Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J Lang.
Measurements are given from the crus cerebri, brachia colliculorum, trigonum lemnisci (inferius), colliculi cranialis et caudalis, lamina tecti, tegmentum mesencephali, fossa interpeduncularis, frenulum veli medullaris cranialis and exitzone of trochlear nerve.
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In the newborn the Canalis (Foramen) rotundus is about 2.5 mm and in 15-til 17-year-old about 3 mm in length. The Apertura interna postnatal develops in width from 2.06 to 3.50 mm and in height from 1.8 to 2.73 mm. From the median sagittal plane the medial rim of the Apertura interna is distant about 11.0 mm in newborns and in adults 16.47 mm on the right side and 17.63 mm on the left side. Moreover the angular distance of the axis of the Canalis rotundus just across the median plane and also just across the frankfurt plane were determined. In the newborn the Foramen ovale is about 3.85 mm and in the adults about 7.2 mm in length. The width extend from 1.81 mm in the newborn to 3.7 mm in adults. In the newborn the distance from the medial rim to the median sagittal plane is about 3.9 mm, in the adults at the right side 20.9 mm and at the left side 22.5 mm in length. In the newborn the Foramen venosum (Vesalii) is about 1.0 mm in length and in the adults at the right side about 2 mm and at the left side 1.4 mm. The width increases from 1.0 to 1.14 mm at the right side and to 1.3 mm at the left side. The mean distance opposite to the median sagittal plane increases between newborn time and the adults from 10.0 mm at the right side to 15.78 mm and at the left side from 10.75 to 17.62 mm. In the newborn the Foramen spinosum is about 2.25 mm and in the adults about 2.56 mm in length. The width extends from 1.05 mm to about 2.1 mm in the adults. The distance opposite to the median sagittal plane in the newborn run to about 18.2 mm and in the adults 28.08 mm at the right side and 29.76 mm at the left side. The maximum length of the "Canalis spinosus" increases from 2.85 mm in the newborn to 7.35 mm in the adults. The lateral rim of the Foramen rotundum has a mean distance of 20.0 mm opposite to the upper edge of the Processus zygomaticus above the Tuberculum articulare in the newborn and about 43.5 mm in the adults. The mean distance from the cited reference area to the lateral rim of the Foramen ovale increases from about 15 to 34.33 mm, and from that of the Foramen spinosum from 15.3 to 31.4 mm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Different measurements of the height and oblique landmarks are given. There are included the shape of the tubercula and the distances to landmarks and the cornua. On the cricoid cartilage, there are measured the height of arcus and lamina and its antero-posterior length, also the distances to the inferior horn, the inferior tubercle, and the inferior-anterior border of the thyroid cartilage.
The development and size of the maxillary sinus, its septums and its cstium are measured. The nasolacrimal canal and duct and the foramina alveolaria superior are included. The thickness of the orbit floor (roof of maxillary sinus) is estimated. The angles of the inferior, medial, lateral rectus muscles, and the inferior oblique muscle with the median plane are determined. The results are discussed with those of earlier researchers. The clinical importance of the results are discussed.
During the postnatal development the anterior width of the palatum durum increases between the 2nd and 5th year more than the posterior palatal width. Also increases the height of the palatum durum and large during the 2nd dentition as to the distance of the foramen palatinum majus from the dens caninus . The size of the foramina palatina enlarges inconstantly during postnatal growth. In children there are 2.37, in adult 2.42 (mean) foramina palatina minora on the right side. Side differences are not significant.
With the aid of diagraphic drawings the floor-space of the anterior cranial fossa and of that orbital roof area of adults which is adjacent to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa (separated by the paranasal sinuses) were investigated. On the right side there is a mean of 730 mm2 and on the left side 717 mm2. The paries medialis orbitae on the right side runs by about 1 degree more to the rostral and medial side as left. The angle on the right side between frontomolare orbitale , the lateral end of the fissura orbitalis superior and the mediansagittal plane is somewhat bigger (35 degrees) than on the left side (33.9 degrees). Different angles inside the orbita, the extension of the orbita behind the frontozygomatic suture, the depth of the orbita, right-left-differences of the apertura orbitae canalis optici and the greater retardation of the laterally border of the orbita on the right side were investigated. The medical importance for neurosurgeons and ophthalmologists is demonstrated.
