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Biomedical subjects

M E Jarvik

Publications and source records attributed to M E Jarvik.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Necessary risks.

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Animals↗
PubMed1978

Can cigarette size and nicotine content influence smoking and puffing rates?

The stimuli controlling the rate at which people smoke cigarettes have not been clearly defined. On the hypothesis that smoking is basically nicotine-seeking behavior, nicotine available to the subject was experimentally manipulated through controlling cigarette size and nicotine content. In Experiment I, subjects given their won cigarettes in whole, half, quarter, and eighth lengths, increased the number of cigarettes smoked and number of puffs to compensate for reductions in size. Satisfaction was directly related to cigarette length. In Experiment II, subjects given special cigarettes delivering 0.2 or 2.0 mg nicotine/cigarette smoked significantly more of the low than of the high nicotine cigarettes and took significantly more puffs. As in Experiment I, significantly more quarter length than full length cigarettes were smoked, but total number of puffs did not differ. These results support the hypothesis that nicotine controls smoking behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Memory: modification of anisomycin-induced amnesia by stimulants and depressants.

Mice were trained in a passive (foot shock)avoidance task. When administered after training, the stimulants caffeine or nicotine blocked amnesia for the task that had been produced by injections of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin given prior to training. With foot shock at a higher intensity, anisomycin did not produce amnesia by itself, but the administration of the depressants chloral hydrate or sodium phenobarbital after training did cause amnesia. Stimulants and depressants did not have an appreciable influence on the overall degree of protein synthesis inhibition produced by anisomycin. The results support the hypothesis that arousal after training is an important factor in the conversion of short-term to long-term memory.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effects of smoking on free recall and organization.

Habitual smokers smoked either nicotine-free cigarettes or cigarettes containing a known amount of nicotine and then engaged in a free-recall task. Nicotine subjects recalled significantly fewer words on a 75-item list during three successive trials of immediate recall than did nicotine-free subjects. Contrary to expectations, the superiority of the nonnicotine group persisted over two days. The two groups displayed comparable organizational activity (indexed by category clustering).

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Craving in heroin addicts maintained on the opiate antagonist naltrexone.

The level of heroin craving was monitored in patiens receiving naltrexone on a regular basis. Meetings and interviews conducted twice weekly attested to a pattern of craving reduction in most but not all the addicts. It was also found that it usually took 3 to 5 weeks for this effect to occur. The possible relationship between drug craving and participation in the naltrexone program is discussed.

Heroin Dependence↗
PubMed1977

Protein synthesis inhibition and memory for pole jump active avoidance and extinction.

This study utilizes a pole jump active avoidance task to investigate the effects of protein synthesis on memory formation. An extinction training procedure for this task is also described. Amnesia for extinction is produced by inhibition of protein synthesis and is also demonstrated by active responding, so it is clear that there is no general impairment sufficient to disrupt motor skill, motivation, or retrieval of stored memories. It was found that while inhibition of protein synthesis in brain for 2 hr did not produce amnesia, inhibition for 6 to 8 hr did. These results demonstrate that for both shock-motivated learning and non-shock motivated extinction learning, the duration of inhibition of protein synthesis is important in determining whether amnesia occurs. We conclude that inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis can best account for amnesia induced by anisomycin, cycloheximide, and acetoxycycloheximide.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Age differences in simple paced tasks of attention and perception.

In an earlier study, several simple measures of attention and perception were administered to groups of aged and young subjects. Analyses of these tests are presented and include determination of differences in terms of number of correct responses and number of errors of omission and commission. As the tests were given on two occasions (1 week apart), an attempt was made to look at age differences in practice effects. Results confirmed well-known speed deficits with age. Errors of omission and commission did not differ between groups. However, on the most difficult of the tests, differential practice effects were observed. It is suggested that attentional or perceptual deficits may appear with increases in task difficulty in addition to the known speed deficits. Examination of intellectual deficits in areas related to learning (e.g., motivation, attention, perception) is believed important to the understanding of learning deficits with age.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The use of nicotine gum during cessation of smoking.

The authors present three case studies which suggest that smoking withdrawal symptoms in certain individuals may be due to removal of nicotine per se, implying that smokers may develop a true physical dependence on cigarettes. Nicotine replacement by use of an experimental chewing gum containing nicotine in various dosages successfully prevented or alleviated the abstinence symptoms of the subjects studied.

Chewing Gum↗