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Biomedical subjects

M E Jarvik

Publications and source records attributed to M E Jarvik.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Transdermal nicotine and smoking behavior in psychiatric patients.

The authors used a double-blind crossover design to observe the effect of transdermally administered nicotine on the smoking behavior of 13 psychiatric patients who were not trying to stop smoking. The patients smoked significantly fewer cigarettes while receiving nicotine than while receiving placebo. These data suggest that transdermally administered nicotine can be a useful adjunct in treating nicotine-addicted psychiatric patients in a non-smoking environment.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1990

The drug dilemma: manipulating the demand.

Drug abuse in the United States has posed a dilemma during most of this century. Intemperate use of reinforcing drugs is hazardous to health and safety, but strict prohibition fosters an illicit market with criminal effects that may be equally harmful. The crux of the problem is the willingness of millions of people to risk toxicity and arrest to gain psychopharmacological rewards. Cocaine is the present source of most concern. Recommendations for reducing demand and abuse are given, including the implementation of preventive techniques, the investigation of various treatments, the use of modern chemical and electronic technology, and the development of new pharmacological alternatives.

Cocaine↗
PubMed1989

Food and nicotine metabolism.

To examine the plausibility of the hypothesis that smoking a cigarette after a meal is motivated by accelerated metabolism of nicotine, we studied the influence of a high-protein meal on the disposition of nicotine in seven healthy smokers. Indocyanine green clearance, an estimate of hepatic blood flow, increased 31%, 50 minutes after the test meal. Consuming the meal during a steady state infusion of nicotine resulted in a small (18%) but consistent decrease in blood levels of nicotine. Our data demonstrate that food accelerates the metabolism of nicotine, but the time course and magnitude of the decline in levels of nicotine suggest that altered disposition of nicotine is not the primary motivation for smoking after meals.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Potentiation of cigarette craving and satisfaction by two types of meals.

This study investigated the effects of consuming different meal types on cigarette craving and satisfaction. Twelve heavy smokers were tested on three evenings. Each day, they smoked three cigarettes and received either a solid meal, an equicaloric liquid meal, or no meal. Subjects smoked the first cigarette one half hour after the experiment began, the second immediately after finishing the meal, and the third 35 min after smoking the second cigarette. Cigarette craving increased most after the solid meal, less so after the liquid meal, and least after no meal. Subjects reported that the cigarette after the solid meal tasted the best, was the most satisfying, enjoyable, and desirable as compared to the cigarette following no meal at all. These results indicate that there is a robust postprandial enhancement of cigarette smoking after a solid meal but less after a liquid meal.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Anxiolytic effects of smoking associated with four stressors.

There is a widespread belief that cigarette smoking alleviates stress. The literature reveals conflicting results on the anxiolytic effects of smoking. This study was designed to replicate a report that smoking (a) reduced subjective anxiety induced by stressful anagrams and (b) increased pain threshold for a cold pain task. This study (N = 15) included two other stressors: white noise and an auditory vigilance task. A significant Time x Condition (smoking vs. deprived) interaction was found for Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory scores in the anagram task. A borderline significant interaction effect was found for the cold pain task. No significant effects were found with the two other tasks. These results provide partial support for the popular notion that smoking mitigates stress-induced anxiety. No difference was found between the smoking and deprived conditions for either pain threshold or pain endurance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Biologic interactions between smoking and occupational exposures.

Cigarette smoking is a major cause of cancer and lung disease in the U.S. population. The biological processes that underlie the response of the lung to cigarette smoke are important considerations for designing analyses of the effects of occupational exposures. Interactions between cigarette smoking and occupational exposures may occur through a combined effect on the mechanism of disease production, through an effect on the dose of the toxic substances that reach the target issue, or through an effect on the response of the lung to the toxic agents. Disease due to occupational exposures can occur in a similar pattern in both smokers and nonsmokers; however, as more complex interactions are examined, different responses to the same occupational exposure may be identified for smokers and nonsmokers. It is only through the successful intermingling of biologic information with epidemiologic data that these interactions can be fully examined.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMed1988

Pharmacological treatment of tobacco dependence.

