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Biomedical subjects

J S Thompson

Publications and source records attributed to J S Thompson.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Immunological classification of a pike lymphoma.

Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against mammalian intermediate filament (IF) proteins were used to demonstrate IF expression in tissues and lymphoma tumors of northern pikes, Esox lucius L., from the Aland Islands of Finland by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Frozen sections of pike tissues demonstrated IFs in a manner confirming their evolutionary conservation and subclass specificity. Tumor cells showed morphological resemblance to head kidney cells and were positive for vimentin while negative for cytokeratin, desmin, neurofilament proteins, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. The results show that the neoplasm is a mesenchymal as opposed to an epithelial, muscle, neural, or glial tumor, and is probably hemic cell derived. A rabbit anti-pike IgM antiserum showed that up to 90% of mononuclear (MN) cells isolated on Ficoll-Isopaque gradients from peripheral blood, spleen and head kidney were surface- and cytoplasmic-immunoglobulin positive by indirect immunofluorescence, while a maximum of 5% of tumor cells were positive. A maximum of 5% of MN cells from hemic tissues exhibited rosettes when incubated with AET-treated sheep red blood cells; however, only 1% of cells in the tumor formed rosettes. Lymphocyte proliferation assays were performed on MN cells from hemic tissues and tumor using phytohemagglutinin P, concanavalin A, tuberculin purified protein derivative and lipopolysaccharide W in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum or autologous pike plasma. Proliferation indices in hemic tissues were similar in the groups. However, all proliferation indices in tissues were significantly higher than corresponding values in the tumor. These assays show that pike MN cells respond when stimulated by T and B cell mitogens, but that this reactivity is lacking in the tumor.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Rate of Campylobacter spp. isolation in three regions of Ontario, Canada, from 1978 to 1985.

Isolation rates of Campylobacter spp. were analyzed for an 8-year period, 1978 through 1985. Three laboratories of the Ontario Ministry of Health examined 146,842 human feces samples for bacterial pathogens, including Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 5,580 specimens (3.8%), with monthly isolation rates ranging from 1.1 to 7.4%. The data showed a seasonal distribution of isolations, with peaks during the summer months (June to September). Most infections were in children, adolescents, and young adults. More males were infected than females; this finding was most pronounced in the age groups under 25 years. In Northern and Central Ontario, a strikingly higher incidence was observed among farm residents than among rural nonfarm or urban residents. Of 89 farm residents, 63 had consumed raw milk (61 bovine, 2 goat) within 72 h before becoming ill.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The immune system.

The components and functions of the immune system are described, and the clinical applications of agents that affect the immune system are discussed. Through both nonspecific and specific responses, the immune system recognizes and destroys or eliminates harmful foreign substances with which a host comes into contact. Nonspecific responses are usually associated with the first introduction of a foreign substance into the body and consist mainly of phagocytosis and inflammation. When the same substance, or antigen, is introduced into the body on subsequent occasions, antibodies specific for that antigen combine with the antigen and activate a complex network of specialized cells and soluble cellular secretions that eliminate the substance from the body. Certain antigens are inherited and are found on the cells and tissues of the body; these antigens play a major role in human allotransplantation, blood transfusions, and certain disease states. Recent advances in biotechnology have made it possible to alter an individual's immunologic response with such agents as azathioprine, cyclosporine, or monoclonal antibodies or to augment an individual's antitumor defenses with immunopotentiators. As the products of biotechnology are used more frequently in the hospital setting to treat or prevent disease, pharmacists will need to have a good understanding of the immune system to appreciate the functional capacity of and the problems that may exist with these agents.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1986

Monoclonal antibody technology.

