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Biomedical subjects

M E Jarvik

Publications and source records attributed to M E Jarvik.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Cigarette smoking, physiological arousal, and emotional response: Nesbitt's paradox re-examined.

Nicotine's paradoxical effects on arousal and mood are poorly understood. An experiment by Nesbitt suggested that smokers behave more relaxed as their smoking-induced physiological arousal increases. The present study attempted to replicate Nesbitt's Paradox. In smoking and sham-smoking sessions, 10 smokers were administered a series of progressively stronger electric shocks. Pain thresholds and MAACL Anxiety scores measured emotional arousal while heart rate increases served as indices of physiological arousal. All measurements were taken automatically in order to minimize experimenter-subject interaction. Smoking increased heart rate but had no effect on thresholds or MAACL scores. Emotional and physiological arousal showed a significant positive relationship (r = .65), contradicting Nesbitt's report of an inverse relationship. This suggests that Nesbitt's Paradox may not be a robust phenomenon.

Affect↗
PubMed1984

Nicotine vs. placebo gum in the alleviation of withdrawal during smoking cessation.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nicotine gum, withdrawal symptoms were systematically scaled for one week in 50 subjects. Baseline responses on withdrawal items were obtained for comparison to five days of smoking abstinence. Twenty-six subjects receiving nicotine gum and twenty-four subjects receiving placebo gum provided the withdrawal data. A withdrawal scale (SCS) was derived from smokers' complaints in previous abstinence attempts. Pulse rate changes were recorded. Carbon monoxide served to verify abstinence. Pulse rate dropped significantly during abstinence for the placebo vs. nicotine group. All subjects experienced significant increases in withdrawal over time. However, the placebo group reported significantly more severe withdrawal than the nicotine subjects. No sex differences in reported withdrawal were found. It was concluded that the appearance of withdrawal symptoms may be attributed, in part, to the removal of nicotine per se. Conversely, nicotine-specific symptoms may be alleviated with nicotine gum.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Transdermal administration of nicotine.

The physiological response to nicotine topically applied to the skin was measured in an adult male volunteer. Nicotine base (9 mg) was applied in a 30% aqueous solution to intact skin on the underside of the forearm. Salivary nicotine, heart rate and blood pressure were monitored for 12 h after application of the nicotine. Within 30 min a significant level of nicotine was detected in the saliva (50 ng/ml), pulse had risen by 15 beats/min and systolic blood pressure had risen 10 mmHg. Nicotine levels remained elevated for 2 h and were comparable to levels of nicotine produced by cigarette smoking. Because previous research has shown nicotine to suppress smoking behavior, it may be fruitful to examine transdermal administration of nicotine as a smoking reduction and cessation aid.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1983

Regulation of tobacco smoke intake with paced cigarette presentation.

Smoking behavior in response to an increased presentation of cigarettes was investigated to determine whether compensatory changes occurred in order to maintain a constant intake of tobacco smoke. The lighting of each cigarette was paced at both twice and four times that of subjects' baseline smoking rates in a three condition repeated measures design for eight smokers. Puff topography--number of puffs per cigarette, puff duration, volume, peak flow and interpuff interval--was monitored continuously. Results showed that subjects titrated smoke intake, as summarized by three smoke compensation indices based on number of puffs, puff volume and puff duration. Compensation was virtually complete in the double rate condition, and substantial in the quadruple rate condition. Results of this experiment do not support the view of a bimodal distribution of smokers, "compensators" and "noncompensators," since a continuous range of compensation ratios was obtained. The measures of individual puff topography were only modestly correlated, and were generally highest for volume x duration. Volume would appear to be the most accurate measure of tobacco product consumed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1983

Nicotine gum in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

Sixty subjects were run in a study comparing the use of nicotine gum with placebo gum during cessation from smoking. Subjects were given clinic support and chewed the gum ad libitum. A survival analysis showed the two groups differed significantly in successful abstinence over time (p less than .03). Differences between groups appeared early (within weeks) and, at six months, a 28% superiority of nicotine over placebo gum was demonstrated with mean success rates of 48% and 20%, respectively. Between six months and one year, relapse in the nicotine group accounted for the 30% vs. 20% success rates for nicotine and placebo observed at one year. In a pilot study ("dispensary") testing the efficacy of the two gums when intervention was minimal, subjects in both groups resumed smoking within the first two weeks. The enhanced short-term success rates with nicotine gum in the clinic study are attributed to an effective interaction between use of the active preparation and clinic support. Long-term cessation may require extended maintenance procedures and/or an identification of optimal gum use.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Cigarette smoking during anxiety-provoking and monotonous tasks.