Pharmacologically based approaches for the treatment of tobacco dependence are reviewed. The rational basis for pharmacologic treatment approaches is that tobacco dependence is partially, and critically, mediated by the actions of tobacco-delivered nicotine to the central nervous system. These actions include direct reinforcing properties of nicotine itself, tolerance and physiologic dependence, possible beneficial effects of nicotine in the alleviation of anxiety and control of weight, and neurohormonal regulation which can become important to the maintenance of emotional well-being and performance at work. Insofar as tobacco abstinence leads to negative consequences, via these biobehavioral mechanisms, pharmacologic intervention should be able to assist in initial tobacco detoxification and help tobacco abstinent persons to avoid subsequent relapse. The purpose of this review is to survey some of the efforts to develop such interventions, as well as to elucidate some of the issues relevant to such development. Four distinct approaches are discussed: (1) Nicotine replacement, in which physiologic dependence is transferred to a safer and more therapeutically manageable nicotine delivering formulation; this category includes nicotine polacrilex gum; (2) Blockade therapy, in which a drug is taken that blocks the reinforcing properties of nicotine should relapse occur; (3) Nonspecific pharmacotherapy, in which the biobehaviorally mediated correlates of tobacco abstinence are treated on a symptomatic basis; (4) Deterrent therapy, in which a drug is taken prior to smoking such that any tobacco use would produce reliable aversive effects.

Affect↗
PubMed1988

The effect of nicotine on the delay of gastric emptying.

The effect of cigarette smoking and its active component, nicotine, on the gastric emptying of solid food was assessed in a randomized double-blind crossover design. Ten regular smokers were studied after a 6 h fast and least 18 h after their last cigarette. Subjects smoked a total of three high (1.91 mg) or low (0.17 mg) nicotine cigarettes, before and after a technetium-labelled solid meal and were scanned by gamma camera periodically over a 2-h period. All calculations of gastric emptying revealed a significant delay after smoking high versus low nicotine cigarettes in: mean per cent isotope remaining in the stomach at each measurement point from 90-120 min; amount of meal remaining in the stomach at 2 h; and mean time at which 50% of the meal had emptied (T1/2). Delay in gastric emptying was significantly correlated with increase in serum nicotine concentration on the high nicotine day.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Cigarette desirability and nicotine preference in smokers.

We conducted two experiments to explore the role of nicotine in the maintenance of cigarette smoking behavior. In Experiment 1 we determined that, compared to 0 or 2 mg injections, an injection of 4 mg nicotine base into the filter of non-nicotine cigarettes significantly increased their desirability. In Experiment 2, to determine how nicotine-seeking varied across a wide range of cigarette deprivation, we studied nicotine preference under three cigarette deprivation conditions: overnight abstinence, 30 min deprivation, and immediately after smoking (satiation condition). Nicotine preference was assessed by allowing subjects to freely adjust the nicotine concentration of each puff using a smoke mixing device. Nicotine preference was greatest after overnight deprivation. Least after satiation, and intermediate after 30 min deprivation. However, nicotine seeking increased as a function of cigarette deprivation despite the fact that higher nicotine puffs were rated as harsher, stronger and less desirable than lower nicotine puffs. The results of both experiments suggest an inverted-U relationship between nicotine content and desirability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Neurochemical and behavioral effects of catecholamine and protein synthesis inhibitors in mice.

A series of biochemical and behavioral experiments tested the hypothesis that anisomycin (ANI), a protein synthesis inhibitor, produced decrements in long-term memory by raising free tyrosine levels and by the accumulation of catecholamines (CAs) rather than by its primary effect on protein synthesis. We compared the effects of ANI and three catecholamine synthesis inhibitors (CAIs)--diethyldithiocarbamic acid, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, and tetrabenazine--on cerebral concentrations of tyrosine and CAs and on the rate of accumulation of CAs. ANI had a relatively small effect, whereas the CAIs resulted in large reductions. When ANI and a CAI were used in combination, effects on CA levels were determined mainly by the CAI. The amnestic effects of ANI and the CAIs were also compared across seven experimental paradigms. Pretraining administration of any of the four drugs could result in amnesia for passive avoidance training, but only when training was weak. With an increase in training strength, a series of three injections of ANI (one pre- and two post-training) caused amnesia, but a similar series of CAI injections did not. Substituting one CAI injection for the second of three successive ANI injections did not cause amnesia, but substituting cycloheximide, another protein synthesis inhibitor, resulted in amnesia. With an active avoidance test, ANI caused amnesia while AMPT did not; d-amphetamine blocked the amnestic effect of ANI but caused amnesia in AMPT injected mice. Whereas ANI lengthened the temporal gradient over which electroconvulsive shock produced amnesia, AMPT or DDC did not. DDC caused only transient amnesia for passive avoidance training, while the amnestic effect of ANI remained constant at 24-hr and 1-week retention tests. We conclude that ANI and CAIs have distinctly different abilities to produce amnesia. These experiments provide additional support for the hypothesis that protein synthesis is required for formation of long-term memory.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1985

Alcohol increases cigarette smoking: a laboratory demonstration.