The development, production, limitations, and uses of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) technology are presented. The first MoAbs were developed in 1975 using a process whereby the antibody-producing spleen cells of mice that had been immunized against sheep red blood cells were fused with the cells of a mouse myeloma cell line, producing hybridomas. These hybridoma cells are used to produce MoAbs, which are antibodies that will bind to only one specific target site on an antigen. Large quantities of MoAbs are grown, either in cell cultures or in the peritoneum of mice, and harvested. Although large quantities of MoAbs can be produced, these techniques are limited because of the potential for contamination by mouse viruses and the inability of the hybridomas to yield sufficient quantities of MoAbs. MoAbs are currently used in diagnostic techniques, including pregnancy tests and drug assays, as well as in tests for detecting viral and bacterial infections and cancer. MoAbs, coupled with dyes or radioactive isotopes, can be used in imaging techniques. Other possible applications of MoAbs include tissue typing, purification, therapy of cancer and autoimmune diseases, and treatment of drug toxicities. As the use of MoAbs in health care increases, pharmacists will need to have a good understanding of the functions and applications of these agents.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1986

Adequate diet prevents hepatic coma in dogs with Eck fistulas.

The conventional animal model of human portal systemic encephalopathy is the dog with Eck fistula. Dogs fed standard dog chow after Eck fistula manifest anorexia, weight loss, hepatic atrophy and encephalopathy. This study was done to determine the natural history of dogs undergoing Eck fistulas when adequate nutrition is maintained with a palatable diet. Twenty-four mongrel dogs were divided into four groups--Eck fistula fed standard dry dog chow (EF-SC) (n equals nine); sham operated fed standard chow (SO-SC) (n equals five); Eck fistula fed a liquid (Isocal) diet (EF-LD), LD), and sham operated fed a liquid diet (SO-LD) (n equals five). Dogs were sacrificed when they had clinical signs of encephalopathy or up to 120 days after operation. EF-SC dogs had a daily caloric intake approximately 40 per cent of that of the other groups. Two EF-SC dogs died of sepsis within two weeks of the operation, the other seven became encephalopathic between 46 and 91 days (a mean of 63.6 +/- 15.6). No other dogs had signs of neurologic deterioration. EF-SC dogs lost 19 +/- 9 per cent body weight and the serum albumin level decreased 14.5 per cent while the other groups maintained body weight and serum albumin levels. Both EF-SC and EF-LD groups had decreased liver weight to body weight ratios (LW X 100/BW) compared with sham operated upon dogs reflecting hepatic atrophy (1.97 +/- 0.7 and 2.2 +/- 0.23 versus 3.04 +/- 0.85 and 3.48 +/- 0.44). Results of histologic examination of the liver revealed hepatocyte atrophy, deglycogenation and lipid accumulation in EF dogs. We conclude from these data that providing dogs with Eck fistula a palatable diet prevents weight loss and malnutrition, but not hepatic atrophy. The lack of neurologic signs in well nourished dogs suggests to us that data concerning hepatic coma from the standard Eck fistula model should be interpreted with extreme caution.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of smoking on human natural killer cell activity.

Natural killer (NK) cells play a central role in immune surveillance against tumors and viral infections. NK activity is depressed in patients who have a wide range of carcinomas, including carcinomas of the lung. Peripheral blood NK activity was measured in 22 nonsmokers, 15 light/moderate smokers, 12 heavy smokers, and 19 patients with carcinoma of the lung. Patients with carcinoma of the lung had marked depression in NK activity compared with nonsmokers. Light/moderate smokers had NK activity comparable to that of nonsmokers, whereas heavy smokers had marked depression in NK activity that was comparable to that of patients with carcinoma of the lung. These results suggest that smoking-induced alterations in NK activity may have a role in the pathogenesis of smoking-associated carcinoma of the lung.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of techniques for the detection of monocyte specific antigens.

Monocyte specific antigens are relevant in renal and bone marrow transplantation, but a reproducible monocyte-antigen system has not yet been recognized. In order to establish a sensitive test system with reproducible results in monocyte serology, 3 different monocyte cytotoxicity techniques were compared. In our hands the two-colour fluorescence test on post-Ficoll total leukocyte suspensions fulfilled the criteria. This technique was used to screen sera from multiparous women and renal transplant recipients for the presence of monocyte specific antibodies. By testing sera on cells from individuals who were HLA compatible with the serum donors, anti-HLA reactions were excluded. Several promising sera containing monocyte specific antibodies were identified, thus indicating the success of our approach.

