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Biomedical subjects

J H Jaffe

Publications and source records attributed to J H Jaffe.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Steroid binding at sigma receptors suggests a link between endocrine, nervous, and immune systems.

Specific sigma binding sites have been identified in the mammalian brain and lymphoid tissue. In this study, certain gonadal and adrenal steroids, particularly progesterone, were found to inhibit sigma receptor binding in homogenates of brain and spleen. The findings suggest that steroids are naturally occurring ligands for sigma receptors and raise the possibility that these sites mediate some aspects of steroid-induced mental disturbances and alterations in immune functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Suspiciousness induced by four-hour intravenous infusions of cocaine. Preliminary findings.

Cocaine hydrochloride was administered to experienced users as an intravenous (IV) loading dose of 40 to 80 mg, followed by four-hour continuous IV infusions of either cocaine or placebo. Rates of cocaine infusion were individualized to maintain steady-state cocaine concentrations for the duration of the infusion. During the infusions, subjects rated themselves on questions that assessed their suspiciousness and paranoia, and nurse-observers took descriptive notes on the subjects' behavior; these notes were later scored on a scale for guarded, suspicious, and paranoid behavior. Nurses observed and rated moderately suspicious behavior when cocaine IV bolus loading doses were followed by cocaine infusions, but not when loading doses were followed by saline solution infusions; subjects did not rate themselves as suspicious during any of the study conditions. Suspiciousness during low-dose cocaine infusions significantly correlated with the amount of cocaine previously administered to the subjects. Suspiciousness during infusions was not related to plasma cocaine concentrations, preadmission drug use, or psychiatric symptoms and history. Cocaine infusions may be a useful tool to pursue the biology of stimulant psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Lack of cardiovascular tolerance during intravenous cocaine infusions in human volunteers.

Acute tolerance to the cardiovascular effects of cocaine has been hypothesized from experiments in which the plasma concentrations of cocaine were rapidly changing. We studied the cardiovascular responses of 8 male human subjects for 4 hours following intravenous bolus doses of cocaine, and compared these to responses in the same subjects after intravenous bolus doses of cocaine followed by continuous intravenous infusions of cocaine designed to maintain steady state plasma levels of cocaine. We found little evidence of tolerance to the tachycardia and hypertensive effects of cocaine during a four hour exposure. Lack of tolerance to the cardiovascular effects of cocaine may be a factor in some types of cocaine related toxicity among cocaine abusers.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Clinical pharmacokinetics of imipramine and desipramine in alcoholics and normal volunteers.

Recently detoxified men with alcohol dependence (n = 15) and healthy volunteers (n = 14) were administered oral and intravenous imipramine and desipramine. Alcoholics had significantly greater total body clearance of imipramine (0.93 vs. 0.48 L/hr/kg; P less than 0.05) and desipramine (1.00 vs. 0.62 L/hr/kg; P less than 0.05) than did control subjects. Intrinsic clearance of unbound imipramine was greater in the alcoholic group (19.80 vs. 6.56 L/hr/kg; P less than 0.05), as was the intrinsic clearance of unbound desipramine (14.52 vs. 9.05 L/hr/kg; P less than 0.05). The mean elimination half-life for imipramine was significantly decreased in alcoholics (8.7 vs. 19.9 hours after intravenous infusion and 10.9 vs. 19.6 hours after oral administration; P less than 0.05). The mean elimination half-life for desipramine was decreased in alcoholics after intravenous infusion (16.5 vs. 22.4 hours; P less than 0.05). Unbound fractions of drug in plasma were decreased in the alcoholic group for both imipramine and desipramine after both routes of administration. alpha 1-Acid glycoprotein levels were elevated in the alcoholic group whereas total protein and albumin levels did not differ between groups. These findings suggest that recently detoxified alcoholics may require higher doses of imipramine than do nonalcoholic subjects. Desipramine clearance was affected to a lesser degree than imipramine, suggesting that from a pharmacokinetic standpoint it may be the preferred drug for the treatment of alcoholics with depression. Periodic monitoring of plasma levels may be required for recently abstinent alcoholics treated with antidepressants.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Alcoholics, aggression and antisocial personality.

