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Biomedical subjects

R J Rubin

Publications and source records attributed to R J Rubin.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

A nationwide outbreak of Reye's Syndrome. Its epidemiologic relationship of influenza B.

Between December 15 and June 30, 1974, 379 cases of confirmed Reye's syndrome were reported to the Center for Disease Control. Of these, 316 occurred during February and March 1974. A simultaneous surveillance system for influenza B indicated that this clustering of cases of Reye's syndrome correlated both temporally and geographically with influenza B outbreaks. The incidence of Reye's syndrome was higher in rural than in urban centers. Epidemiologically, two groups of cases of Reye's syndrome emerge: those which occur in older children (median age 11 years), cluster in time and geographic region, and are associated with antecedent influenza B infection; and those which occur sporadically thoughout the year, are isolated in occurrence, occur in younger children (median age 6 years), and are associated with a wide variety of antecedent viral illnesses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Electrocoagulation as primary therapy for rectal carcinoma.

The survival of forty-seven patients with cancer of the rectum treated by electrocoagulation is compared with thirty-seven patients treated by abdominoperineal resection. The one to ten year survival for the electrocoagulationgroup was 48 per cent and the one to eight year survival for the abdominoperineal resection group was 46 per cent. We believe that electrocoagulation when selectively applied has a place in the management of cancer of the rectum.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1976

Dealing with possible rabies exposure.

When a patient has come in contact with a domestic or wild animal that may be rabid, the physician must decide whether postexposure rabies prophylaxis is warranted. Among the factors that must be weighed are the animal species involved, the epizootiology of rabies, and the circumstances surrounding the exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effect of water and food deprivation on hepatic microsomal metabolism of hexobarbital and aniline.

Water deprivation for 48 hr with its accompanying decrease in food intake significantly lowered the in vitro rate of hexobarbital metabolism by hepatic microsomes isolated from male rats. Pair-fed rats allowed water ad libitum had a significantly lower level of hexobarbital metabolism than those deprived of water. Rats starved for 24 hr with or without water also had levels of hexobarbital metabolism significantly lower than their controls; with those animals allowed water ad libitum, the level was significantly lower than for those deprived of water. In vivo hexobarbital "sleeping time" experiments were in general agreement with these results. The in vitro metabolism of aniline was increased in both male and female rats following 24 hr starvation and in female rats (but not males) the effect was greater when water was allowed than when deprived. The differences between hydrated and dehydrated animals were not attributable to reduction in concentration of microsomal protein or the water content of liver. It is concluded that water consumption accentuates the effect of food deprivation on hepatic microsomal metabolism.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1976

Live, attenuated influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) virus vaccine: a field trial.

Two doses of a live, attentuated influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) vaccine virus (inhibitor-insensitive Alice strain) were administered intranasally to 130 university students, and placebo was given to 134 students. Fourfold or greater rises in titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody occurred in 68% of all vaccine recipients and in 88% of those with initial titers of less than 1:8; the geometric mean titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody increased from 1:15 to 1:77. A 3.2-fold rise in titer of neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody occurred in 24% of the students. Side effects produced by administration of the vaccine include mild rhinitis and sore throat, which were found only during the first four days after administration of the first dose. Inhibitor-insensitive virus was shed only by three of 31 intensively studied vaccine recipients; these three subjects all had initial serum titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of less than 1:8. No transmission of vaccine virus to spouses was detected. During a 12-month interval after vaccination, the geometric mean titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in serum and the prevalence of antibody decreased minimally among the 47 vaccine recipients still available for study.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of the effect of carbon monoxide and of hypoxic hypoxia. I. In vivo metabolism, distribution and action of hexobarbital.

Previous experiments had shown that carbon monoxide inhalation prolonged the in vivo response zoxazolamine. However, CO was clearly less potent than an equivalent level of hypoxia induced by inhalation of lowered O2 content (hypoxic hypoxia). The present study revealed that both CO and hypoxic hypoxia also prolonged the pharmacologic response to a drug of vastly different structure and site of action, i.e., hexobarbital. In this case, CO was approximately equipotent to hypoxic hypoxia in prolonging sleeping time. In spite of a number of significant effects of the two types of hypoxia on factors such as rate of peritoneal absorption, distribution into the brain and brain sensitivity to the drug, their relative potencies in prolonging sleeping time appeared to reflect adequately their relative effects on in vivo rate of metabolism. This conclusion was based on their equipotencies in decreasing the rate of disappearance of hexobarbital from the blood. The observation that hypoxia induced by CO had no greater effect on hexobarbital metabolism than hypoxia induced by oxygen deprivation suggests that the binding of CO to cytochrome P-450 is not important in drug metabolism in vivo. CO would appear to act solely by inducing tissue hypoxia.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of the effect of carbon monoxide and of hypoxic hypoxia. II. Hexobarbital metabolism in the isolated, perfused rat liver.

Rat livers were perfused with a red blood cell-containing perfusion medium. The rate of metabolism of hexobarbital was determined in this system as the recirculating perfusion fluid was made hypoxic by exposure to either CO or lowered oxygen tension. It was found that 7.6% of the total oxygen consumed by the liver was utilized to metabolize hexobarbital regardless of the severity of the hypoxia, which suggests that the liver does not shunt O2 to more preferential pathways as O2 availability becomes limited. When oxygen delivery was lowered below 0.3 ml of O2 per min per g of liver by either type of hypoxia, the rate of hexobarbital metabolism decreased. However, based on the rate of oxygen delivery, CO was more potent than hypoxic hypoxia in inhibiting drug metabolism. On the other hand, the two types of hypoxia were equipotent when compared on the basis of alterations in oxygen consumption. These results are consistent with the known effect of CO in decreasing the availability of hemoglobin-bound O2 and further argue against the direct inhibition of drug metabolism by the binding of CO to cytochrome P-450 in the isolated liver. They also suggest that the lack of a greater potency of CO relative to hypoxic hypoxia in vivo might be related to alterations in hepatic blood flow.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Suture-line recurrence in carcinoma of the colon and rectum.

Seventy-three patients with adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid, rectosigmoid and rectum were reviewed to determine the incidence of suture-line recurrence. Four patients (5.5 per cent) developed suture-line recurrence despite the use of a number of techniques to reduce this problem. All four recurrences were in patients who had Dukes' C lesions of the rectum. It would appear that such recurrences are not related to implantation factors alone.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1975

Influenza surveillance in the United States 1972-1974.

Individual cases of influenza are not reported nationally to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Other methods of surveillance, therefore, must be used to estimate the extent and impact of influenza in the country. In the past, CDC has performed telephone surveys during the respiratory season and tabulated mortality due to pneumonia and influenza from 121 cities. The telephone data vary considerably from state to state and are only a general assessment of influenza activity. Tabulation of influenza-pneumonia deaths reflects more accurately the extent and impact of influenza but suffers from a 3-4 week-lag behind the actual clinical events. To improve influenza surveillance over the past 2 years, CDC obtained weekly numbers of emergency room visits to large community hospitals, school and industrial absenteeism, numbers of specimens submitted and numbers positive for influenza isolation from laboratories throughout the United States. Surveillance was most effective in large urban areas of the US where community hospital emergency rooms function as private physicians. Where people are more likely to consult a private physician than utilize a hospital emergency room, the correlation between private physician visits and influenza was good. Furthermore, school and industrial absenteeism are not very sensitive indicators of influenza-A activity; however, school absenteeism was a good index of influenza-B activity.

Absenteeism↗