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Biomedical subjects

J H Jaffe

Publications and source records attributed to J H Jaffe.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Impact of scheduling on the practice of medicine and biomedical research.

The regulating system for controlling the legitimate uses of opioids and other psychoactive agents, the scheduling process, inevitably influences clinical practice and drug development. Some of the influences have been positive; comparatively few cases of drug dependence are directly related to medical treatment. Among the negative effects are overcaution in the use of opioids, which causes needless suffering. Overly conservative decision-making in the scheduling of new analgesics can lead to a reduction in research and development in this area.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Dexamethasone suppression test in recently detoxified alcoholics: clinical implications.

An overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was performed on 66 nondepressed primary alcoholics, a mean of 20.79 +/- 11.5 days after last alcohol intake. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was given concurrently. Only 6% of the subjects were nonsuppressors. There was no correlation between cortisol levels at 17 and 24 hours postdexamethasone and the age of the subjects or duration of abstinence. There was a low level correlation between cortisol values at 24 hours and the BDI scores. Review of published data indicates that the DST may be abnormal in alcoholics in the first 2 weeks of abstinence, probably a result of abnormal liver function and withdrawal phenomena. DST response of alcoholics resembles that of normal controls after more than 2 weeks of abstinence. Alcoholics with clinical features of depression and an abnormal DST after 2 weeks of abstinence may be candidates for antidepressant therapy or electroconvulsive therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Impaired memory for treatment-relevant information in inpatient men alcoholics.

Inpatient alcoholics (N = 54 men), nonhospitalized members of an Alcoholics Anonymous group (N = 15 men) and nonalcoholic inpatients (N = 10 men) were shown a 55-min film on alcoholism and were subsequently given memory tests for recall and recognition of information from the film. The performance of the inpatient alcoholics was impaired relative to that of the controls. Alcoholics who were tested earlier in treatment performed worse than those tested 3 or more weeks after their last drink. These results suggest that treatment-relevant information may not be well remembered by alcholics until they have been in treatment for at least 2-3 weeks.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Low nicotine cigarettes: cigarette consumption and breath carbon monoxide after one year.

Subjects who took part in a 12-wk study of switching behavior were observed during the subsequent year. Data were obtained for 96 smokers every 3 mo. A sample of smokers who, at 12 wk, had switched to a brand delivering less than half the nicotine of their baseline brand were offered continued monetary incentives to participate for an additional 6 mo (maintenance study). In the maintenance study, subjects continued to smoke low-nicotine cigarettes during the 6-mo period in which money and contact reinforcement were continued; maintenance control subjects increased their tar and nicotine exposure significantly. In the follow-up study of those who had not changed by more than 50%, the original control group, nonswitchers, and moderate switchers did not significantly change their nicotine exposure from what it had been at the end of the initial 12-wk study. Carbon monoxide (CO) in breath showed remarkably little change across the year despite substantial changes in tar and nicotine exposure. To the extent that CO is involved in smoking-related disorders, switchers derived little if any benefit from switching to low-nicotine brands.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Abuse potential of halazepam and of diazepam in patients recently treated for acute alcohol withdrawal.

Thirty men recently treated for alcohol withdrawal were enrolled in a three-way crossover double-blind study with a balanced incomplete block design. Patients received single doses of three of the following: halazepam, 320 mg; halazepam, 160 mg; diazepam, 40 mg; diazepam, 20 mg; and placebo. The doses of the drugs were approximately equivalent in anxiolytic effect. Patients rated themselves at baseline, 30 min after, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hr after drug on the following: euphoria, sedation, "drug-liking," "feeling the drug," and drug identification. By 30 min both diazepam groups reported increases in euphoria, sedation, and feeling and liking the drug; halazepam groups reported little subjective change at 30 min, and at 1 hr subjective effects did not differ from placebo on any scale. At 2 and 3 hr, both halazepam doses induced subjective effects on several scales, but peak effects were lower than peak effects of high diazepam doses. Unlike diazepam, the higher halazepam dose did not appear to induce greater effects than the lower dose. At peak, more of the diazepam group correctly identified the drug than those in the halazepam groups. More in the halazepam groups identified it as placebo than either diazepam group. To the degree that abuse potential is related to peak intensity and to time of onset of those subjective effects described as pleasant or likable, halazepam should have a lower potential for abuse than diazepam.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Imipramine disposition in alcoholics.