Most people would agree that a relationship exists between drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes, but there is very little empirical evidence demonstrating a direct causal association. Study of the relationship has been hampered by the lack of a simple laboratory methodology. This article describes an efficient experimental paradigm. Fourteen male narcotic addicts in methadone maintenance treatment volunteered to come to the laboratory for two smoking sessions, during which each subject was given either an alcoholic drink or orange juice, followed by three cigarettes at 20-minute intervals. Drinking alcohol significantly increased the amount and rate of smoking. However, not all subjects reacted to alcohol with increased smoking, and we were unable to account for those individual differences. Our finding supports the theory that a direct causal mechanism linking smoking and drinking exists. That link probably has clinical significance, because there is evidence that ex-smokers are at particularly high risk when they drink alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Transdermal nicotine reduces cigarette craving and nicotine preference.

The effects of transdermal nicotine in 10 cigarette smokers were studied in a within-subjects, double-blind design. Either 8 mg nicotine base in a 30% aqueous solution or an inactive placebo solution was applied to intact skin under a polyethylene patch. Subjective reports of cigarette craving were collected every 30 minutes during a 90-minute smoking abstinence period. Immediately before and after this abstinence period subjects smoked through a smoke mixing device that allowed them to select their desired nicotine intake with each puff. Transdermal nicotine significantly increased saliva nicotine levels within 30 minutes after application. Cigarette craving was significantly lower in the nicotine condition than in the placebo condition. Nicotine preference during the initial puffs of the smoke mixer test at the end of 90 minutes of deprivation was also decreased by transdermal nicotine. In contrast, measures of cumulative smoke intake were not affected by the nicotine dose used. Our results suggest that transdermal nicotine may enhance success in smoking cessation by preventing the rise in cigarette craving usually observed after cessation. Transdermal nicotine may be preferable to other routes of nicotine administration because of the relative absence of adverse side effects.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed1985

Smoking relapse situations: a preliminary typology.

This paper presents a preliminary attempt to develop a typology of smoking relapse episodes based on cluster analysis. Descriptions of relapse or near-relapse episodes were collected from 183 ex-smokers. Cluster analysis of 53 cases revealed five clusters in two groups distinguished by a positive (Type I) versus negative (Type II) affective tone. Type Ia situations involve drinking alcohol with others who are smoking. Type Ib situations are associated with relaxation. Type Ic episodes are associated with withdrawal symptoms. Type IIa situations involve anxiety related to work stress. Type IIb episodes occur when the ex-smoker is inactive and bored. Type Ia situations are associated with less behavioral coping and more relapse than the others.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Nicotine gum vs. placebo gum: comparisons of withdrawal symptoms and success rates.

Our data and that of researchers in the area clearly provide evidence for nicotine-specific withdrawal and its relief with nicotine gum. In addition, outcome efficacy is enhanced when nicotine gum is combined with behavioral treatment. Nicotine gum appears to be valuable both as a systematic tool and as a means of combatting short- and long-term nicotine seeking that contribute to maintenance of smoking and the inability to quit.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1984

Time course of smoking withdrawal symptoms as a function of nicotine replacement.

Subjects (N = 32) provided morning, afternoon, and evening data for week-1 withdrawal from smoking. Withdrawal symptoms were measured using Schneider's Smoker Complaint Scale. Twenty subjects received nicotine gum and 12 subjects received placebo gum. Carbon monoxide levels verified smoking abstinence. Results showed significantly less withdrawal for nicotine gum subjects compared to the placebo group. A significant treatment- x -time of day interaction was also observed: Placebo subjects reported increased withdrawal in the evenings compared to their morning and afternoon scores, and in contrast to nicotine-group responses. The results provide evidence for nicotine withdrawal and its alleviation by nicotine gum.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Nicotine preference increases after cigarette deprivation.

In order to test the theory that nicotine is a reinforcing constituent in tobacco, smokers' nicotine preference was assessed after two hours' cigarette deprivation and immediately after smoking two cigarettes. Preference was measured by allowing subjects to freely adjust the nicotine concentration of each puff using a smoke mixing device. Nicotine preference was significantly higher after deprivation, showing that nicotine in cigarette smoke is positively reinforcing and smokers' attempts to obtain nicotine vary with prior cigarette consumption.

Adult↗