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Biomedical subjects

K Smith

Publications and source records attributed to K Smith.

At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

A four-dimensional probabilistic atlas of the human brain.

The authors describe the development of a four-dimensional atlas and reference system that includes both macroscopic and microscopic information on structure and function of the human brain in persons between the ages of 18 and 90 years. Given the presumed large but previously unquantified degree of structural and functional variance among normal persons in the human population, the basis for this atlas and reference system is probabilistic. Through the efforts of the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM), 7,000 subjects will be included in the initial phase of database and atlas development. For each subject, detailed demographic, clinical, behavioral, and imaging information is being collected. In addition, 5,800 subjects will contribute DNA for the purpose of determining genotype- phenotype-behavioral correlations. The process of developing the strategies, algorithms, data collection methods, validation approaches, database structures, and distribution of results is described in this report. Examples of applications of the approach are described for the normal brain in both adults and children as well as in patients with schizophrenia. This project should provide new insights into the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic structure and function in the human brain and should have important implications in basic neuroscience, clinical diagnostics, and cerebral disorders.

Adolescent↗
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Evaluation in practice.

If the benefits of professional nursing are to be effectively articulated, the process of evaluation in practice must be fully exploited. Nurses in the Mid-Staffordshire General Hospitals have developed methods to help them evaluate their practice. In this article the principles underpinning these developments are described.

Humans↗
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Effect of sperm preincubation time on GIFT pregnancy outcome.

This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of human sperm preincubation time on the pregnancy outcome in gamete intrafallopian tube transfers. This was determined in a retrospective study on gamete intrafallopian transfer patients (ideopathic infertility) using logistic regression with the covariates, preincubation time (< or = 60 and > 60 min) and age (< or = 35 and > 35 years). The study included 485 consecutive gamete intrafallopian transfer cycles in which 3 metaphase II oocytes were transferred. Pregnancy outcome was evaluated by beta hCG levels on days 12 and 16 and was confirmed by the presence of a fetal heart 8 weeks after the procedure by means of sonography. The wife's age and sperm preincubation time were significant covariates in the prediction of ongoing pregnancy. The odds ratio for age (< or = 35 years) was 2.2 in the prediction of ongoing pregnancy, while the age-adjusted odds ratios for preincubation time (< or = 60 min) was 1.9. There was a critical relationship between sperm preincubation time and GIFT success, which confirms the effect of the wife's age on pregnancy. Close coordination is of importance between the clinical scientist and the physician to restrict the preincubation time to 1 h. The sperm preincubation time is a significant factor that has to be considered in the prediction of ongoing pregnancy in GIFT patients.

Adult↗
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Exocytosis of neurosecretory granules in small cell undifferentiated carcinoma.

The tumor cells in the pleural effusions of a case of small cell undifferentiated carcinoma have been studied by light microscopy and by thin section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Evidence of exocytosis of neurosecretory granules from the tumor cells is presented. The tumor cells form clumps, with the cells joined by focal tight junctions and small desmosomes. These findings are discussed with reference to the neuroendocrine origin of these tumors and the role of the junctional complexes in the formation of tumor cell aggregates.

Aged↗
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The effect of subcutaneous edema on transcutaneous oximetry.

A rabbit animal model of tissue edema was created to determine its effect on transcutaneous oximetry (T-com). Measurements of T-coms were performed before and at 5-minute intervals after the injection of body temperature saline into the skin and subcutaneous tissues of 5 rabbits. Photomicrographs were obtained to document the morphological appearance of edema. The injection of saline had no effect on relative T-com values. This investigation suggests that edema alone does not influence T-com measurements.

Animals↗
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Zellweger syndrome: a histochemical diagnosis of two cases.

Until 17 years ago the diagnosis of the cerebrohepatorenal Zellweger syndrome (ZS) rested largely on clinical grounds confirmed by pathologic findings at autopsy. The observation that peroxisomes are not detectable morphologically or histochemically in liver or kidney of patients with this syndrome gave histopathologists the opportunity to make the diagnosis of this complex syndrome at biopsy. Catalase reaction of the peroxisomes can be used as a rapid and accurate method to differentiate between ZS and other clinical conditions in which the peroxisomes are present in normal or reduced number. We describe two patients in whom the diagnosis of ZS was made by the absence of histochemical staining for catalase in a liver biopsy. The findings were subsequently confirmed using standard biochemical tests.

Biopsy, Needle↗
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The effects of the child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health intervention on psychosocial determinants of cardiovascular disease risk behavior among third-grade students.

PURPOSE: The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health is a multi-site study of a school-based intervention designed to reduce or prevent the development of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The goal was to change (or prevent) related risk behaviors and the psychosocial variables that theoretically influence those behaviors. DESIGN: A nested design was used in which schools served as the primary unit of analysis. Twenty-four schools participated at each of four sites (Austin, San Diego, Minneapolis, and New Orleans). Each site had 10 control and 14 intervention schools. SETTING AND SUBJECT: Ninety-six schools (with more than 6000 students) in the four sites were randomized to three treatment conditions: control, school-based interventions, and school-plus-family interventions. The sample included approximately equal numbers of males and females and was 67.5% white, 13.9% African-American, 13.9% Hispanic, and 4.7% other. MEASURES: The psychosocial determinants included improvements in dietary knowledge, intentions, self-efficacy, usual behavior, perceived social reinforcement for healthy food choices, and perceived reinforcement and self-efficacy for physical activity. RESULTS: The findings indicated significant improvements in all the psychosocial determinants measured (p < .0001). The results revealed a greater impact in the school-plus-family intervention schools for two determinants, usual dietary behavior and intentions to eat heart-healthy foods. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support theory-based interventions for changing selected psychosocial determinants of cardiovascular disease risk behavior among children.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
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Teenage health.

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Adolescent↗
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Panic busters.

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Adaptation, Psychological↗
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Choice in childbirth.

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Choice Behavior↗
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Secret success.

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Female↗
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Winning the run for the money. Knowing the art of grantsmanship puts administrators on the inside track.

As more administrators turn to foundations and other funding agencies for money to buy needed technologies or services, the competition for those funds is heating up. Success in tapping those resources requires knowing the ins and outs of grantsmanship. In addition to providing a library of materials on major foundations and philanthropists, the grants office should function as a clearinghouse of data relating to what the facility needs and what has the highest priority among administrators, medical staff, and operations directors. This will enable the grants officer to match needs to opportunities. Although the project originator and the grants officer do most of the work in preparing a proposal, the process should be a team effort. In general, grants come in three basic categories: private foundation grants, corporate foundation grants, and government grants. Private foundation grants do not require a lot of preparation: minimal paperwork and little or no red tape. In an area with a lot of corporations, corporate foundation grants are obvious places to start. Government grants are major projects that should be attempted only by those willing to spend a lot of time shuffling paperwork and untangling red tape.

Documentation↗