Cigarette smokers were exposed to three conditions within a single session: stagefright anxiety, monotonous concentration, and a relaxation control. One cigarette was lit during the second 10-minute half of each condition, and smoking topography (number of puffs and cumulative volume smoked) was continuously recorded. Subjects smoked significantly more in the two task conditions than during relaxation, supporting the hypothesis that anxiety-provoking and attention-demanding situations elicit smoking. Younger subjects increased their smoking more than older subjects during stagefright , and females responded more than males to the concentration task.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cigarette smoking behavior in conjoined twins.

A study of cigarette smoking was undertaken in a pair of craniopagus twins to determine how a transfer of products of smoking is occurring between the twins. Alternately and independently, one twin smoked a nicotine-free cigarette, then the second twin smoked a nicotine-containing cigarette. The procedure enabled the investigators to study the migration of nicotine and carbon monoxide from one twin to the other. Salivary determination provided a noninvasive method of measuring cross circulation in conjoined twins. Measurements of salivary nicotine, however, indicated that, although the nicotine levels rose following smoking, there was relatively little transfer from one twin to the other through the circulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effects of cigarette smoking and oral nicotine on hand tremor.

The effect of nicotine on hand tremor was assessed by measuring the current induced in a coil by a magnet attached to the finger. Experiment 1 assessed the amplitude of tremor induced by smoking two cigarettes in a group of 33 subjects drawn from two age groups. Smoking increased tremor significantly. Age, sex, and anxiety levels had no effect. Experiment 2 assessed the effect of smoking on tremor frequency. Analog recordings of tremor in 10 subjects were processed to yield the total power in 20 1-Hz bands from 1 to 20 Hz. The log amplitude showed a strong linear relationship to the log frequency, but this relationship was not affected by smoking. Smoking also had no effect on peak frequency in the frequency spectrum. Experiment 3 confirmed that the effects of smoking on tremor were attributable to nicotine. Twelve subjects were tested before and after smoking a cigarette and before and after chewing gum containing 4 mg nicotine. The two conditions induced comparable increases in tremor. A 2-mg nicotine preparation tested in eight subjects had no effect on tremor. Tremor may be a useful index of the central activity of nicotine and may help illuminate its mechanism of action.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

Nicotine from cigarette smoking increases circulating levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin in male chronic smokers.

Results of this study indicate that nicotine from cigarette smoking increases circulating levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin in male chronic smokers. Previous studies have not addressed the question of whether the stimulus for smoking-related hormone release is the 'stress' of smoking or a pharmacologic action of nicotine and other tobacco substrates. Nicotine exposure is controlled in this study by allowing each subject to smoke only two 2.0 mg nicotine cigarettes during one experimental session and two 0.2 mg nicotine cigarettes in another session. Plasma levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin for the higher nicotine session were found to be significantly elevated over those for the low-nicotine session, indicating that nicotine itself plays a predominate role in smoking-induced hormone increases. All hormone levels for the 2.0 mg nicotine session had not returned to baseline 60 min after smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cholinergic receptor interactions and their effects on long-term memory processing.

Mice were treated on active avoidance to determine the effect of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs on retention. All drugs were administered intraventricularly after training and one week prior to testing retention. A dose-response curve was determined for each drug. The results indicate that each of 6 anticholinergics impaired retention. The 8 cholinergic drugs tested all yielded U-shaped dose-response curves with controls showing poor retention, low doses of the drugs yielding good retention and high doses resulting in poor retention.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Long-term memory: disruption by inhibitors of protein synthesis and cytoplasmic flow.