The disposition of orally administered imipramine (IMI) was studied in 11 depressed alcoholic and 12 depressed nonalcoholic male inpatients. Subjects received 50 mg three times daily for at least 10 days to ensure steady state. Following a temporary discontinuation of therapy, several blood samples were drawn over a 40-hour period. Imipramine, desipramine, and their 2-hydroxylated metabolites were measured in plasma using a high performance liquid chromatography assay. Eight hours following the last dose, alcoholics has significantly lower IMI (50 +/- 41 versus 106 +/- 46 ng/ml; p less than 0.005) and 2-hydroxyimipramine (12.8 +/- 7.5 versus 22.6 +/- 9.8 ng/ml; p less than 0.01) levels than controls. The mean terminal half-lives in the two groups were nearly identical (16.3 +/- 6.7 hours in alcoholics versus 17.1 +/- 5.4 hours in controls). Beck Depression Inventory scores were significantly reduced during IMI therapy (p less than 0.001) in the non-alcoholic controls, whereas no change was observed in the alcoholic group. These results are consistent with either a decrease in oral bioavailability of IMI in alcoholics or, assuming complete absorption, an increase in intrinsic clearance of 2.5 fold (2444 +/- 1151 versus 986 +/- 438 ml/min; p less than 0.005) over the clearance found in control subjects. The latter seems a more likely result of chronic ethanol intake. The fact that lower levels of IMI in the alcoholic group were accompanied by a lack of efficacy in relieving depressive symptomatology suggests that whether through an effect on bioavailability or intrinsic clearance, ethanol consumption is an important consideration when recommending tricyclic therapy.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

Publication trends in the drug dependence literature.

Publications dealing with psychotropic drug use and dependence were analyzed for the years 1960-1980 using the numbers of articles cited in each yearly edition of Cumulated Index Medicus. The following headings were reviewed: drug abuse, drug dependence, alcoholism, smoking, heroin addiction, cannabis, cannabinoids, cocaine, phencyclidine, lysergic acid diethylamide, diazepam, and meprobamate. The number of citations for a given year was used to calculate the percentage of the literature for that year which fell under each of those headings. In general, it appears that the growth of the scientific literature included under many of these headings has been more rapid than the overall growth of the literature.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Abuse potential of loperamide.

Effects of the currently marketed form of loperamide (Imodium capsules) that might relate to abuse potential were examined. Study I was a double-blind "dose run-up" in adult male subjects with a history of illicit drug use but no history of opioid addiction. Subjective responses to doses of loperamide ranging from 12 to 60 mg were compared with responses to 120 mg codeine sulfate (96 mg base) and to placebo. Based on study I, loperamide (60 mg) was used in study II and its effects were compared with those of codeine (96 mg base) and placebo in an exaddict subject group. Study II subjects had had extensive opioid experience but were not actively addicted at the time of this double-blind, inpatient study. In study II, as in study I, unlike loperamide and placebo, codeine induced pupillary constriction. Loperamide (60 mg) induced a detectable subjective effect in somewhat over half the subjects, was "liked" little or not at all, and was identified as "dope" at a frequency less than that for a threshold dose of oral codeine. It was concluded that in its present form, i.e., capsules containing loperamide mixed with magnesium stearate, loperamide poses little threat of potential abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Alcohol use in the opiate use cycle of the heroin addict.

Ninety-six methadone maintained patients selected at random from a private clinic were interviewed to explore lifetime patterns of alcohol use in relation to opiate use. The results indicated that most addicts who ever drank excessively (in alcoholic, problem, or heavy patterns) did so primarily during two periods: prior to becoming addicted to narcotics and during periods of voluntary abstinence from narcotics. Further, most of the addicts who were drinking in excessive patterns while maintained on methadone had pretreatment histories of similar alcohol use.

Adult↗