Antigens↗
PubMed1985

Familial IgA nephropathy. Evidence of an inherited mechanism of disease.

The evaluation of familial glomerulonephritis in patients with IgA nephropathy who were from central and eastern Kentucky resulted in the discovery of potentially related pedigrees containing 14 patients. An additional 17 members of the pedigrees had clinical glomerulonephritis, and 6 had "chronic nephritis" noted on their death certificates. Six patients with IgA nephropathy had a common ancestor. In addition, both parents of six patients with the disease came from families with other cases of IgA nephropathy. No single HLA haplotype or antigen was found in all the patients with IgA nephropathy. Our data on these pedigrees strongly support an inherited mechanism in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy in some patients.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Plasmacytoma of the parotid gland.

Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the parotid gland is an extremely rare lesion of which there have been only four other reported cases. The importance of these lesions rests in the possibility of their being a harbinger of multiple myeloma or their subsequent transformation to multiple myeloma. Because of its extreme rarity, the proper management remains unclear.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Increased incidence of pancreas-related complications in patients with postoperative pancreatitis.

The incidence and significance of pancreas-related complications (pseudocysts, abscesses, and fistulas) were evaluated in 100 patients with acute pancreatitis. Alcoholic (40 percent), biliary (20 percent), and postoperative (15 percent) pancreatitis were seen most frequently. Eighteen patients had severe pancreatitis (3 or more Ranson's criteria). The overall mortality rate was 8 percent, and there were 16 pancreas-related complications. Pancreas-related complications developed in eight patients (53 percent), including two pseudocysts, four abscesses, and two fistulas. The incidence of pancreas-related complications was significantly greater in the postoperative group than in the overall 9 percent incidence in the other groups (p less than 0.005). Half of these patients required operation for their complications. Patients with postoperative pancreatitis are at a markedly increased risk of pancreas-related complications. Since these complications occur even in apparently mild cases of pancreatitis, these patients should be followed closely to detect pancreas-related complications.

Abscess↗
PubMed1985

gamma-Aminobutyric acid plasma levels and brain binding in Eck fistula dogs.

It has been hypothesized that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principle inhibitory neurotransmitter of the mammalian brain, contributes to the neural inhibition of hepatic encephalopathy. Eck fistulae were created in seven dogs and celiotomy alone performed in five dogs to determine plasma GABA levels, brain GABA binding, and synaptic membrane changes in dogs after creation of Eck fistulae. Eck fistula dogs lost 19 +/- 9% body weight, lost hair, ate poorly, and developed atrophic livers with classic hepatic histological changes. Control dogs maintained body weight, normal behavior, and normal liver histology. Plasma GABA levels were elevated significantly in the Eck fistula dogs (312 +/- 105.9 nM) both as compared to controls (154.4 +/- 69.8) and to preoperative levels (161.6 +/- 56.7, P less than 0.05). Brain GABA binding for animals sacrificed at 6-9 weeks was not statistically different from sham-operated dogs sacrificed at 6 weeks (1.87 +/- .54 pmole/mg protein vs 1.186 +/- 24, P less than 0.2). Synaptic membrane fluidity and cholesterol were likewise unchanged. Plasma GABA levels are increased significantly following complete portal diversion but do not correlate with the degree of encephalopathy. GABA binding to neural membranes are not significantly increased in Eck fistula dogs. These findings do not support a direct relationship between plasma GABA levels and neurologic impairment in Eck fistula dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of intestinal location on growth and function of neomucosa.