Colchicine (60 micrograms/kg), an inhibitor of axoplasmic transport, administered subcutaneously to mice had no detectable effect on retention when given shortly after active avoidance training, nor did a pretraining injection of anisomycin (ANI) have an amnesic effect. However, when ANI was administered shortly prior to training and colchicine was administered after training, retention performance was impaired. The amnesic effect was dependent on the time at which colchicine was administered. The amnesic effect was also obtained when ANI was combined with either vinblastine (6 micrograms/kg) or podophyllotoxin (3 micrograms/kg), drugs that inhibit axoplasmic transport. Intracerebral injections of colchicine (60 ng to 60 pg) caused amnesia in subjects pretreated with ANI, but not in subjects pretreated with saline. Lumicolchicine, an isomer of colchicine, which has similar central nervous system effects but has a low binding affinity for microtubule protein, did not impair retention in ANI pretreated mice. It is suggested that axonal transport of recently synthesized protein is required for long-term memory storage.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations in habitual smokeless tobacco users.

Plasma nicotine and cotinine levels were measured in habitual users of smokeless tobacco. The subjects were 12 male college students who regularly used smokeless tobacco (11 dipped snuff and one chewed tobacco) and did not smoke cigarettes. Subjects abstained from tobacco use overnight and blood was drawn at 8 A.M. and again after a single day of ad libitum consumption of their own tobacco product. Subjects recorded the times at which tobacco was used and the remainder product was weighed. Plasma samples were analyzed by both gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques. Subjects consumed about one third of a can of moist ground snuff (10.8 gm) in eight dips spaced throughout the day. Nicotine absorption was observed and an increase in mean plasma concentration fro 2.9 ng/ml after overnight abstinence to 21.6 ng/ml after 6 to 8 hr ad libitum consumption was recorded. Plasma cotinine concentrations rose from a morning mean of 137.3 ng/ml to an afternoon mean of 197.2 ng/ml, concentrations that are typical of those reached in regular cigarette smokers. Subjects fell into two subgroups by post hoc analysis: two-thirds absorbed substantial amounts of nicotine and one-third appeared to have almost no absorption. Subjective effects of tobacco use were not marked; there was little perception of physiologic changes, stimulation, or feelings of relaxation/satisfaction. Results are discussed in terms of pharmacologic effects, comparison of results from GLC and RIA methodologies, and implications for health behaviors.

Absorption↗
PubMed1980

A comparison of the effects of localized brain administration of catecholamine and protein synthesis inhibitors on memory processing.

Protein synthesis inhibitors disrupt biosynthetic processes thought to control the formation of long-term memory. While the agents used (i.e. puromycin, acetoxycycloheximide, cycloheximide and anisomycin) do not selectively inhibit the synthesis of any particular class of protein, it has generally been hypothesized or assumed that the critical proteins(s) is structural and necessary for modification and/or growth of synapses. Recent reports indicated that all of the protein synthesis inhibitors causing amnesia inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Tyrosine hydroxylase is needed for the conversion of tyrosine to dopamine (DA) and norpinephrine (NE); altering the level of this enzyme could affect catecholamine (CA) turnover. Since drugs known to inhibit CA synthesis cause amnesia, it is of considerable interest whether amnesia induced by protein synthesis inhibitors depends basically on inhibition of CA synthesis.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1980

Conditioned responses to a videotape showing heroin-related stimuli.

Heroin addicts on 0 or 2 mg of methadone and finishing a 14-day detoxification program, and control subjects were shown a videotape of heroin-related stimuli. Psychological questionnaires were completed before and after the videotape, while physiological responses were monitored during viewing. It was found that the experimental subjects had an increased level of anxiety, depression, and subjective level of craving following the stimulus presentation, with the controls showing no similar change in these measures. In addition, the experimental group had significant increases in heart rate and galvanic skin response compared with controls. The results present some of the first objective evidence of conditioned abstinence occurring in addicts exposed to stimuli closely related to those found in the natural environment.

Conditioning, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Necessary risks.

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Animals↗