20 percent of the patients receiving any of the four regimens developed serious toxic effects from therapy with the drugs.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