Described is the postnatal development of the mandible. Estimated are the changes of the basal-angle, gonion -angle, thickness of mandibulae , the postnatal growth of the corpus and ramus mandibulae, the difference of hight between processus coronoideus in equilibrium with caput mandibulae and the width of processus coronoideus and ramus mandibulae. Included are distances of the foramen mentale and the direction of this short canal, the angle of the chin, the linea obliqua , the antilingula and on the medial side of the mandible, the linea mylohyoidea and sulcus mylohyoideus also position and form of foramen mandibulae including the lingula. Measured is the direction of ramus mandibulae, the largest distance between both rami and the distance between the apex of the coronoid process and the outborder of the caput mandibulae. The results are discussed with thoughts of early researchers and some remarks are made to canalis mandibulae.
A double middle cerebral artery and their branches are described. Accessory middle cerebral arteries are interpreted as thinner twigs of the anterior cerebral or the anterior choroidal arteries.
Three closely related, Siberian Husky dogs had chronic progressive paresis and ataxia with muscle atrophy in the hindlimbs. Radiologic and myelographic examination of the spine revealed no abnormalities. On histologic examination, disseminated degeneration of the white matter, particularly in the thoracic segments, was seen. The clinical and pathological findings were similar to those described in aging large dogs with so-called degenerative myelopathy. The cause of this disease is unknown but the fact that these 3 Huskies were closely related suggest that hereditary factors may play a role.
Microtropia is an unilateral strabismus of less than 5 degrees, usually with harmonious anomalous correspondence. Three forms may be distinguished: Primary constant, primary decompensating and consecutive microtropia. In three instances microtropia is important for the ophthalmologist: In assessment of amblyopia apparently without strabismus, in evaluation of strabismus treatment results and in evaluation of hereditary factors in strabismus. Amblyopia is more pronounced in cases with anisometropia and eccentric fixation, but usually responds well to occlusion treatment. Because of a typical 'reading amblyopia', treatment with alternating partial occlusion should be carried out until a child can read fluently with each eye. It is estimated that about 1% of general population has a microstrabismus. Primary microtropia is probably due to a primary sensorial defect, which predisposes to anomalous retinal correspondence. Primary microtropia may decompensate into a larger angle. After therapy, not a complete parallelism but a consecutive microtropia results.
The effects of Ca2+ ions were studied on the canine heart in situ, submitted to vagal influence or not. In addition to heart rate, conduction time was determined separately in atrial muscle, atrioventricular node and His-Purkinje system by means of His bundle potential recording and the effective refractory period (ERP) measured in atrioventricular node, atrial and ventricular muscle according to the extrastimulus method. In the presence of acetylcholine (ACh) released by vagal endings, an increase in plasma calcium concentration from 2.40 to 4.12 mmol/l, acutely induced by the infusion of calcium chloride, elicits the following alterations: slowing down of sinus rate, lengthening of conduction time in atrioventricular node without change of this time in atrial muscle and His-Purkinje system, prolongation of atrioventricular node ERP, but notable decrease of atrial muscle ERP and slight decrease of ventricular muscle ERP. These effects are similar to those of ACh:Ca2+ ions probably enhance the responsiveness to ACh.
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The pterional area and the temporal fossa with its contents are described. The sutures of the pterion and the protuberances on the outer and inner surface of the skull in this area and its clinical importance are included.
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The two-pencil test is a method of comparing binocular and monocular stereopsis. It furnishes information on binocular vision as used in everyday life. Good binocular performance is sometimes still possible in cases of monocular impairment of vision, such as cataract or maculopathy, as well as harmonious anomalous retinal correspondence, even though more sophisticated stereotests may be negative. Ten situations in which the two-pencil test is useful are discussed.
The effects of verapamil were studied in anaesthetised dogs administered dextromoramide intrathecally to provide background vagal tone. Measurements were made of spontaneous heart rate, and, in paced hearts, of conduction times in atrial muscle, the atrioventricular node (A-V node) and His-Purkinje system by means of His bundle potential recording. The effective refractory period (ERP) of A-V node was measured by the extrastimulus method. In atropinised and vagotomised animals, verapamil reduced sinus rate and increased A-V nodal conduction time. In dogs high vagal tone after dextromoramide, however, verapamil increased sinus rate and reduced A-V nodal ERP. After dextromoramide alone, A-V block was observed at an atrial pacing rate of 150 beats X min-1, but after verapamil 1:1 A-V conduction was restored. The decrease in conduction velocity in the A-V node due to ACh was neither attenuated nor enhanced by verapamil.