This study investigated relationships among antisocial personality (ASP) disorder, a childhood history of aggressive behavior and violent behavior in a sample of 77 hospitalized alcoholics. Patients classified according to childhood aggression (high, low) and ASP (present, absent) were compared using self-report measures of anger, aggression, depression, well-being and sociability. Items measuring these variables were rated in terms of the patients' typical behavior while drinking and while sober. Alcoholics reported more anger and aggression when drinking than when sober and this effect was greatest among individuals with a history of childhood aggression. ASP accounted for negligible amounts of the variance when the effects of childhood aggression were considered independently. Results indicate that both alcohol consumption and childhood antecedents contribute to the manifestation of violent behavior by alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus markers in parenteral drug abusers.

Drug abuse treatment programs in six regions of the United States collaborated in a study aimed at monitoring trends in the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies. The wide disparities in HIV seroprevalence in the face of similarities in drug using behavior have important implications for prevention. In the New York City area (Harlem, Brooklyn), 61 per cent of samples (N = 280) obtained in late 1986 were positive, up from 50 per cent of samples (N = 585) in early 1985. In Baltimore, Maryland, 29 per cent of samples (N = 184) representing 11 programs were positive. In contrast, samples from programs distant from the Northeast corridor had far lower rates: Denver, Colorado 5 per cent (N = 100); San Antonio, Texas 2 per cent (N = 106); Southern California, 1.5 per cent (N = 413); and Tampa, Florida, 0 per cent (N = 102). Contrary to expectations, there was no corresponding difference in reported lifetime needle sharing experiences, which ranged from 70 per cent in New York to 99 per cent in San Antonio. HIV seropositivity was associated only with geographic location and ethnicity; however, because needle sharing is practiced by parenteral drug abusers in areas where seroprevalence is still relatively low, these areas are potentially vulnerable to the same catastrophic spread seen in the Northeast. A window of opportunity exists where prompt, vigorous, and aggressive efforts at prevention could have major impact.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Nitrite inhalants: patterns of abuse in Baltimore and Washington, D.C.

Nitrite inhalants, as drugs of abuse, have received a new prominence in the literature since their use has been associated with Kaposi's Sarcoma and possibly other manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Changes in patterns and prevalence of use have not been investigated since the onset of the AIDS epidemic. We have examined the abuse patterns of nitrite inhalants (poppers) in several different groups. The use of poppers among drug abusers in the Baltimore-Washington, D.C. metropolitan area has remained constant over the past 5 years, with the prevalence of use being approximately 11% for recreational drug users and 22% for heavy abusers. Self-reported use by a homosexual group had decreased over the same time period. Sixty-nine percent of the homosexual sample had experience with nitrities, but only 21% had used them in the 6 months prior to being surveyed. The mean interval since last use was 25 months, and since peak use, 4.1 years. Among substance abusers, nitrites appear to be a drug whose use starts late, with the mean age of first use being 25.6 years compared to 14.6 years for glue, 17.6 years for marijuana, and 18.5 years for heroin. We found both heterosexual and homosexual groups utilize nitrites primarily to "get high," but homosexuals more often use them during overt sexual activity. Experience with amyl nitrite was much more prevalent than that with the butyl derivative in both populations. We conclude that the prevalence of nitrite abuse among drug users has not changed as a result of the AIDS epidemic, but such use appears to have decreased within the homosexual community.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Initial identification and characterization of sigma receptors on human peripheral blood leukocytes.