Growing intestinal neomucosa in patched intestinal defects has been investigated as a means of permanently increasing the absorptive capacity in the short bowel syndrome. Several factors, including luminal contents, appear to affect the growth and function of the neomucosa. The purpose of this study was to compare function and rate of growth of neomucosa in patched defects of the jejunum and ileum. In both the jejunum and ileum of 11 New Zealand white male rabbits 2 X 5-cm patched intestinal defects were created using the serosal surface of adjacent colon. The animals were sacrificed at 4 weeks (n = 6) and 8 weeks (n = 5) after operation. Grossly there was more complete coverage of the defect by neomucosa in the ileum at both 4 and 8 weeks (99.1 +/- 1.1% vs 92.6 +/- 6.3% overall P less than 0.005). Villous height of the ileal neomucosa was similar to normal mucosa at 8 weeks (209 +/- 21 vs 244 +/- 18 m) but was significantly less in the jejunum (209 +/- 16 vs 273 +/- 16 m, P less than 0.005). Glucose uptake by neomucosa was greater in the ileum than the jejunum (3.34 +/- .84 vs 2.39 +/- .46 nmole/min/mg, P less than 0.05) but was similar to normal mucosa at both sites. Disaccharidase activity (lactase, sucrase, and maltase) was similar in both jejunum and ileum but was significantly less in ileal neomucosa than in normal mucosa (P less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Surgical therapy for the short bowel syndrome.

The introduction of total parenteral nutrition has resulted in more patients surviving massive intestinal resection. Long-term parenteral nutrition is expensive, has potential complications, and causes inconvenience for the patient. Therefore, interest persists in surgical therapy for the short bowel syndrome. The goals of surgical therapy in the short bowel syndrome are to slow intestinal transit, increase the area of absorption, and reduce gastric hyperacidity. Patients with sufficient absorptive area, but rapid intestinal transit, benefit from antiperistaltic segments or colon interposition. Intestinal valves yield inconsistent results. Recirculating loops are associated with prohibitive morbidity and mortality. Experience with intestinal pacing is limited. Patients with dilated bowel segments may benefit from intestinal tapering or lengthening. Growing neomucosa holds promise but has not been evaluated clinically. Recent improvement in the results of intestinal transplantation in animals may warrant clinical trials. The efficacy of H2 receptor antagonists makes procedures for reducing gastric hyperacidity less necessary. None of the operations to treat the short bowel syndrome are sufficiently safe and effective to recommend their routine use. Operations should be performed only on selected patients to achieve specific goals. Although investigation continues, our emphasis should continue to be conservation of as much of the intestine as possible when massive resection is necessary.

Colon↗
PubMed1985

Intestinal tapering and lengthening for short bowel syndrome.

Intestinal tapering and lengthening were performed in a child with short bowel syndrome to prevent the need for home parenteral nutrition. The intestinal lengthening was not successful, presumably because the vascular anatomy was not favorable. Significant clinical improvement and avoidance of home parenteral nutrition resulted from the tapering procedure. These procedures have a role in the treatment of selected patients with short bowel syndrome.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Prospective DR matching for first cadaver donor renal allografts and retransplantation.

From January 1981 through 1983 80 cadaver donor renal allografts were transplanted at a single center utilizing prospective HLA-DR matching. All patients received at least two blood transfusions prior to transplantation. One year actual allograft survival of 77% for initial grafts and 57% for retransplantation was observed. When there was no DR mismatch the results were 84% and 80% respectively. Only 6% of no-DR-mismatch initial grafts were lost to rejection or patient death. These significantly better results were associated with decreased incidence of acute rejection episodes with transplants well matched for DR. Matching for A and B locus antigens conveyed no benefits in this series. Use of prospective DR matching for donor/recipient selection also resulted in efficient transplantation. Patients receiving initial grafts waited an average of 3.9 months while retransplanted patients waited an average of 13.5 months after being entered on the waiting list. The data suggest that if all transplant centers would preferentially share kidneys regionally on the basis of DR matching, nearly all patients could receive timely allografts with no DR mismatch and good results at one year with conventional immunosuppressive therapy.

Acute Disease↗