Phencyclidine (PCP) has been reported to suppress a variety of immune functions in vitro. Because PCP binds with high affinity to both PCP and sigma receptors, the identity of the receptor(s) mediating the immunological effects of PCP is unknown. The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the sites of PCP action (sigma and/or PCP receptors) in human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) using [3H]haloperidol or 1,3 di(2-([5-3H]tolyl)guanidine ([3H]DTG) to specifically label sigma receptors and 3,4-[3H]-(N)-[1-(2-thienyl)-cyclohexyl]-piperidine ([3H]TCP) to specifically label PCP receptors. [3H]Haloperidol binding was saturable and of high affinity with comparable KD values in human PBL (0.44 +/- 0.10 nM) and rat cerebellum (0.51 +/- 0.09 nM). Similarly, [3H]DTG binding was saturable with comparable KD values of 29.5 +/- 3.5 and 26.4 +/- 3.6 nM in rat cerebellum and human PBL, respectively. In contrast, there was a notable absence of [3H]TCP-labeled PCP receptors in human PBL and rat cerebellum. In competition studies, the pharmacologic profile of [3H]haloperidol-labeled sigma receptors in human PBL was virtually identical with that in rat cerebellum (slope, 0.87; correlation coefficient, 0.96); the rank order of potency of competing drugs was haloperidol greater than l-butaclamol = pentazocine greater than d-3-(hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)-piperidine greater than DTG = d-butaclamol = d-SKF 10,047 greater than levallorphan greater than or equal to PCP greater than or equal to l-SKF 10,047 greater than TCP greater than MK-801.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

AIDS in Haiti.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Neonatal capsaicin modifies morphine withdrawal signs in the rat.

Rats received injections of either capsaicin (50 mg/kg, s.c.) or the capsaicin vehicle at two days of age. When the animals were 90-120 days of age they were implanted with morphine or placebo pellets (s.c.) for 3 (one pellet) or 6 (3 pellets) days. Naloxone (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) produced no effects in the placebo-pelleted groups but elicited salivation, lacrimation and rhinorrhea in the morphine-treated animals. These abstinence signs were less severe in the morphine-pelleted rats (3- and 6-day groups) that were treated as neonates with capsaicin. However, the neonatal capsaicin treatment increased the number of naloxone-precipitated wet-dog shakes in morphine-dependent rats. The increase was statistically significant in rats treated with morphine for 3 but not 6 days. Since capsaicin induces a long-lasting depletion of substance P and other peptides in peripheral and central neurons, it was concluded that substance P or other related peptides may be involved in the expression of some signs of opioid withdrawal.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Electrophysiological evidence for a presynaptic mechanism of morphine withdrawal in the neonatal rat spinal cord.

Dorsal and ventral root depolarizing responses to capsaicin (1 microM) and substance P (SP; 1 microM) were measured from the isolated, hemisected spinal cord of the neonatal rat. Capsaicin depolarized the dorsal and ventral roots. The mechanism of ventral root depolarization was presynaptic; since dorsal root depolarization preceded the ventral, and the ventral depolarization was eliminated when synaptic transmission was blocked in the absence of calcium. SP depolarized the ventral root without affecting the dorsal root. The SP-induced depolarization of the ventral root was reduced but not abolished by blocking synaptic transmission with low calcium, suggesting that SP acted postsynaptically on motoneurons and excitatory interneurons to depolarize the ventral root. Morphine (10 microM) abolished the capsaicin-induced ventral root depolarization, but only slightly suppressed the SP response (30%). The capsaicin-induced depolarization of the ventral root was enhanced greatly (238%) when morphine, which had been in the superfusion for 1 h, was removed and naloxone (1 microM) was added to the superfusion solution, whereas the SP response was not augmented during withdrawal from acute morphine. Furthermore, a putative SP antagonist ([D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Tryp7,9, Leu11]-SP) prevented the augmented capsaicin ventral root response during precipitated withdrawal. These data provide electrophysiological evidence for a presynaptic mechanism of acute morphine withdrawal in the neonatal rat spinal cord.

Animals↗